鼠伤寒沙门氏菌噬菌体型的相变异

经过反复检查1980～1993年间在新疆维吾尔自治区各地收集的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)菌株,发现了鼠伤寒沙门氏菌噬菌体型的相变异(phase variation)。在4774或4776噬菌体型(完全型)的培养物中,有一小部分可以发生变异,有的变为4000(第1相),有的变为0776或0774(第2相)。这种4000和0776(0774)噬菌体型培养物的多数,容易发生回复变异,变为原来的噬菌体型4774(或4776);有时,4000噬菌体型(第1相)可以变为0776(第2相),而0774噬菌体型(第2相)也可以变为4000(第1相)。在7776噬菌体型(完全型)的培养物中,也有一小部分可以变为7000(第1相)或0776(第2相)。7000(或7002)和0776噬菌体型培养物的多数容易发生回复变异,变为原来的噬菌体型7776(或7774)。从完全型培养物变为第1相或第2相的变异率为156%,从第1相或第2相培养物变为完全型的变异率为532%。这一现象的阐明,将有助于鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的噬菌体分型,和对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染的流行病学分析有重要意义。     

焦磷酸测序检测食品中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌

根据鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的特异序列,分别设计扩增引物和测序引物,建立焦磷酸测序检测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的方法。针对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌设计特异性扩增引物,对目标片段进行PCR扩增,然后制备单链模板,并利用测序引物进行焦磷酸测序。测序结果表明,6株不同来源的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌均可以扩增出碱基序列为TACAACCGGA GTGCACATTA ATCCCGCAGC的基因片段,而30株阴性对照菌株均未得到扩增。进行BLAST比对表明,该序列与GenBank中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的碱基序列100%匹配。焦磷酸测序法是一种快速、准确的检测方法,可用于食品中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的快速检测。     

抗菌药物靶标丙氨酸消旋酶及其抑制剂研究进展

抗生素的滥用和人口的大量流动使得病原菌耐药性增强并与其他病原体产生共感染等问题,严重威胁人类的生命安全,因此,研发新型抗菌药物成为人类亟待解决的问题。丙氨酸消旋酶是以磷酸吡哆醛为辅酶催化L-丙氨酸与D-丙氨酸旋光结构互换的一类异构酶,其消旋产物D-丙氨酸对细菌细胞壁的形成具有决定性作用,与细菌性疾病密切相关。抑制丙氨酸消旋酶的活性会影响细菌的生存,近年来成为设计抗菌药物的一个理想靶位,其抑制剂的开发已成为抗菌药物研发的热点。本文从丙氨酸消旋酶的来源、结构、功能、应用及抑制剂等方面进行系统阐述,并对丙氨酸消旋酶的研究提出新的策略,为进一步研究丙氨酸消旋酶与致病菌的关系及抗菌药物候选靶标的研究提供理论基础。     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌嘌呤生物合成调控研究

为研究16bp PUR box中8个完全保守的碱基中的2个碱基在与purR\++阻遏蛋白结合中的功能,对它们分别作了定点突变,使其分别从C,G突变为G,A。凝胶阻滞实验结果表明,含上述保守碱基突变的PUR box均不能与purR\++阻遏蛋白结合。证明这2个保守碱基对维持PUR box的功能是必须的,其中任一改变都导致PUR box功能的丧失。     

进境鸡腿肉中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌分离与鉴定

2002年沈阳某公司从美国进口鸡腿肉5200余t,依据GB6869-2000鲜、冻禽产品检验标准及国检动函(2000)428号“关于进一步加强进境内类检验检疫工作的通知”要求,进行微生物检测。从送检的样品中分离到1株强致病的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,血清型为1,4,12:Ⅰ:1,2。药敏试验表明,该菌对多种药物具有较强的抗药性。     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌参与细菌竞争相关基因

[背景]细菌在环境中以复杂的微生物群落形式存在,细菌间的竞争是细菌生存的一种重要方式.鼠伤寒沙门氏菌是一种可引起胃肠道疾病的重要人畜共患病病原体,其在水源、食物或是宿主肠道等环境中均需与其他细菌进行相互作用以获得生存优势.[目的]通过转座子技术构建鼠伤寒沙门氏菌转座子插入突变体库,从中筛选鼠伤寒沙门氏菌与细菌竞争能力相...     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌嘌呤生物合成基因表达的调控研究：Ⅱ.O^c突变体的…

已有研究证明,编码阻遏蛋白的调节基因ｐｕｒＲ能调节嘌呤从头合成途径中除ｐｕｒＢ外所有结构基因的表达。但迄今还缺乏阻遏蛋白与这些基因的操作基因相结合的直接证据。本文报道以嘌呤结构基因ｐｕｒＤ和ｐｕｒＧ的ＭｕｄＪ插入物为出发株,在外加过量腺嘌呤核苷（２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的ＭａｃＣｏｎｋｅｙ平板上通过选择红色菌落分离Ｏ＾ｃ突变体的结果,从上述两株出发株分别获得了８株和９株独立的消阻遏突变体。共转导分析和顺反     

High efficiency transformation of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella typhi by electroporation

Summary Salmonella typhimurium and S. typhi were transformd with high efficiency by electroporation. Transformation efficiencies of up to 10¹⁰ transformants per g of pBR322 were obtained. In contrast to chemical transformation methods, neither the smooth lipopolysaccharide of S. typhimurium nor the Vi capsular polysaccharide of S. typhi greatly affected transformation efficiency. The introduction of a galE mutation slightly improved transformation efficiency in S. typhimurium (< tenfold) while the Vi antigen of S. typhi had no detectable effect. The transformation efficiency of S. typhimurium with DNA derived from Escherichia coli was increased greatly by the removal of the hsd restriction system (100-fold). Under these conditions electroporation can be used for the routine and direct transformation of Salmonella strains with partially purified (alkaline lysis) plasmid DNA from E. coli.     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌baeR过表达株的构建及其耐药性

[背景]鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella typhimurium）是一种重要的人兽共患病原菌,其多重耐药性问题日益严重,双组分系统可调控鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的耐药性。[目的]通过构建鼠伤寒沙门氏菌baeR过表达株及回补株探究BaeSR双组分系统对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌耐药性的影响。[方法]在BaeSR双组分系统和AcrB外排泵双缺失株（CRΔbaeSRΔacrB）的基础上构建baeR过表达株（CRpbaeRΔbaeSRΔacrB）及baeR回补株（CRcbaeRΔbaeSRΔacrB）,测定双缺失株、回补株和过表达株的最小抑菌浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC）,并对其生长特性、生物膜形成能力及运动性进行分析。采用转录组学技术筛选与耐药相关的差异表达基因,RT-qPCR验证耐药相关基因。[结果]构建了鼠伤寒沙门氏菌baeR过表达株和baeR回补株。与双缺失株相比,过表达株对氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、乙酰甲喹、头孢他啶、头孢噻呋、阿莫西林和氨苄西林的MIC分别升高2-256倍,对大观霉素、安普霉素的MIC下降了50%;与双缺失株相比,回补株对头孢他啶...     

鼠伤寒沙门菌VI型分泌系统效应因子Rhs生物学特性分析

【背景】细菌的Ⅵ型分泌系统作为杀死真核捕食者或原核竞争对手的“武器”,其杀伤作用是通过释放有毒物质即效应因子来实现。尽管已发现一些效应因子,但大多数效应因子的功能仍然未知。【目的】研究rhs基因编码的效应因子Rhs对鼠伤寒沙门菌生物学特性的影响。【方法】利用Red同源重组的方法构建鼠伤寒沙门菌rhs基因缺失株及相应的基因回补株。通过试验分析比较亲本株与缺失株、回补株在生化特性、生物被膜形成、耐药性、细菌间竞争、抗血清补体杀菌能力、组织载菌量及感染小鼠后炎症因子IL-18、IL-1β释放量上的差异。【结果】效应因子Rhs不影响鼠伤寒沙门菌的生化代谢、生物被膜形成、耐药性及抗血清补体杀菌能力。细菌种间竞争试验中,基因缺失株CVCC541Δrhs1、CVCC541Δrhs2和CVCC541Δrhs1-2的竞争指数(competition index,CI)值分别为0.85、0.77和0.87,毒力均被轻度致弱。体内组织载菌量试验中,CVCC541Δrhs1、CVCC541Δrhs2和CVCC541Δrhs1-2基因缺失株在小鼠肝脏和脾脏中的细菌数均较亲本株明显下降(P<0.05);机体...     

鼠伤寒沙门菌六型分泌系统效应蛋白Clpv对巨噬细胞极化的影响北大核心

【目的】探讨Ⅵ型分泌系统(typeⅥsecretion system,T6SS)效应蛋白Clpv在鼠伤寒沙门菌(Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium)致病过程中的功能。【方法】以鼠伤寒沙门菌SL1344基因组为模板克隆clpv基因,并比较与其他革兰氏阴性菌台湾假单胞菌(Pseudomonas taiwanensis)、植生拉乌尔菌(Raoultella planticola)、鳗利斯顿氏菌(Listonella anguillarum)、菠萝多源菌(Pantoea ananatis)、粘放线菌(Actinomyces viscosus)和大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)的同源性;将clpv基因克隆至pEGFP-N1载体构建重组质粒pEGFP-Clpv,利用Western blotting、实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,q-PCR)、荧光显微镜以及流式细胞术检测蛋白表达、定位及诱导小鼠巨噬细胞M1型和M2型极化水平。【结果】clpv基因全长为2637 bp,与台湾假单胞菌的同源性最高;Western blotting、qPCR和免疫荧光检测表明重组蛋白大小约120 kDa,在细胞中有明显绿色荧光并且主要定位于细胞膜;q-PCR和流式细胞术结果发现Clpv转染组巨噬细胞M1型极化显著增加(P<0.01),M2型巨噬细胞极化显著减少(P<0.01)。【结论】成功克隆表达鼠伤寒沙门菌T6SS效应蛋白Clpv,并明确其胞内表达定位以及对巨噬细胞极化的影响。     

Cleavage of the O antigen 4,5,12 of Salmonella typhimurium by hydrofluoric acid

The effect of hydrofluoric acid (aqueous 48% HF) upon different lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was studied, employing conditions (48 h at + 4°C) that are commonly used to dephosphorylate LPS. From the LPS of Salmonella typhimurium having the O antigen 4,5,12 almost all of the O-antigenic sugars (Abe, Gal, Glc, Man, Rha) were liberated in dialysable form, whereas the saccharide chains of Salmonella LPS with O antigen 6,7 (Man, Glc, GlcNAc) were resistant to HF. The lability towards HF was shown to be due to the presence of the deoxysugar L-rhamnose in the saccharide backbone of the O antigen 4,5,12, since only Rha was found as the terminal sugar in the corresponding dialysable material. Hydrofluoric acid can thus be used to specifically cleave Rha-containing polysaccharides.     

Specific truncations of an acetolactate synthase gene from Brassica napus efficiently complement ilvB/ilvG mutants of Salmonella typhimurium

Summary The expression of an acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene isolated from the cruciferous plant Brassica napus was investigated in Salmonella typhimurium. Using an expression plasmid containing the highly active trc (trp-lac) promoter, several plant ALS constructs were made containing successive in-frame truncations from the 5 end of the coding region. Functional complementation by these plant ALS constructs of a S. typhimurium mutant devoid of ALS enzymic activity was assayed on minimal medium. Truncations which eliminated a large portion of the transit peptide coding sequence proved to act as efficient ALS genes in the bacterial host. Truncations close to the putative processing site of the plant protein were inactive in the complementation test. A full length copy of the gene, including the entire transit peptide coding region, was also inactive. The efficiency of the complementation, estimated by comparison to the growth rate of wild-type S. typhimurium, was found to correlate with levels of ALS activity in the transformed bacteria. Specific mutations, known to produce herbicide resistance in plants, were introduced into the truncated ALS coding sequence by site-directed mutagenesis. When expressed in bacteria these constructs conferred a herbicide resistance phenotype on the host. The potential of this system for mutagenesis and enzymological studies of plant proteins is discussed.     

Molecular characterization of alanine racemase from Bifidobacterium bifidum

Bifidobacterium bifidum is a useful probiotic agent exhibiting health-promoting properties, and its peptidoglycans have the potential for applications in the fields of food science and medicine. We investigated the bifidobacterial alanine racemase, which is essential in the synthesis of -alanine as an essential component of the peptidoglycans. Alanine racemase was purified to homogeneity from a crude extract of B. bifidum NBRC 14252. It consisted of two identical subunits with a molecular mass of 50 kDa. The enzyme required pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) as a coenzyme. The activity was lost in the presence of a thiol-modifying agent. The enzyme almost exclusively catalyzed the alanine racemization; other amino acids tested, except for serine, were inactive as substrates. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme suggested that the B. bifidum alanine racemase possesses comparatively low affinities for both the coenzyme (9.1 μM for PLP) and substrates (44.3 mM for -alanine; 74.3 mM for -alanine). The alr gene encoding the alanine racemase was cloned and sequenced. The alr gene complemented the -alanine auxotrophy of Escherichia coli MB2795, and an abundant amount of the enzyme was produced in cells of the E. coli MB2795 clone. The enzymologic and kinetic properties of the purified recombinant enzyme were almost the same as those of the alanine racemase from B. bifidum NBRC 14252.     

SlyA, a regulatory protein from Salmonella typhimurium, induces a haemolytic and pore-forming protein in Escherichia coli

A chromosomal fragment from Salmonella typhimurium, when cloned in Escherichia coli, generates a haemolytic phenotype. This fragment carries two genes, termed slyA and slyB. The expression of slyA is sufficient for the haemolytic phenotype. The haemolytic activity of E. coli carrying multiple copies of slyA is found mainly in the cytoplasm, with some in the periplasm of cells grown to stationary phase, but overexpression of SlyB, a 15 kDa lipoprotein probably located in the outer membrane, may lead to enhanced, albeit unspecific, release of the haemolytic activity into the medium. Polyclonal antibodies raised against a purified SlyA-HlyA fusion protein identified the over-expressed monomeric 17 kDa SlyA protein mainly in the cytoplasm of E. coli grown to stationary phase, although smaller amounts were also found in the periplasm and even in the culture supernatant. However, the anti-SlyA antibodies reacted with the SlyA protein in a periplasmic fraction that did not contain the haemolytic activity. Conversely, the periplasmic fraction exhibiting haemolytic activity did not contain the 17 kDa SlyA protein. Furthermore, S. typhimurium transformed with multiple copies of the slyA gene did not show a haemolytic phenotype when grown in rich culture media, although the SlyA protein was expressed in amounts similar to those in the recombinant E. coli strain. These results indicate that SlyA is not itself a cytolysin but rather induces in E. coli (but not in S. typhimurium) the synthesis of an uncharacterised, haemolytically active protein which forms pores with a diameter of about 2.6 nm in an artificial lipid bilayer. The SlyA protein thus seems to represent a regulation factor in Salmonella, as is also suggested by the similarity of the SlyA protein to some other bacterial regulatory proteins. slyA- and slyB-related genes were also obtained by PCR from E. coli, Shigella sp. and Citrobacter diversus but not from several other gram-negative bacteria tested.     

表达幽门螺杆菌粘附素保守区的减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌免疫治疗作用的研究

探讨表达幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori,Hp）粘附素保守区（AB）的减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌X4072（pYA248-AB）的免疫治疗效果,以及可能的免疫治疗机制,以确定X4072（pYA248-AB）在Hp疫苗研制中的应用价值.建立Hp感染小鼠模型,在该模型中评价X4072（pYA248-AB）治疗Hp感染的效果,运用细菌培养法观察Hp根除率及定植量的改变,流式细胞术分析免疫后小鼠脾细胞亚型,IL-2和IL-4细胞依赖株的细胞测活法检测细胞因子,ELISA法检测小鼠血清及肠液中抗AB抗体产生情况.结果表明,免疫治疗后疫苗治疗组根除率为53.3%,显著高于X4072（pYA248）和PBS对照组（P＜0.01）.未根除Hp的小鼠,疫苗治疗组Hp的定植密度明显低于其他两组（P＜0.01）.应用流式细胞仪分析免疫小鼠脾CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T淋巴细胞的比值时,发现疫苗治疗组和鼠伤寒菌对照组的比值均显著高于PBS对照组（P＜0.05）,而疫苗治疗组的比值又显著高于鼠伤寒菌对照组（P＜0.05）.进一步对细胞因子进行分析发现,与PBS对照组相比免疫治疗组和鼠伤寒菌对照组IL-2和IL-4明显升高(P＜0.05).同时,免疫治疗组与鼠伤寒菌对照组相比,IL-4增高明显(P＜0.05).针对AB的抗体测定结果发现,仅在免疫治疗组的小鼠肠液中检测到了IgA抗体.免疫治疗组IgG抗体滴度较其他两组明显升高,第二次加强免疫后2周即上升至1∶10 000.动物实验表明,X4072（pYA248-AB）能根除或显著降低Hp在小鼠胃内的定植,其可能的免疫治疗机制包括提高CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值,诱导Th1和Th2反应以及产生针对AB的特异性抗体.     

The mutagenicity testing of tertiary-butyl alcohol, tertiary-butyl acetate™ and methyl tertiary-butyl ether in Salmonella typhimurium

Tertiary-Butyl alcohol (TBA), tertiary-butyl acetate™ (TBAc™) and methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) are chemicals to which the general public may be exposed either directly or as a result of their metabolism. There is little evidence that they are genotoxic; however, an earlier publication reported that significant results were obtained in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 mutagenicity tests with both TBA and MTBE. We now present results of testing these chemicals and TBAc™ against S. typhimurium strains in two laboratories. The emphasis was placed on testing with S. typhimurium TA102 and the use of both dimethyl sulphoxide and water as vehicles. Dose levels up to 5000 μg/plate were used and incubations were conducted in both the presence and absence of liver S9 prepared from male rats treated with either Arochlor 1254 or phenobarbital-β-naphthoflavone. The experiments were replicated, but in none of them was a significant mutagenic response observed, thus the current evidence indicates the TBA, TBAc™ and MTBE are not mutagenic in bacteria.