坛紫菜叶状体的无菌化培养及其应用

对坛紫菜叶状体的无菌处理方法进行了优化,并利用紫菜外生菌对无菌处理后的紫菜叶片进行了人工感染。经0.7%KI和0.1%(w/v)氨苄青霉素对紫菜叶片进行预处理后,利用氨苄青霉素、硫酸链霉素、新霉素、庆大霉素及卡那霉素等5种抗生素及其不同组合对紫菜叶片进行处理,筛选出最佳抗生素组合、浓度和培养条件。结果表明:氨苄青霉素(终浓度300μg/mL)、卡那霉素(终浓度100μg/mL)与庆大霉素(终浓度100μg/mL)3种抗生素组合对坛紫菜叶状体进行无菌处理18 h,对紫菜细胞的毒害较小,并且3种抗生素合用对89.5%紫菜外生细菌的抑菌率达80%以上;外生菌感染结果研究表明:用105/mL真菌孢子液和细菌菌液回染紫菜,培养22 d后,实验组紫菜生长状况较对照组好,对照组紫菜出现褪色。用108/mL真菌孢子液分别回染健康紫菜、穿刺紫菜(用灭菌刀片在紫菜表面划1～2 mm的伤口),分别在18℃、28℃和35℃条件下培养。实验结果表明28℃和35℃高温和穿刺均会影响无菌紫菜健康生长,且加菌紫菜在高温和穿刺条件下,则会出现明显病斑,而18℃培养的加菌紫菜则生长良好。     

三种抗生素对B型和Q型烟粉虱内共生菌的去除效果比较研究

利用烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)内共生菌特异性引物,研究了内共生菌在B、Q型烟粉虱种群中的分布和感染率,同时评价了3种不同的抗生素利福平、氨苄青霉素和硫酸卡那霉素分别在3种不同的浓度下(100.0、50.0及25.0μg/mL)对烟粉虱内共生菌的去除效果。结果表明:B、Q型烟粉虱原生内共生细菌Portiera的带菌率均为100.0%;B、Q型烟粉虱次生内共生菌Hamiltonella的带菌率分别为91.7%和100.0%;B型烟粉虱次生内共生菌Rickettsia的带菌率为87.5%,Q型为0;其它次生内共生菌在B、Q型烟粉虱中均未检测到。利福平、氨苄青霉素和硫酸卡那霉素在3种不同的浓度下均不能去除B、Q型烟粉虱Portiera;利福平、氨苄青霉素在3种不同的浓度下均能完全去除B型烟粉虱Rickettsia,硫酸卡那霉素在不同浓度下去除Rickettsia的效果不同;3种抗生素去除Hamiltonella的能力受抗生素种类以及浓度的影响。同一抗生素在不同浓度下去除Hamiltonella的效果均是100.0μg/mL>50.0μg/mL>25.0μg/mL;不同浓度的抗生素去除Hamiltonella的效果均是利福平>氨苄青霉素>硫酸卡那霉素,各浓度与各抗生素之间的去除Hamiltonella的效果均具有显著性差异。     

利用抗生素喷施黄金葛叶片减轻冻害的研究

用91μg/mL氨苄青霉素、91μg/mL硫酸链霉素混合对黄金葛（Scoindapsus aureum)叶生喷施,第15d下叶片,于－19℃下冷冻5min,结果表明：水处理叶片较未处理的对照叶片冻斑数目减少75％,冻斑厚度不变,冻斑均从叶片边缘开始。药品处理组冷冻5min未见冻斑;冷冻8min后,冻斑较对照减少95％,分布于叶片边缘。表明抗生素能明显减轻叶片的冻害。     

几种杀虫剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力

用浸渍法进行了7种杀虫剂对西花蓟马成虫和若虫的室内毒力测定。结果表明,多杀霉素(48 h)、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(48 h)、阿维菌素(48 h)、辛硫磷(24 h)对西花蓟马成虫的LC50值为0.0544-3.1573 mg.L-1,对西花蓟马若虫的LC50值为0.0219-1.0905 mg.L-1,是防治西花蓟马的较好药剂。     

利用抗生素喷施黄金葛叶片减轻冻害的研究*

用 91 μg/mL氨苄青霉素、 91 μg/mL硫酸链霉素混合液对黄金葛 (Scindapsusaureum) 叶片喷施 ,第 1 5d摘下叶片 ,于 1 9℃下冷冻 5min ,结果表明 :水处理叶片较未处理的对照叶片冻斑数目减少 75% ,冻斑厚度不变 ,冻斑均从叶片边缘开始。药品处理组冷冻 5min未见冻斑 ;冷冻 8min后 ,冻斑较对照减少 95% ,分布于叶片边缘。表明抗生素能明显减轻叶片的冻害。     

六种常见杀虫剂对西花蓟马和花蓟马的毒力测定

为了明确常用杀虫剂对入侵害虫西花蓟马和本地近缘优势种花蓟马的毒力作用,在室内采用菜豆浸渍饲喂法,分别测定了6种常用杀虫剂对云南昆明地区两种蓟马2龄若虫、雌虫及雄虫的毒力。结果表明:6种杀虫剂对西花蓟马和花蓟马2龄若虫和成虫的LC_(50)以6%乙基多杀菌素的最低,对西花蓟马和花蓟马2龄若虫和成虫LC_(50)值分别为:0.611、0.333 mg/L和1.731、1.202 mg/L;LC_(50)值以10%吡丙醚最高,对西花蓟马和花蓟马2龄若虫和成虫LC_(50)值分别为1238.005、845.819 mg/L和9037.110、4766.376 mg/L。6种杀虫剂对西花蓟马和花蓟马各虫态的毒力作用依次为:乙基多杀菌素阿维菌素溴氰菊酯啶虫脒吡虫啉吡丙醚,且所有供试杀虫剂对西花蓟马LC_(50)均大于花蓟马,对雌虫LC_(50)大于雄虫。说明了蓟马雌虫对杀虫剂的敏感度低于雄虫,且生物源杀虫剂的室内杀虫效果强于化学杀虫剂,是西花蓟马防治中优先选择的杀虫剂。     

金黄色葡萄球菌的分离及其抗药性的研究

从土壤中分离出金黄色葡萄球菌后,以其为出发菌株,采用梯度培养皿法,利用青霉素、四环素、红霉素、氯霉素和链霉素5种抗生素,对自然界中和经过NaNO2诱变的菌株进行了耐药性菌株的分离及抗性水平的确定。在自然界中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌只对青霉素(80μg/mL)和四环素(60μg/mL)有抗性,而对红霉素、氯霉素和链霉素则没有抗性。经过NaNO2诱变后,金黄色葡萄球菌对四环素(40μg/mL)的抗性降低,但对青霉素(120μg/mL)和其他3种抗生素的抗性均有所增加。     

高CO2浓度下西花蓟马和花蓟马对虫螨腈和唑虫酰胺的响应比较

【目的】比较不同CO2浓度下虫螨腈和唑虫酰胺对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis和花蓟马F. intonsa成虫的毒力以及体内保护酶和解毒酶等酶活性的影响,对未来高CO₂浓度下进一步研究蓟马对虫螨腈和唑虫酰胺的抗性管理具有一定的指导意义,以便及时做出害虫管理策略的调整。【方法】采用浸渍法测定正常CO₂浓度(400 μL/L)和高CO₂浓度(800 μL/L)环境下虫螨腈和唑虫酰胺对两种蓟马成虫的毒力［致死中浓度(LC₅₀值)和亚致死浓度(LC₂₅值)］;通过酶活性分析测定这两种CO₂浓度下LC₂₅浓度虫螨腈和唑虫酰胺处理48 h后这两种蓟马成虫体内保护酶［超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)］,解毒酶［羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase, CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase, GST)和细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450 enzyme system, CYP450)］以及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性。【结果】800 μL/LCO₂下虫螨腈在48 h内对西花蓟马和花蓟马成虫的LC50值分别为1.33和0.37 mg/L,分别是400 μL/LCO₂下的0.68和0.66倍; LC₂₅值分别为0.60和0.24 mg/L, 分别为400 μL/L CO₂下的0.61和0.83倍。800 μL/L CO₂下唑虫酰胺在48 h内对西花蓟马和花蓟马成虫的LC₅₀值分别为1 002.64和247.66 mg/L,分别是400 μL/L CO₂下的0.98和0.78倍; LC₂₅值分别为368.77和146.10 mg/L, 分别是400 μL/LCO₂下的2.44和1.21倍。在800 μL/L CO₂下,LC₂₅浓度虫螨腈和唑虫酰胺处理48 h后两种蓟马成虫体内测试的各种酶活性(CYP450除外)均高于400 μL/L CO₂下的;两个CO₂浓度下西花蓟马成虫体内SOD, POD,CAT以及AChE活性均显著高于花蓟马成虫体内的相应酶活性。两个CO₂浓度下,经LC₂₅浓度唑虫酰胺处理后,两种蓟马成虫体内的3种保护酶活性(400 μL/L CO2下花蓟马SOD活性除外)均显著高于对照(含0.1%吐温-80的蒸馏水处理),且800 μL/L CO₂下西花蓟马成虫体内SOD和CAT活性均最高,分别为39.74±1.59和37.93±1.31 U/mg pro。两个CO₂浓度下,LC₂₅浓度虫螨腈和唑虫酰胺处理48 h后,西花蓟马成虫体内CarE活性较对照显著降低,而花蓟马成虫体内CarE活性高于对照,其中,经唑虫酰胺处理后达到显著差异;同时两种蓟马成虫体内AChE活性较对照均显著提高。【结论】高CO₂浓度增强了杀虫剂对西花蓟马和花蓟马的毒杀效果,花蓟马对这两种杀虫剂的敏感性强于西花蓟马,且西花蓟马对这两种杀虫剂的适应能力强于花蓟马。     

4种常用抗生素对莱茵衣藻生长及光化学活性的影响

采用4种不同浓度的抗生素对(氨苄青霉素(Amp)、卡那霉素(Kan)、氯霉素(Cmp)及四环素(Tet))莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)进行无菌化处理,研究抗生素种类及浓度对莱茵衣藻的细胞密度、叶绿素a含量及光化学活性的影响,以确定对莱茵衣藻细胞无害并能抑制伴杂菌生长的抗生素种类及使用浓度。结果表明:低于100μg/mL的氨苄青霉素(Amp)及20μg/mL的氯霉素(Cmp)处理,会使莱茵衣藻的细胞密度及叶绿素a的含量增加,卡那霉素(Kan)及四环素(Tet)各浓度的处理都会使细胞密度及叶绿素a的含量下降,并呈现抗生素的剂量依赖效应;50μg/mL的Amp及10μg/mL的Cmp在处理3 d后会增加莱茵衣藻的实际光合效率(YII)及相对电子传递效率(rETR),而后下降;Kan及Tet各浓度的处理都会使YII及rETR显著下降。结合4种抗生素对莱茵衣藻伴生菌的抑菌实验结果,表明在4种抗生素中,Cmp在抑菌范围内并不会明显地抑制莱茵衣藻细胞的生长与光化学活性,可用于莱茵衣藻细胞无菌化培养中。     

吡虫啉胁迫对西花蓟马生长发育及种群性比的影响

为明确吡虫啉持续大量使用对外来入侵害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis的影响。本研究通过毒力测定得到西花蓟马室内种群LC_(30)及LC_(50)的两种吡虫啉浓度162 mg/L和171 mg/L,在室内人工气候箱环境下研究了西花蓟马各虫态的发育历期、成虫寿命及性比等相关种群参数。结果表明,西花蓟马未成熟虫期的发育历期在经过吡虫啉处理后相比对照显著缩短(P0.05),且雌性西花蓟马的未成熟虫期明显短于雄性西花蓟马,其中以171 mg/L吡虫啉处理后西花蓟马的雌性种群未成熟虫期发育历期缩短最为明显(P0.05);西花蓟马雄性种群的寿命略长于雌性种群,且171 mg/L吡虫啉处理后雌雄虫寿命与对照相比均显著缩短(P0.05);吡虫啉处理后西花蓟马的平均产卵期低于对照,但单雌产卵量、日均产卵量均显著高于对照,171 mg/L吡虫啉处理后的单雌产卵量和日均产卵量最高(P0.05)。吡虫啉胁迫后,西花蓟马的雌性种群在整个种群中所占比例增速迅速上升,经过125 d(大约5代)之后,雌性种群已经占绝对优势,几乎取代雄性种群,即种群中90%以上均为雌性西花蓟马。西花蓟马雌性种群对吡虫啉的胁迫适应性强于雄性种群,吡虫啉胁迫是造成西花蓟马雌性种群比例迅速升高的主要原因之一,在吡虫啉浓度LC_(30)到LC_(50)胁迫的范围内,随着吡虫啉胁迫浓度的增加,种群中雌性种群所占比例增大。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.