碳酸钙对土壤镉吸附及解吸的影响

采用等温吸附法,并以1mol/L KNO3进行解吸试验,研究CaCO3对3种土壤镉吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,3种土壤的原状土样对镉吸附总趋势为：栗钙土＞棕壤＞淋溶褐土,均符合Langmuir方程、Frenudlich方程和Temink方程,其中以Freumdlich方程最佳。镉的专性吸附量表现为栗钙土＞淋溶褐土＞棕壤。添加CaCO3使3种土壤中镉的吸附量增加,增加幅度棕壤为4％－11％,淋溶褐土2％－11％,栗钙土2％－8％。外界加入的镉浓度越高,增加幅度越大。Freundlich方程（lgX=lgK lgC/n）拟合的参数结果表明：加入CaCO3后,K和n值均下降;Langmuir方程中镉最大吸附值增加,吸附平均常数减小。可以推测,CaCO3的存在之所以能够使土壤体系吸附镉能力增加,除CaCO3本身的吸附作用增加,吸附平衡常数减小。可以推测,CaCO3的存在之所以能够使土壤体系吸附镉能力增加,除CaCO3本身的吸附作用外,还可能影响反应体系的平衡系数。加入CaCO3,土壤对镉的专性吸附明显增加,尤其以棕壤专性吸附的镉最多,淋溶褐土其次,而栗钙土增加较少,栗钙土去除CaCO3后,镉的吸附减少了2.0%-26.0%,土壤专性吸附的镉减少4.0%-38.2%。3种土壤镉的解吸能力表现为：棕壤＞淋溶褐土＞栗钙土。添加CaCO3,土壤镉的解吸量下降。去除CaCO3后,栗钙土匐解吸量明显增加。     

水溶性有机质对土壤中镉吸附行为的影响

水溶性有机质 (DOM)是陆地生态系统和水生生态系统中的一种很活跃的组分 .本文以赤红壤、水稻土和褐土作为供试土壤 ,研究了来源于稻秆和底泥的DOM对土壤中Cd吸附行为的影响 .DOM对土壤中Cd的吸附行为具有明显的抑制作用 .这种抑制作用与土壤类型和DOM种类有关 .在 3种供试土壤中 ,无论添加稻秆DOM还是底泥DOM ,都会使Cd的最大吸附容量和吸附率明显降低 ,其下降幅度为17 3%～ 93 9%.在添加同一种DOM的前提下 ,DOM对Cd吸附的抑制作用均为 :赤红壤 >水稻土 >褐土 .如果不添加DOM ,则土壤对Cd的最大吸附容量主要取决于土壤固相的吸附特性 ,添加DOM后土壤对Cd的最大吸附容量则主要取决于液相中的DOM .由此推断 ,传统的看法 ,通过施用有机肥来固定土壤中的Cd并达到治理重金属污染土壤的观点值得商榷 .     

土壤食细菌线虫与细菌的相互作用及其对N,P矿化—生物固定的影响及机理

采用悉生微缩体系,研究了４０ｄ培养期内不添加外在质条件下食细菌线虫（Ｐｒｏｔｏｒｈａｂｄｔｉｓ ｓｐ．）和细菌（Ｐｓｅｕ－ｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｐ．）的相互作用及其对Ｎ,Ｐ转化的影响。在种植及不种植小麦的土壤中,发现接种线虫后细菌数量显著增加,非根标土壤细菌的增加量又比根际土明显。在种植小麦体系中,根际与非根际土壤线虫均比不种作物体系有增加趋势,其中根际土壤线虫种群的提高尤为显著。只加细菌处理中土壤Ｎ     

农田表层土壤镉的典型空间插值方法对比研究

空间插值对于土壤重金属空间分布和污染评价具有重要意义, 以广东省广州市某地区农田表层土壤重金属镉的调查监测结果为例, 选取具有代表性的反距离加权、径向基函数、普通克里金、简单克里金、泛克里金5 种空间插值方法, 进行空间插值及土壤等级划分, 比较不同插值方法结果精度, 分析不同插值方法结果差异。研究结果表明: 不同插值方法识别的土壤镉浓度空间分布特征和土壤等级划分存在差异, 主要体现在局部极值向外过渡区域存在较大不确定性, 其中径向基函数精度最高, 克里金插值法对数据存在“压缩”效应较强。因此, 在开展土壤重金属污染调查时应考虑土壤重金属样本数据特征和空间结构特征, 选择合适的插值模型, 并适当加大土壤重金属浓度过渡区域采样密度。     

土壤食细菌线虫与细菌的相互作用及其对N、P矿化生物固定的影响及机理

采用悉生微缩体系,研究了４０ｄ 培养期内不添加外源基质条件下食细菌线虫（Ｐｒｏｔｏｒｈａｂｄｔｉｓ ｓｐ．）和细菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍ ｏｎａｓｓｐ．）的相互作用及其对Ｎ、Ｐ转化的影响。在种植及不种植小麦的土壤中,发现接种线虫后细菌数量显著增加,非根标土壤细菌的增加量又比根际土明显。在种植小麦体系中,根际与非根际土壤线虫均比不种作物体系有增加趋势,其中根际土壤线虫种群的提高尤为显著。只加细菌处理中土壤Ｎ、Ｐ均无净矿化,相反培养前期出现轻微的生物固定。线虫的引入显著提高了土壤矿质Ｎ、微生物量Ｎ 和微生物量Ｐ的含量,但对土壤有效Ｐ影响很小。这表明线虫活动主要是促进了Ｎ的矿化,而Ｐ表现出较强的生物固定。文中还分析了线虫捕食对细菌的增殖作用以及线虫——细菌相互作用在Ｎ、Ｐ矿化和生物固定中的机理。     

内蒙古农牧交错带土壤细菌多样性特征

为探明内蒙古农牧交错带土壤细菌多样性分布及不同用地类型间差异,以内蒙古相互交错的农田和自然草地生态系统为研究区域,利用高通量测序技术分析不同地区土壤细菌群落结构及多样性分布特征。结果表明：农田和草地土壤细菌相对丰度表现为同一地区相似,不同地区差异明显,土壤优势细菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),总丰度占75.1%以上;土壤细菌多样性表现为西辽河平原、燕山丘陵区、阴山北麓及河套平原草地土壤Chao1指数显著高于农田土壤;种植玉米的农田土壤Chao1和Shannon指数显著高于其他作物农田土壤;聚类分析发现,土壤细菌群落依据地理纬度与植被类型分为5类,即低纬度1类、中纬度1类、高纬度1类、草地1类、农田1类。     

1株鞘细菌的分离筛选及对铅离子吸附条件的研究

通过单因素试验设计,探讨了不同鞘细菌添加量、初始浓度的铅离子溶液、吸附时溶液的温度和p H对鞘细菌吸附铅离子的影响。在此基础上,采用4因素3水平正交试验设计,进一步探讨鞘细菌对铅离子吸附影响的主要因素及最佳吸附组合。试验结果表明,最佳吸附组合为鞘细菌制备液添加量0.3 g/L、吸附溶液中铅离子初始浓度10 mg/L、摇床振荡吸附温度30℃以及吸附液p H 8。在此条件下,鞘细菌吸附铅离子的吸附量为3.09 mg/g,吸附率达92.74%。     

麦田土壤解无机磷细菌的分离、筛选及其解磷效果

通过选择性解磷细菌培养基从麦田土壤中分离、纯化解无机磷细菌,并用钼蓝比色法定量研究磷细菌的解磷效果。结果表明通过选择性平板分离,发现麦田土壤中有15个菌株有解无机磷的作用,根据菌株直径和其解磷圈的大小,确定解磷能力较强的菌株9个;经过进一步分离纯化,选出单一无杂菌的菌株7个。解磷菌株经摇瓶培养后,比色测定培养液中磷的含量,通过比较发现其中5个菌株的解磷效果要显著优于其它两个菌株（P=0.05）。     

磷肥对土壤中镉的植物有效性影响及其机理

为寻求保障镉污染农田稻米质量安全的有效措施,采用盆栽方法研究了低镉磷肥(Cd＜0.2 mg·kg-1)及不同施磷量(0.10、0.20 g P2O5·kg-1)对污染稻田土壤中(潮泥田)镉的植物有效性影响,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明:在0.10 g·kg-1磷剂量水平下,与对照(无磷肥)相比,钙镁磷和磷酸二氢钾处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理显著降低了水稻对镉的吸收累积;当施磷量增至0.20 g·kg-1时,磷酸氢钙处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙处理下DTPA提取态镉含量降低11.8％、9.8％和11.8％,NH4OAc提取态镉含量降低9.5％、7.1％和7.1％;5种磷肥处理均显著降低了水稻茎叶中镉含量(降幅24.9％ ～ 50.8％),除磷酸氢钙处理外,糙米镉含量的降幅均达到显著水平,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理下糙米镉含量接近国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).5种供试磷肥中,能提高土壤pH的磷肥(钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙)降低土壤镉有效性的效果显著,含钙磷肥(钙镁磷和过磷酸钙)降低水稻镉积累的效果较好.磷肥化学性质的差异可能是影响其效果的主要原因,选择碱性含钙磷肥对控制污染农田中作物吸收累积镉更有效.     

Oligotrophic bacteria from rendzina forest soil

Oligotrophic bacteria were shown to exist abundantly in all layers of a rendzina forest soil throughout the year. Two-hundred-three oligotrophic bacteria were isolated from forest soil (Aoba, Sendai) at different layers (L, F, H and A layers) throughout the year, and their morphological and physiological characteristics were examined. A high proportion (95%) of the isolated oligotrophs were Gram-negative, non-spore forming bacteria. Based on the cell shape, the isolates were divided into four groups: regular rods, curved/spiral bacteria, irregular rods, and buddin and/or prosthecate bacteria. Each group of bacteria is discussed in relation to the physiological characteristics. Notably oligotrophic bacteria of different cell types showed a marked zonal distribution in respect to profile depth.     

镉污染水稻种子内生细菌的分离及其耐镉性和植物促生性研究

[目的]植物内生细菌在促进植物生长和重金属污染土壤修复中发挥着重要作用.本研究对镉污染水稻种子内生细菌进行分离和功能鉴定,从而确定其镉耐受性、植物促生性以及对镉胁迫下水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.[方法]采用乙醇-次氯酸钠联合灭菌法对水稻种子进行表面灭菌,采用标准平板培养法对内生细菌进行分离、纯化;对菌株16S rRN...     

Microbial autotrophy explains large-scale soil CO2 fixation

Microbial communities play critical roles in fixing carbon from the atmosphere and fixing it in the soils. However, the large-scale variations and drivers of these microbial communities remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a large-scale survey across China and found that soil autotrophic organisms are critical for explaining CO₂ fluxes from the atmosphere to soils. In particular, we showed that large-scale variations in CO₂ fixation rates are highly correlated to those in autotrophic bacteria and phototrophic protists. Paddy soils, supporting a larger proportion of obligate bacterial and protist autotrophs, display four-fold of CO₂ fixation rates over upland and forest soils. Precipitation and pH, together with key ecological clusters of autotrophic microbes, also played important roles in controlling CO₂ fixation. Our work provides a novel quantification on the contribution of terrestrial autotrophic microbes to soil CO₂ fixation processes at a large scale, with implications for global carbon regulation under climate change.     

动物的共生菌固氮

介绍了共生菌固氮涉及的动物和微生物类群、动物共生菌固氮的性质和机理。应用乙炔还原法和固氮酶基因检测等研究表明,所涉及的动物有7门13纲23目50科99属174种。动物肠道具有丰富的微生境,供不同生理需求的固氮菌生长发育,所蕴含的共生固氮菌类群也十分丰富,涵盖植物共生固氮菌、植物内生固氮菌、植物根际固氮菌、自生固氮菌等生态类型。一般认为动物共生固氮菌来源于环境,其性质属于联合共生固氮。动物共生固氮菌一般与其他共生生物形成复合体,以满足固氮过程中对电子和质子供体、能量供给、固氮酶活性保护以及氨阻遏解除等方面的需求。动物共生菌固氮产物氨的同化也需要多种共生物的协同作用,可能通过谷氨酰胺合成酶/谷氨酸合成酶等途径。总体上,食物氮、非蛋白氮和共生菌固氮相互协调,形成营养和解毒的代谢网络,共同维持动物体内氮素营养的动态平衡,并对未来研究提出展望。     

Utilization of simple phenolics for dinitrogen fixation by soil diazotrophic bacteria

Summary A microaerobic diazotrophic bacterium tentatively identified as aPseudomonas species was isolated from a forest soil. Its nitrogenase (C₂H₂ reduction) activity in liquid medium was significantly supported by phenolic compounds when compared with glucose-, mannitol- or malate-supported activity. The utilization of phenolics was dependent on substrate induction and the appropriate oxygen concentration. At a pO₂ of 0.05 protocatechuate was a better carbon source for N₂ fixation than glucose. In the case ofLignobacter protocatechuate was a better carbon source for N₂ fixation than glucose at pO₂ 0.2 but not at pO₂ 0.05. It is suggested that certain monomeric phenols can support nitrogenase activities in many carbon-limited soil environments.Contribution No. 1484 from the Chemistry and Biology Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada.     

Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria from soil using an enrichment procedure

AIMS: To survey, and identify and classify the ecological distribution of lactic acid bacteria from soil in Japan and Taiwan. METHODS AND RESULTS: Acid-producing bacteria were isolated from 68 soil samples, collected from Japan and Taiwan, in the rhizospheres of fruit trees, from the floor of a henhouse and around a horse farm. All isolates were identified by physiological and genetic tests. Thirty-two of the 54 isolates were identified as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), 16 as spore-forming lactic acid bacteria, five as Clostridium and one as Bacillus. These lactic acid bacteria represent five genera: Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Leuconostoc and Weissella. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of isolating lactic acid bacteria was obtained from soil. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study suggests that soil may be a common source for the isolation of lactic acid bacteria.     

香蕉根际土壤解磷细菌的筛选、鉴定及解磷能力

【目的】以磷矿粉为难溶态磷,以期从香蕉根际土壤筛选出高效的解磷细菌。【方法】采用透明圈法和钼锑抗比色法分离筛选解磷细菌,通过形态学特征、生理生化试验结合16S rRNA基因序列分析及系统发育树比对鉴定其种属,并利用单因素试验方法研究不同碳源、氮源及C/N比值(40:1、20:1和8:1)对菌株溶解磷矿粉能力的影响。研究不同菌株解磷能力和培养介质pH值的变化关系。【结果】分离具有解磷能力的细菌8株,筛选出具有代表性的3个菌株B3-5-6、M-3-01和T1-4-01,初步鉴定菌株B3-5-6为嗜气芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aerophilus),M-3-01为虫内生沙雷氏菌(Serratia nematodiphila),T1-4-01为艾博丽肠杆菌(Enterobacter asburiae)。B3-5-6解磷能力与介质pH值之间存在线性负相关性(|r|=0.949 66>0.735),其相关性达到极显著水平;B3-5-6在碳源为蔗糖、氮源为(NH4)2SO4、C/N为40:1,M-3-01在碳源为葡萄糖、氮源为(NH4)2SO4、C/N为20:1,T1-4-01在碳源为乳糖、氮源为蛋白胨、C/N为20:1条件下解磷效果较好。解磷效果与初筛相比分别提高了1.12、1.17、2.55倍。【结论】不同的碳氮源、C/N值会直接影响磷细菌的解磷能力;筛选出一株解磷能力与培养介质pH之间存在着极显著相关性的细菌,其解磷机理有待进一步研究。     

Isolation and molecular characterization of thiosulfate-oxidizing bacteria from an Italian rice field soil

In rice paddy soils an active cycling of sulfur compounds takes place. To elucidate the diversity of thiosulfate-oxidizing bacteria these organisms were enriched from bulk soil and rice roots by the most probable number method in liquid medium. From the MPN enrichment cultures 21 bacterial strains were isolated on solid mineral medium, and could be further shown to produce sulfate from thiosulfate. These strains were characterized by 16S rDNA analyses. The isolates were affiliated to seven different phylogenetic groups within the alpha- and beta-subclass of Proteobacteria. Two of these phylotypes were already described as S-oxidizers in this environment (Xanthobacter sp. and Bosea sp. related strains), but five groups represented new S-oxidizers in rice field soil. These isolates were closely related to Mesorhizobium loti, to Hydrogenophaga sp., to Delftia sp., to Pandoraea sp. or showed sequence similarity to a strain of Achromobacter sp.     

Interactions of bacteria with cadmium

Cadmium pollution arises mainly from contamination of minerals used in agriculture and from industrial processes. The usual situation is of large volumes of soil and water that are contaminated with low — but significant — concentrations of cadmium. Therefore, detoxification of the polluted water and soil involves the concentration of the metal, or binding it in a way that makes it biologically inert.Cadmium is one of the more toxic metals, that is also carcinogenic and teratogenic. Its effects are short term, even acute (diseases like Itai-itai), or long term. The long term effects are intensified due to the fact that cadmium accumulates in the body.This paper describes a study involving several hundred cadmium-resistant bacterial isolates. These bacteria could be divided into three groups—the largest group consisted of bacteria resistant to cadmium by effluxing it from the cells. The bacteria of the other two groups were capable of binding cadmium or of detoxifying it. We concentrated on one strain that could bind cadmium very efficiently, depending on the bacterial biomass and on the pH. This strain could effectively remove cadmium from contaminated water and soil.