重金属复合胁迫下碱蓬萌发生长及富集特征

为探究重金属复合胁迫对金川镍铜矿区广布植物碱蓬Suaeda salsa(L.)Pall.的影响,根据当地环境条件及预实验结果设置胁迫梯度,测定分析重金属胁迫下碱蓬种子萌发和芽期生理指标,并从野外站台取样研究碱蓬重金属富集能力。结果表明:无论是单一胁迫还是低浓度复合胁迫(Cu20和Ni20复合),发芽期碱蓬的生长均呈现"低促高抑"的趋势,即低浓度(≤40 mg/L)时促进碱蓬生长,高浓度(≥80 mg/L)时抑制碱蓬生长;高浓度复合胁迫(Cu320和Ni320复合)下均抑制碱蓬的生长。MDA(丙二醛)的含量随胁迫浓度的增加而增加;胁迫组可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量整体上高于对照组;单一胁迫下POD(过氧化物酶)活性随胁迫浓度增加而增加;复合胁迫下低浓度提高POD活性,高浓度抑制POD活性;碱蓬叶片的平均转移系数(TF)大于茎部,且平均转移系数大于1.00;碱蓬叶片的富集系数(BCF)大于根部大于茎部。碱蓬对Cu和Ni均具有很高的耐受性,但对于Cu的耐性强于Ni;低浓度时Cu、Ni复合胁迫对碱蓬生长的促进作用强于Cu、Ni单一胁迫,高浓度时则相反;碱蓬具有较高的重金属富集和转移能力;在当前矿区土壤环境背景下,碱蓬可以作为矿区生态恢复和重金属污染修复的备选植物。     

四种重金属胁迫下朝天委陵菜的生长特性及富集能力

通过砂基培养,研究了朝天委陵菜(Potentilla supina)在不同浓度Cd2 、Cu2 、Pb2 、Zn2 胁迫下的生长特性及富集能力.结果表明,朝天委陵菜对Cu2 、Zn2 、Pb2 、Cd2 的耐受性较强,在≤130 mg/L的胁迫下未出现死亡,仅随浓度增大而植株生长减慢;Cu2 的富集量及富集系数为50 mg/L组最大,分别达1 422.91 mg/kg和28.46;Pb2 的富集量及富集系数为70 mg/L组最大,分别达1 148.92 mg/kg和16.41;Zn2 的富集能力较弱,富集系数在1.48～6.33之间;Cd2 的富集量最少,各浓度组富集系数均小于0.1.在砂培条件下,朝天委陵菜对四种重金属的富集能力,各浓度组均为Cu2 ＞Pb2 ＞Zn2 ＞Cd2 ;当Cu2 、Pb2 污染物浓度≤90 mg/L时,朝天委陵菜对Pb2 和Cu2 的富集达到超富集植物的富集水平,可选作Cu2 、Pb2 污染土壤的修复植物;Cu2 、Pb2 污染土壤上生长的朝天委陵菜,因Cu2 、Pb2 含量超标不宜采食或药用.     

不同土壤生境下斑茅对重金属的富集特征

为了筛选Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd多重金属离子的富集植物,对不同土壤生境(铜铁矿、钨矿、铅锌矿和无矿场污染)的优势种斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum(Retz.)Jeswiet)对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd离子富集情况进行了调查。结果表明,斑茅对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd离子有富集优势并以Cu富集显著,斑茅根系土壤与斑茅地上部Cu含量存在相关性(P<0.05),斑茅对Pb和Cd的富集与转运存在极显相关性(P<0.01);在强酸、多金属污染弃耕农田土壤中,斑茅不仅符合Cu超富集植物的特征,而且其对Zn、Pb和Cd3种重金属的富集系数和转运系数均>1。在Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB15618-1995)的弃耕农田中,斑茅对Cu、Zn和Cd的富集系数均>1。研究表明,斑茅可以作为Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd多金属污染土壤的富集植物进行人工修复。     

常见湿生植物对镉、铅污染水环境的修复效果研究

采用水培法,采用不同浓度镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的4种处理对6种常见湿生植物:豆瓣菜(Nasturtium of?ficinale R. Br.)、水萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)、沼生蔊菜(Rorippa islandica(Oed.)Borb.)、白芥(Sinapis alba L.)、水芹(Oenanthe javanica(Blume)DC.)和蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.)幼苗的生长、重金属积累与转运、抗氧化酶活性及根细胞死亡的影响进行研究。结果显示,在Cd、Pb单一及复合胁迫下,豆瓣菜、水芹的根长、根重、植株干重均显著低于对照;而经单一Pb处理的水萝卜、白芥的根长、植株干重高于对照。单一Cd处理组中,6种植物富集系数大小依次为:豆瓣菜沼生蔊菜水芹水萝卜蕹菜白芥。Pb单一胁迫后,豆瓣菜对Pb的富集系数最小,仅为0013。水萝卜幼苗在Cd和Pb复合胁迫下生长状况与对照相比无显著差异,且Cd、Pb转运系数增大,抗氧化酶活性较高,根细胞死亡较少,表明该物种是具有较好修复潜力的植物。     

金毛狗对重金属的富集特性的研究

为探讨金毛狗[Cibotium barometz(L.) J. Sm.]对重金属的富集能力,在广东省选取6个样点(南岭、南昆山、白云山、大岭山、梧桐山、西樵山)采集金毛狗的叶片、根状茎和根际土壤,采用ICP-MS测定9种重金属元素(Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb)的含量。结果表明,样地土壤已受到不同程度的重金属污染,土壤中Cd和Hg含量均高于广东省土壤背景值,分别为背景值的1.61~4.82倍和4.74~11.79倍。西樵山土壤中Cd含量最大,南岭土壤中Hg含量最大。在9种元素中,金毛狗对Hg的转运系数最高,达4.8,对Cd的富集系数最高,达2.2,Cu和Cd元素的转运系数和富集系数均大于1。这说明金毛狗对重金属元素的富集能力较弱而转运能力较强。     

香根草和鹅观草对Cu、Pb、Zn及其复合重金属的耐性研究

采用根伸长实验研究了香根草和鹅观草对重金属的耐性随着溶度的升高,耐性指数下降,当香根草和鹅观草受Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+单一污染时,三元素的危害作用依次为Cu2+>Pb2+>Zn2+;在Cu、Pb、Zn混合溶液中,其两种植物耐性指数的大小及变化与单一元素Cu溶液最为相似,Cu在溶液中起到主导因子作用;香根草与鹅观草相比,不论是受Cu、Pb、Zn单一污染还是三者的复合污染,香根草比鹅观草都具有较强抵制重金属的胁迫能力,其耐性指数大都大于0 5。因此香根草具有对重金属较强的耐性,在重金属污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料。     

城市绿化树种香樟不同器官对土壤重金属的富集特征

为了了解不同土壤重金属浓度梯度及污染梯度下香樟不同器官的富集特征,测定了香樟树叶、树枝、树干和根际土壤中6种重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni)的含量.结果表明: 香樟地上部分重金属含量因器官、元素种类、根际土壤重金属浓度的不同而存在差异.香樟树叶和树枝重金属含量的大小顺序均为:Mn＞Zn＞Cu＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni,树干重金属含量为:Mn＞Zn＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni＞Cu.树叶对Mn的富集系数较高,为2.409;树干对Ni的富集系数较高,分别为树叶、树枝的8.6和17倍,且在不同土壤重金属浓度梯度下,香樟树干对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni的富集系数均明显高于其他器官.香樟地上部分器官对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni 6种重金属元素的综合富集能力大小顺序为:树叶＞树干＞树枝.随着土壤重金属污染等级的增加,香樟地上部分各器官的富集系数均逐渐降低.研究区域平均胸径为22 cm的单株香樟对重金属元素富集效能的大小顺序为:树叶＞树干＞树枝,其中树干对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni的积累量均显著高于树叶和树枝.表明香樟对6种重金属元素均有一定的富集能力,并且树干对Pb和Ni的富集效能明显,分别占地上部分总积累量的82.7%和91.9%,能很好地富集并稳固土壤中的Pb和Ni,可作为修复治理土壤重金属污染的备选树种.     

阿克苏市绿地土壤重金属污染及植物富集特征

植物对重金属污染具有一定的吸滞能力, 利用园林植物减缓和治理城市重金属污染具有重要意义。采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和富集系数法, 评价阿克苏市不同功能区绿地土壤重金属污染程度, 分析常见绿化树种叶片的重金属富集效应和空间分异特征。结果表明: 阿克苏市绿地土壤4种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr)污染程度不同, 其中Cu、Pb污染最为严重, 达到了重度污染。阿克苏市不同绿地功能区土壤内梅罗综合污染指数(Nemerow integrated pollution index) PN由高到低的顺序为工业区绿地>(PN=3.68)交通道路绿地(PN=3.47)>居住区绿地(PN=3.34)>公园绿地(PN=2.93)>城郊绿地(PN=2.16); 阿克苏市区主要绿化树种间, 新疆杨、法国梧桐对Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr的富集系数较大, 可作为阿克苏市区土壤重金属污染修复的重点选用树种; 大叶白蜡、圆冠榆、垂柳对Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr的富集系数次之, 可作为备选树种。     

大型水生植物对重金属的富集与转移

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了云南阳宗海南北两区域自然生长的17种水生植物的生长状况及植物和对应水样、根区底泥中重金属(As、Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb)的含量。结果表明:植物长势良好,未发现受害症状。水体As严重污染,Pb轻度污染,Zn、Cu和Cd均未超标。9种沉水植物同时对As、Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb的富集系数(植物全株重金属含量与水中该元素含量的比值)远大于1,具有共富集特征。在平均含As0.175mg/L的水中,金鱼藻、黑藻、小眼子菜、八药水筛全株As平均含量分别为(150±7.3)、(179±35)、(92±31)、(265±21)mg/kg(干重),对As具有较强富集能力;对于8种湿生和挺水植物,北部采样点的喜旱莲子草、田栖稗、细叶小苦荬和长芒稗对As,长芒稗、细叶小苦荬、圆果雀稗、水蓼和风车草对Cd,海芋和圆果雀稗对Zn的富集系数(植物地上部重金属含量与底泥中该元素含量的比值)以及圆果雀稗对Cd和Zn转移系数(植物地上部重金属含量与根中该元素含量的比值)均大于1。聚类分析结果表明,金鱼藻、黑藻、八药水筛、小眼子菜、穗状狐尾藻5种水生植物同时对As、Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb具有较强的吸收和富集能力,在重金属复合污染水体修复中具有较大潜力。     

木麻黄对土壤重金属的生长响应及积累特征

为了考察沿海防护林重要树种木麻黄对土壤重金属的耐性及修复潜力,比较了5个较耐寒木麻黄无性系(S-13、S-44、S-48、S-60和S-80) 1年生扦插苗在重金属Cu、Cd、Pb和Mn复合污染土壤中的生长表现、重金属积累和分配特征。土壤重金属设置为对照组(CK)、低浓度组(T1)、中浓度组(T2)和高浓度组(T3)等4个水平。结果表明:5个木麻黄无性系在不同处理组均维持了正常生长,不同无性系的表现有差异,与CK相比,T1、T2和T3显著促进了木麻黄无性系S-13、S-44的生长,但对S-48、S-60和S-80的生长无显著影响; T3显著抑制了S-13和S-44根瘤数,而对S-80则无显著影响,说明5个木麻黄无性系对重金属复合污染表现出较高耐性;木麻黄对重金属的吸收量随着土壤重金属浓度升高而增大;木麻黄对重金属的分配因重金属种类而不同,如Mn的含量为叶状小枝(小枝)茎根,各处理的转运系数均大于1,表明木麻黄具有较强的Mn转运能力,能把较多Mn从根部转运到地上部,地上部的Mn超过总积累量86%; Cu、Cd和Pb的含量为根茎小枝,表明木麻黄能把较多的Cu、Cd和Pb固定在根部,但地上部的重金属积累量超过了总积累量的50%; T3处理下,5个木麻黄无性系的重金属综合生物富集指数(CBCI)无明显差异,表明5个木麻黄无性系对重金属积累能力接近;综合生物量和CBCI表现,木麻黄无性系S-13和S-44对污染土壤具有较强的重金属修复能力;木麻黄对重金属Cu、Cd、Pb和Mn具有较强的耐性和较为突出的积累能力,对于重金属污染土壤尤其是Mn污染土壤的植物修复具有较大应用潜力。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.