温度对蜜蜂群体越冬生命活动的影响

温度对蜜蜂群体越冬生命活动的影响王树兴,王发,李位三（安徽农业技术师范学院凤阳２３３１００）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｎＨｏｎｅｙｂｅｅ’ｓＡｃｔｉｖｉｔｙＤｕｒｉｎｇＩｔｓＨｉｂｅｒｌａｔｉｏｎ．￥ＷａｎｇＳｈｕｘｉｎｇ,ＷａｎｇＱｉ...     

磁场作用对小鼠学习记忆的影响

目的 :探讨磁场作用对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响。方法 :应用水迷宫学习模型测定并对比 30分钟磁场处理组、1 5分钟磁场处理组和非磁场处理的正常对照组动物的空间学习记忆能力。结果 :水迷宫学习训练的实验表明 30分钟磁场处理组与正常对照组比较 ,动物到达水下平台的时间延长 ;游程增加 ;平均游速减慢 ,且均具有显著性差异 (p <0 .0 5)。 1 5分钟磁场处理组与正常对照组比较 ,动物到达水下平台的时间延长 ,且具有显著性差异 (p <0 .0 5) ;游程和平均速度与正常对照组相比无显著性差异 (p >0 .0 5)。结论 :磁场处理 30分钟或 1 5分钟损伤小鼠的空间学习记忆能力 ,且以 30分钟的磁场处理作用较强     

蜜蜂对迷宫的学习和记忆

著名的生物学家 Frisch[1] 研究蜜蜂的行为时发现 ,蜜蜂可以从所有其它颜色中区别蓝色 ,说明蜜蜂能够看到作为一种颜色的蓝色 ,并能学会以颜色作为食物的信号。从此 ,揭开了研究蜜蜂学习和记忆的序幕 ,Menzel[2 ] 把蜜蜂作为一个模型系统来研究学习与记忆。长期以来 ,许多生物学家的大量研究发现 :蜜蜂不仅对目标的颜色、模式、气味等有较好的学习和记忆能力 ,而且对陆标以及时间模式等都有较好的学习和记忆能力。然而 ,研究蜜蜂学习迷宫的工作相对比较少 ,Weiss[3] 训练蜜蜂步行通过了相对简单的迷宫 ,Menze[4 ] 在一个 T型迷宫中训练步…     

氯化锂对意大利蜜蜂基于伸吻反应行为的影响

【目的】本研究旨在明确25mmol·L~(-1)氯化锂对蜜蜂蔗糖敏感性、学习和记忆行为的影响,为氯化锂作为杀螨剂应用于蜂业提供参考依据。【方法】利用50%(w/v)糖水溶液在巢门口引蜂,抓取采集糖水的蜜蜂视为采集蜂,随机分为6组对照和处理。鉴于蜜蜂对笼养环境的适应期,室内恒温恒湿箱【(30±1)℃,相对湿度为40%±10%,黑暗】中饲喂30%糖水笼养24 h(每盒50头)后,处理组和对照组分别自由采集含25 mmol·L~(-1)氯化锂的30%(w/v)糖水和30%(w/v)糖水24 h,6组中的3组用来测试对6种不同浓度糖水的敏感性(0.1%、0.3%、1%、3%、10%、30%),余下3组蜜蜂用来进行气味联想性学习实验;将收集的采集蜂不进行实验室笼养,随机分为对照和处理(35头/组),接受气味联想性学习训练,然后对蜜蜂个体饲喂10μL 30%(w/v)糖水和含25 mmol·L~(-1)氯化锂的30%(w/v)糖水,2 h后测试蜜蜂记忆。【结果】对照组和处理组在氯化锂处理24 h内死亡率无显著差异(P 0.05);糖水敏感性测试实验中,处理组对低浓度糖水(0.1%-3%)的喙伸反应率高于对照组(0.3%:P0.05;1%:P0.01;3%:P0.001),处理组的蔗糖响应分数(SRS)极显著高于对照组(P0.01);气味联想性学习实验中,两组的喙伸反应率随训练次数的增加而呈上升趋势,虽然在第二次学习中,对照组的喙伸反应率显著性高于处理组(P0.05),但两组的学习能力随训练次数增加差异减小,最终趋于一致;2 h记忆行为实验中,处理组的喙伸反应率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。【结论】结果表明,25 mmol·L~(-1)氯化锂对蜜蜂无急性致死作用;蜜蜂接触此剂量氯化锂24 h后,蜜蜂对低浓度糖水的敏感性增强,蜜蜂最终学习行为不受影响,但蜜蜂的2 h短期记忆受到积极影响,进而可能利于提高蜜蜂采集行为。     

恒定磁场对小鼠空间记忆形成的影响

目的：探讨不同照射时间的恒定磁场作用对小鼠空间记忆形成的影响.方法：应用水迷宫学习模型测定并对比4小时恒定磁场照射组、3小时恒定磁场照射组、2小时恒定磁场照射组和无磁场照射的正常对照组动物的空间记忆能力.结果：水迷宫学习训练的实验表明：第一个训练日中,4小时磁场处理组动物与正常对照组比较,动物到达水下平台所需时间延长,且具有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;3小时磁场处理组与正常对照组比较,动物到达水下平台所需时间缩短,且具有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;第二个训练日中,2小时或3小时磁场处理组与正常对照组比较,动物到达水下平台所需时间延长,且均具有显著性差异（P〈0.05）.第三、四、五连续3个训练日中,3组磁场处理组动物到达水下平台所需的时间与正常对照组相比较均不具有显著性差异（P〉0.05）.结论：一定时间的磁场处理对小鼠空间记忆的形成有促进或损伤作用,究竟是促进还是损伤有可能取决于一个作用“窗口”问题.     

吡虫啉对蜜蜂行为与生理影响研究进展

蜜蜂是一种社会性昆虫,也是重要的授粉昆虫,对发展农业生产、维护生态环境和物种多样性有极其重要的意义。吡虫啉是一种活性高、杀虫谱广的新烟碱类杀虫剂,对蜜蜂等传粉昆虫造成潜在危害。本文主要从吡虫啉对蜜蜂的作用机制、暴露途径、代谢过程、行为影响等方面进行叙述,重新评估蜜蜂接触杀虫剂的"安全水平",从而确定最安全有效的施用浓度,为我国新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂安全性评价工作提供参考。     

农药对蜜蜂行为的影响

农药对蜜蜂的安全性评价包括在实验室以及更高层次的半大田和大田水平上的研究。蜜蜂行为是蜜蜂机体是否正常的直接表现,因此也是安全性评价的重要指标。文章概述农药对蜜蜂行为的影响,包括蜂王产卵行为,工蜂分工、采集行为、同群和外群工蜂辨别、学习行为和农药对蜜蜂的驱避性。     

12T强静磁场对小鼠前庭系统及学习记忆能力的影响

目的:随着强静磁场的广泛应用,其生物安全性评估获得越来越多的关注。本文通过实验,评估强静磁场照射对小鼠前庭系统、学习记忆能力的影响及两者内在联系。方法:观察12T强静磁场照射2h条件下小鼠即时(2min内)效应和条件味觉厌恶反应情况,确定照射对小鼠前庭系统的影响;通过Y迷宫和Morris水迷宫实验,分析照射对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响。结果:研究发现照射后小鼠立即出现直立行为抑制、旋转平衡失调,以及持续10d的条件味觉厌恶反应,表明该照射对小鼠前庭系统造成了即时及持续影响。Y迷宫和Morris水迷宫分析结果表明照射后小鼠学习记忆能力未发生显著改变。结论:12T强静磁场2h照射对小鼠前庭系统存在显著影响和量效关系,照射可导致小鼠出现平衡失调,持续味觉厌恶的现象,但这种影响并非结构性或不可逆的,对小鼠学习记忆能力未造成影响。     

后基因组时代的蜜蜂QTL研究

继果蝇、按蚊和家蚕之后,意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera（膜翅目： 蜜蜂科）成为又一种被完整测得基因组序列的昆虫。从此,蜜蜂研究进入后基因组时代。作为一种典型的社会性昆虫,许多和蜜蜂社会生活紧密相关的性状都是数量性状。这些性状研究中广泛涉及到了数量性状位点（quantitative traits loci,QTL）定位研究。本文综述了应用QTL对蜜蜂取食行为、自卫行为、体长、逆转学习等的研究现状,同时结合国内外最新研究进展,总结并展望了后基因组时代蜜蜂QTL的研究方向。     

Acquisition of a time-memory in forager honey bees

Forager honey bees can associate the time of day with the presence of food at locations outside the hive. It is thought that this time-memory enables the bee to make a spatio-temporal match between its behavior and floral nectar secretion rhythms. Despite a long tradition of research, the mechanisms by which the time-memory becomes established are unknown. We investigated the influences of two experiential factors on the acquisition of time-memory: (1) the number of collecting visits made by the forager within a feeding bout during a restricted time of day and (2) the number of days of exposure to the restricted feeding time. Our results indicate that these two factors control different processes. The number of days of experience influences the temporal accuracy of reconnaissance behavior to the food source. The cumulative number of collecting visits within the feeding bouts has no apparent effect on time-accuracy but, instead, determines the probability of exhibiting food-anticipatory behavior and, if that overt behavior is performed, the intensity of its expression. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Prof. James L. Larimer.     

Mortality rates of honey bees in the wild

Senescence, defined as an age-specific decrease in physiological performance accompanied by an increase in mortality rate, has been studied in a wide range of animals including social insects. It is not clear, however, whether honey bees in the wild live long enough to exhibit senescent decline. I tested for the effects of senescence on honey bees foraging in natural settings and documented the predicted pattern of exponential increase in mortality rate with forager age. These data indicate that, in spite of high rates of external mortality, senescence is an important factor determining the performance of insects such as honey bees in the wild. Received 16 November 2007; revised 1 February 2008 and 10 March 2008; accepted 18 March 2008.     

蜜蜂及熊蜂微孢子虫rRNA基因研究

核糖体RNA(rRNA)是一种理想的进化计时器,已广泛地应用于研究微生物的系统发育和进化关系。蜜蜂和熊蜂都被微孢子虫感染,关于蜜蜂和熊蜂微孢子虫rRNA基因研究主要有rRNA基因序列的测定分析、二级结构的研究和用rRNA基因检测诊断微孢子虫等。这些对蜜蜂和熊蜂微孢子虫系统发育的研究和微孢子虫的防治等具有重要的推动作用。     

蜜蜂花粉采集器官和采集飞行的线性比例分析

本研究从采粉工蜂飞行中能量消耗相关的几个方面入手,分析了蜜蜂属(Apis) 8个物种的花粉采集器官。结果表明,花粉筐表面积、翅膀表面积、体重及胸部动力容量与蜂种个体的体长呈极显著相关,并且它们随蜂种个体的增大而呈对数线性比例增加。除意大利蜜蜂(A·mellifera ligustica)以外,花粉团重量与花粉筐和基跗节表面积成线性比例。工蜂负重前后重量的变化与花粉筐和翅膀的表面积不成比例[动物学报51 (5) :947 -951 , 2005]。     

Calorimetric investigations of the different castes of honey bees,Apis mellifera carnica

Summary Honey bees of different age and castes were investigated calorimetrically at 20, 25 and 30 °C. Experiments were completed by endoscopic observation of the insects in the visible and the near infrared range and by acoustical monitoring and subsequent frequency analysis of various locomotor activities. Direct calorimetric results of this paper are compared with data of indirect calorimetry from the literature using a respiratory quotient of 1.00 and 21.13 J consumed. Agreements between both methods are generally good. The results show that weight-specific heat production rates increase with age of worker bees by a factor of 5.6 at 30 °C, 3.7 at 25 °C and 40.0 at 20 °C. In groups of foragers the heat production decreases with growing group size to around 6% of the value for an isolated bee. The presence of a fertile queen or of brood reduces the heat output of a small worker group significantly. Adult drones exhibit a much higher metabolic rate (up to 19.7-fold at 20 °C) than juveniles with strong fluctuations in the power-time curves. Fertile queens show a less pronounced heat production rate than virgin queens (54% at 30 °C, 87% at 25 °C and 77% at 20 °C). Calorimetric unrest is much higher for young than for adult queens. Heat production is very low in both uncapped and capped brood and less than 30% of that of a newly emerged worker. In most cases temperature showed a significant influence on the metabolic level, although its sign was not homogeneous between the castes or even within them. Locomotor activities are easily recorded by the acoustic frequency spectrum (0–7.5 kHz) and in good agreement with endoscopic observations and calorimetric traces.Abbreviations RQ respiratory quotient - ww wet weight This paper is part of the PhD thesis of L.F.     

Modeling the potential distribution of the predator of honey bees,Palarus latifrons,in the Arabian deserts using Maxent and GIS

ObjectivesThe species Palarus latifrons (bee pirates) has been recorded in Saudi Arabia as an invasive species. This pest can destroy honey bee colonies under certain conditions. The origin of this species in Africa and it has a good ability to adapt to desert conditions. Studies on this species are very few but its current distribution in the Arabian deserts is mainly in the Arabian Gulf countries. This study presents maps for the possible expansion of this species to invade other desert areas in the Arabian countries’ under current and near-future conditions (2030).MethodsThis pest is a solitary insect with high activity during summer. It is hypothesized that summer conditions and especially temperature are the limiting factor for its distribution in the deserts. The analysis depended on generating maps based on temperatures during summer and based on two bioclimatic factors. Maxent and the geographical information system (GIS) were used to perform the analysis.Results and conclusionsAll maps showed the high ability of this pest to spread in the Gulf countries. In North Africa: south Egypt and Libya, and some parts of Algeria showed suitability for Palarus. The invasion of this pest towards North Africa can happen mostly due to trading activities with Gulf countries especially materials containing soil. Continues monitoring for the activity of Palarus in the risk areas is highly advised.     

Cytotoxicity effect of honey,bee pollen,and propolis from seven stingless bees in some cancer cell lines

Our effort to find new material for anti cancer from natural resources leads us to focus on stingless bee products such as honey, bee pollen, and propolis. The products were from seven stingless bees named Homotrigona fimbriata, Heterotrigona itama, Heterotrigona bakeri, Tetragonula sarawakensis, Tetragonula testaceitarsis, Tetragonula fuscobalteata, Tetragonula laeviceps. The stingless bee products were evaluated for their cytotoxicity effect on MCF-7, HeLa and Caco-2 cancer cell lines. This is the first time to be reported that the honey, ethanol extracts of bee pollen and propolis of H. fimbriata displayed more potent cytotoxicity than other stingless bee products. By chromatography and biological activity-guided fractionation, ethanol extract of propolis from H. fimbriata was fractionated and isolated its active compound named mangiferonic acid. Mangiferonic acid showed a cytotoxicity effect with IC₅₀ values 96.76 µM in MCF-7, >110.04 µM in HeLa, and > 110.04 µM in Caco-2, respectively. These results exhibited the potential of ethanol extracts from propolis of H. fimbriata to be further developed for drug and experiments to verify the function are essential.