LTP在植物抗环境胁迫中的作用

脂质转移蛋(白Lipid transfer protein,LTP)是一类分泌蛋白,曾被认为是一种在体外膜间进行脂质转移的蛋白,因其作用对象很广泛,所以目前又称其为非特异性LTP(non-specific lipid transfer proteins,nsLTPs)。有很多证据表明nsLTPs可能参与多方面的植物细胞与生理生化反应,这些生物学功能包括:参与角质层的合成和胚胎的发育;适应各种胁迫环境;抗病原微生物等作用,尤其是在适应胁迫环境中,起到很大作用。介绍了nsLTPs在植物抗环境胁迫中所发挥的作用,同时对应用研究作了简单展望。     

磷脂酰肌醇类脂质在嗜肺军团菌发病机制中作用的研究进展北大核心

嗜肺军团菌(Legionella pneumophila)是一种能引起被称为“军团病”的严重肺炎的致病菌,其利用自身的IVB型分泌系统(type IVB secretion systems)将效应蛋白转运到宿主细胞中,作用于宿主蛋白质和脂质,以形成军团菌在宿主细胞内生长所需的吞噬泡(Legionella-containing vacuole,LCV)。磷酸酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositols,PIs)作为细胞的重要脂质组成,参与细胞信号转导及囊泡转运等过程。而大量的证据表明嗜肺军团菌利用其效应蛋白调控宿主磷酸酰肌醇类脂质代谢及其LCV膜的脂质组成,以促进LCV的成熟。本文主要从军团菌的致病机制、其效应蛋白对磷酸酰肌醇类脂质的代谢调控及对宿主磷脂酰肌醇代谢酶的招募等方面进行了综述分析,期望对进一步理解军团菌调控宿主脂质代谢分子机制和其致病机制提供参考。     

紫杆柽柳与其它物种脂质转运蛋白基因编码蛋白的同源性比较

根据从柽柳cDNA文库克隆获得的脂质转运蛋白(LTP)的部分序列,用RACE技术克隆出其全长cDNA序列.基因的5'非翻译区96bp,3'非翻译区222bp,开放阅读框285bp,编码94个氨基酸,预计蛋白的分子量为9.9 kD,等电点为8.02.此基因有8个位置保守的Cys残基及26个氨基酸的信号肽,为典型的植物脂质转运蛋白基因.其基因序列数据库(GenBank)登录号为AY574218(基因)和AAS79106(蛋白).     

雪里蕻非特异脂质转运蛋白基因的克隆与分析

非特异脂质转运蛋白是植物生命活动中一类重要的活性蛋白,这类蛋白在植物的抗性和防御中行使着重要的功能。近年来研究发现这类蛋白还与植物的有性生殖密切相关。通过已得到的普通白菜的脂质转运蛋白基因BcMF15的核苷酸序列,在其基因全长两侧设计引物,从雪里蕻中克隆得到该类活性蛋白基因,命名为BjLTP (登陆号: EU082009)。该基因全长650bp,不含内含子。不同组织的表达特征分析发现,BjLTP在雪里蕻的花蕾、开放的花中特异表达,推测BjLTP可能与花粉的发育有关。蛋白质特征预测及蛋白序列结构分析发现BjLTP是一个跨膜蛋白,具有显著的疏水区。序列同源比对表明该基因与白花芥蓝、拟南芥等的脂质转运蛋白基因有很高的相似性,证明BjLTP是LTP家族的成员之一。     

水稻脂质转移蛋白cDNA结构及相应肽链构造特征的分析

从水稻(Oryza sativa L.ssp.indica)“广陆矮4号”黄化苗cDNA库中分离到一个与其它植物脂质转移蛋白(LTP)基因同源性很高的cDNA克隆(pFDRSC144)。完成了pFDRSC144克隆中840bp插入片段全顺序的测定。结果表明,该片段包含354个碱基的编码区,编码118个氨基酸,其中包括26个氨基酸组成的信号肽。从疏/亲水性分布曲线可看出,该肽链形成的分子具有很大范围的疏水面。按Garnier二维结构预测法显示成熟蛋白的肽链主要以β-折叠肽链的形式存在,推测可能形成一种有利于脂质传送的开放性管形构造。Southern杂交分析表明,LTP基因在水稻基因组中以基因家族的形式存在。     

植物脂质转移蛋白

脂质转移蛋白(lipid transfer proteins,LTPs)是植物生命活动中一类重要的活性蛋白质,在体外能够可逆地结合和转运多种脂质分子.目前已从多种植物中分离到LTPs基因.随着研究的深入,其不同水平的转录本在不同植物的不同发育阶段和生理条件下的不同组织中被发现,但LTPs体内确切的生理、生化功能和作用机制尚不明确.现介绍目前这一领域细胞与分子生物学方面的研究进展,并结合本课题组的研究结果进行了相关探讨,为进一步研究LTPs在植物生殖发育、抗性和防御反应及信号转导中的作用机制提供了新的线索.     

敲除Adipophilin基因对脂质代谢相关疾病的作用

Adipophilin是PAT (perilipin/adipophilin/Tip47)蛋白家族的一个成员,定位于细胞质和细胞内的脂滴表面.Adipophilin能促进脂质蓄积和细胞内脂滴的形成,在泡沫细胞的形成中起重要作用,是动脉粥样硬化脂质蓄积的一个标记物.Adipophilin基因敲除小鼠能预防高脂饮食诱导的脂肪肝产生,且在脂肪组织分化过程中也起着一定的作用.本文概述了adipophilin在细胞内脂质代谢中的作用.     

心肌细胞的Na^＋／Ca^＋2交换

心肌细胞的正常功能依赖于细胞内的钙离子平衡,而心肌细胞膜上的Na~ /Ca~(2 )交换载体(NCE)是调节细胞内钙离子平衡的主要途径之一。NCE是一种双向转运载体,既可将细胞内的Ca~(2 )转运到细胞外,又可将细胞外的Ca~(2 )转运到细胞内,因而在心肌舒张和收缩过程中具有重要的意义。     

内质网和细胞骨架在植物病毒细胞内转运中的作用

植物病毒的侵染循环是一个病毒.寄主互作过程.内质网和细胞骨架在病毒细胞内转运中起着重要调节作用,不仅协助病毒从复制位点转运到细胞边缘胞间连丝处,还可能介导多余病毒因子的降解.针对植物细胞内质网和细胞骨架在烟草花叶病毒等植物病毒细胞内转运过程中所起的作用进行了综述.     

脂质组学研究方法及其应用

脂质不仅是生物膜的骨架成分和能量贮存物质, 越来越多的证据表明, 脂质也参与细胞的许多重要功能。脂质组学是代谢组学的一个重要分支, 主要研究生物体内所有的脂质分子的特性以及它们在蛋白质表达和基因调控过程中的作用。脂质组学是依赖技术驱动的科学。近年来, 随着人们对脂质研究的重视, 脂质组学研究方法和策略有了突破性进展, 在动物上开发出的脂质组学分析方法已经扩展应用到植物上。该文重点介绍脂质组学的研究方法及其应用, 以期推动脂质组学,特别是植物脂质组学的进一步发展。     

Lipid-transfer proteins: Tools for manipulating membrane lipids

Like other eukaryotic cells, plant cells contain proteins able to bind or to transfer lipids. Since they are able to facilitate movements of various phospholipids between membranes and are also capable of binding fatty acids or acyl-CoAs, they have been termed lipid-transfer proteins (LTP). LTPs are basic proteins containing 90 to 95 residues (molecular mass 9 kDa), eight of them being cysteines found in conserved locations. These proteins have been used to manipulate in vitro the lipid composition of isolated membranes either from plant or mammalian sources. In addition to purified LTPs, recombinant LTPs produced by genes expressed in microorganisms can be used for this purpose. Several genes coding for these proteins have been characterized in various plants with different patterns of expression. However, it remains to be investigated whether these recombinant proteins behave functionally as LTPs. The use of purified or recombinant LTPs is promising for the study of the effect of lipid composition on membrane functional properties.     

AlLTPs from Allium species represent a novel class of lipid transfer proteins that are localized in endomembrane compartments

Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, but their functions remain elusive. The proteins AlLTP2-4 were isolated from three related Allium plants: garlic (A. sativum L.), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum L.), and Nanking shallot (A. ascalonicum L.). These novel proteins comprise a new class of LTPs associated with the Ace-AMP1 from onion (A. cepa L.). The AlLTP genes encode proteins harboring 132 common amino acids and also share a high level of sequence identity. Protein characteristics and phylogenetic analysis suggest that LTPs could be classified into five distinct groups. The AlLTPs were clustered into the most distantly related plant LTP subfamily and appeared to be restricted to the Allium species. In particular, the number of amino acids existing between the fourth and fifth Cys residue was suggested as a conserved motif facilitating the categorization of all the LTP-related proteins in the family. Unlike other LTPs, AlLTPs harboring both the putative C-terminal propeptide and N-terminal signal peptide were predicted to be localized to cytoplasmic vacuoles. When a chimeric GFP protein fused with both N-terminal and C-terminal AlLTP2 signal peptides was expressed in rice cells, the fluorescence signal was detected in the endomembrane compartments, thereby confirming that AlLTPs are an unprecedented intracellular type of LTP. Collectively, our present data demonstrate that AlLTPs are a novel type of LTP associated with the Allium species.     

转脂蛋白CaMBP10的胶体金标记及对白菜中CaMBP10结合蛋白的鉴定

植物转脂蛋白 (LTP)是一类广泛存在于高等植物中的空间结构高度保守的碱性小分子蛋白,其确切功能和调节机制至今仍不清楚.本室从白菜中分离的钙调素结合 蛋白10 (CaMBP10),经序列分析被鉴定为植物转脂蛋白家族成员.近期研究结果表明 ,CaMBP10 参与了植物的生物与非生物胁迫反应.为了深入探讨CaMBP10的抗性机制,确定植物中与其相互作用的蛋白质,本文拟建立胶体金标记CaMBP10 的方法,通过凝胶覆盖分析,检测植物样品中的CaMBP10 结合蛋白为此,对标记反应的最适条件进行了优化,确定最佳条件为：交联剂戊二醛用量为0.034%,交联反应pH值为7 .0,交联反应时间为40 min,胶体金颗粒度为10 nm,胶体金溶液的pH为7.0. 本文确定建立了植物样品中CaMBP10结合蛋白的分析与鉴定方法.     

Specific adduction of plant lipid transfer protein by an allene oxide generated by 9-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase

Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are ubiquitous plant lipid-binding proteins that have been associated with multiple developmental and stress responses. Although LTPs typically bind fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives in a non-covalent way, studies on the LTPs of barley seeds have identified an abundantly occurring covalently modified form, LTP1b, the lipid ligand of which has resisted clarification. In the present study, this adduct was identified as the alpha-ketol 9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid. Further studies on the formation of LTP1b demonstrated that the ligand was introduced by nucleophilic attack of the free carboxylate group of the Asp-7 residue of the protein at carbon-9 of the allene oxide fatty acid 9(S),10-epoxy-10,12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid. This reactive oxylipin was produced in barley seeds by oxygenation of linoleic acid by 9-lipoxygenase followed by dehydration of the resulting hydroperoxide by allene oxide synthase. The generation of protein-oxylipin adducts represents a new function for plant allene oxide synthases, enzymes that have earlier been implicated mainly in the biosynthesis of the jasmonate family of plant hormones. Additionally, the LTP-allene oxide synthase interaction opens new perspectives regarding the roles of LTPs in the signaling of plant defense and development.     

Sec14 family of lipid transfer proteins in yeasts

The hydrophobicity of lipids prevents their free movement across the cytoplasm. To achieve highly heterogeneous and precisely regulated lipid distribution in different cellular membranes, lipids are transported by lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) in addition to their transport by vesicles. Sec14 family is one of the most extensively studied groups of LTPs. Here we provide an overview of Sec14 family of LTPs in the most studied yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as in other selected non-Saccharomyces yeasts—Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Yarrowia lipolytica. Discussed are specificities of Sec14-domain LTPs in various yeasts, their mode of action, subcellular localization, and physiological function. In addition, quite few Sec14 family LTPs are target of antifungal drugs, serve as modifiers of drug resistance or influence virulence of pathologic yeasts. Thus, they represent an important object of study from the perspective of human health.     

An Antifungal Protein Purified from Pearl Millet Seeds Shows Sequence Homology to Lipid Transfer Proteins

In the course of a search for antifungal proteins from plant seeds, we observed inhibition of mycelial growth of Trichoderma viride with extracts of pearl millet. We have identified several proteins with antifungal properties in the seeds of pearl millet. One of these proteins has been purified to homogeneity and characterized. The purified protein has a molecular mass of 25 kDa. The N-terminal sequence of the protein (25 residues) shows homology to non-specific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) of cotton, wheat and barley. The purified LTP inhibited mycelial growth of T. viride and the rice sheath blight fungus, Rhizoctonia solani in vitro.     

Yeast oxysterol-binding proteins: sterol transporters or regulators of cell polarization?

Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) and OSBP-related proteins (ORPs) are a conserved family of soluble cytoplasmic proteins that can bind sterols, translocate between membrane compartments, and affect sterol trafficking. These properties make ORPs attractive candidates for lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) that directly mediate nonvesicular sterol transfer to the plasma membrane. To test whether yeast ORPs (the Osh proteins) are sterol LTPs, we studied endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-plasma membrane (PM) sterol transport in OSH deletion mutants lacking one, several, or all Osh proteins. In conditional OSH mutants, ER-PM ergosterol transport slowed ~20-fold compared with cells expressing a full complement of Osh proteins. Although this initial finding suggested that Osh proteins act as sterol LTPs, the situation is far more complex. Osh proteins have established roles in Rho small GTPase signaling. Osh proteins reinforce cell polarization and they specifically affect the localization of proteins involved in polarized cell growth such as septins, and the GTPases Cdc42p, Rho1p, and Sec4p. In addition, Osh proteins are required for a specific pathway of polarized secretion to sites of membrane growth, suggesting that this is how Osh proteins affect Cdc42p- and Rho1p-dependent polarization. Our findings suggest that Osh proteins integrate sterol trafficking and sterol-dependent cell signaling with the control of cell polarization.     

Characterization of germination-specific lipid transfer proteins from<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Euphorbia lagascae</Emphasis>

The endosperm of Euphorbia lagascae Spreng. seeds contains high levels of the epoxidated fatty acid vernolic acid ( cis-12-epoxyoctadeca-cis-9-enoic acid). To obtain transgenic oilcrops producing high levels of vernolic acid, better knowledge of its endogenous metabolism is needed. In this paper we study the gene activities involved in the mobilization and oxidation of vernolic acid during germination. A cDNA library was constructed from mRNA isolated from germinating E. lagascae seeds. Over 300 cDNA clones were partially characterized by DNA sequencing. Of the sequenced cDNAs, 18% encoded proteins with a putative function related to the metabolism of lipids or fatty acids. Among these cDNAs were genes coding for lipase, thiolase, acyl-CoA reductase and epoxide hydrolase. Of the sequenced clones, 4.5% encoded lipid-transfer proteins (LTPs), indicating the high abundance of such proteins during germination. We isolated the full-length sequences of the E. lagascae cDNAs encoding the LTPs ElLTP1 and ElLTP2. These proteins share only 38% identity, but both show high similarity to LTPs from other plant species. Both sequences contain eight cysteine residues, which are conserved in most plant LTPs. Expression analysis revealed that both genes were specifically expressed during germination.