鼎湖山气候顶极群落种间联结变化

通过与前人工作的比较,研究鼎湖山地带性植被气候顶极群落种间联结22a来的变化。研究结果表明,经过了22a,其种类结构尤其优势种类组成没有明显变化,这反映了厚壳桂群落处于演替的顶极阶段,其物种组成上具有相对的稳定性。现群落中的种间联结强度比1984年趋于缓和,高联结值的种对减少,完全正或负联结的种对,1984年为15,而2006年为5;一般联结的种对大为增加,联结值40以下的1984年为约1,2,而2006年为约3／5弱,表明群落的种群更趋向于独立分布而不是联结分布。生物竞争特性对种间关系有一定1的影响。主要原因是与物种对群落的选择和群落对生存物种的选择和淘汰有密切的关系。特别虫灾事件使该群落的群落结构有了较大的波动,但是群落的性质没有改变。反映了厚壳桂群落作为地带性气候顶级群落具有稳定性与较强的自我调节、自我恢复能力。整个群落的种群随时间进程趋向于独立分布,但这种分布趋势有其相对性,其中强独立分布（完全没有种间联结）的种群分布格局变弱,弱独立分布（只有微弱种间联结）的种群格局变强。     

Turing instability in pioneer/climax species interactions

Systems of pioneer and climax species are used to model interactions of species whose reproductive capacity is sensitive to population density in their shared ecosystem. Intraspecies interaction coefficients can be adjusted so that spatially homogeneous solutions are stable to small perturbations. In a reaction-diffusion pioneer/climax model we will determine the critical value of the diffusion rate of the climax species, below which the equilibrium solution is unstable to non-homogeneous perturbations. For diffusion rates smaller than this critical value, an equilibrium solution remains stable to spatially homogeneous perturbations but is unstable to non-homogeneous perturbations. A Turing (diffusional) bifurcation leads to the formation of spatial patterns in species' densities. Forcing, interpreted as stocking or harvesting of the species, can reverse the bifurcation and establish equilibrium solutions which are stable to small perturbations. The implicit function theorem is used to determine whether stocking or harvesting of one of the species in the model is the appropriate remedy for diffusional instability. The use of stocking or harvesting by a natural resource manager thus influences the long-term dynamics and spatial distribution of species in a pioneer/climax ecosystem.     

中国的猴头杜鹃矮林

猴头杜鹃矮林大多分布于中国亚热带东部地区的平缓山脊和山顶。其面积虽小,但分布广泛,猴头杜鹃毛矮林是地形顶极和半地带性的植被类型,它反映着我国亚热带地区海拔１００－２０００ｍ地段的大气状况,但也反映山顶局部气候因素的影响。本文阐述了该林型的一般群落学特点及生态,经济效益。     

Gut microbiome dysbiosis and honeybee health

Since a few decades, apiculture is facing important economic losses worldwide with general major consequences in many areas of agriculture. A strong attention has been paid towards the phenomenon named Colony Collapse Disorder in which colonies suddenly disappear with no clear explanations. Honeybee colonies can be affected by abiotic factors, such as environmental pollution or insecticide applications for agricultural purposes. Also biotic stresses cause colony losses, including bacterial (e.g. Paenibacillus larvae) and fungal (e.g. Ascosphaera apis) pathogens, microsporidia (e.g. Nosema apis), parasites (i.e. Varroa destructor) and several viruses. In the light of recent research, intestinal dysbiosis, considered as the relative disproportion of the species within the native microbiota, has shown to affect human and animal health. In arthropods, alteration of the gut microbial climax community has been shown to be linked to health and fitness disequilibrium, like in the medfly Ceratitis capitata for which low mate competitiveness is determined by a gut microbial community imbalance. According to these observations, it is possible to hypothesize that dysbiosis may have a role in disease occurrence also in honeybees. Here we aim to discuss the current knowledge on dysbiosis in the honeybee and its relation with honeybee health by reviewing the investigations of the microbial diversity associated to honeybees and the recent experiments performed to control bee diseases by microbial symbionts. We conclude that, despite the importance of a good functionality of the associated microbiota in preserving insect health has been proved, the mechanisms involved in honeybee gut dysbiosis are still unknown. Accurate in vitro, in vivo and in field investigations are required under healthy, diseased and stressed conditions for the host.     

辽西地区油松造林的生态学思考

针对辽西地区油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)人工林衰退问题,应用生态学的基本原理,依据近20多年来有关油松造林的科研成果和基本资料,分析了该地区地带性植被特点、演替模式、生态系统退化的状态和程度;预测了到2025年该地区气候变化的趋势;讨论了油松适应性问题。结果表明:辽西地区地带性植被具有边缘性、交错性和变异性特点,处于顶极态的森林群落类型呈多元化,油松林并非是唯一的顶极群落类型;全区植被长期处在逆向演替之中,大部分地区已退化到灌丛、草地甚至次生裸地;半干旱气候和瘠薄的土层(约30cm)已不适宜油松生长。因此,把油松纯林作为普遍的恢复模式应用于退化严重的立地,是导致油松林衰退的根本原因。未来气候暖干化会使该地区在2025年左右总体成为半干旱气候区,这将更加不利于油松的自然分布和生长。     

Density But Not Kinship Regulates the Growth and Developmental Traits of Chinese Tiger Frog （Hoplobatrachus chinensis） Tadpoles

Kinship and density are believed to affect important ecological processes such as intraspecific competition, predation, growth, development, cannibalism, habitat selection and mate choice, In this work, we used Chinese tiger frog Hoplobatrachus chinensis tadpoles as an experimental model to investigate the effects of kinship and density on growth and development of this species over a 73 day period. The results showed that density can affect the growth and developmental traits （survival rate, larval period, size at the limb bud protrusion/metamorphic climax and body mass at different life stages） of H. chinensis tadpoles, while kinship does not. Tadpoles took longer to develop and potential metamorphosis was greater in high density groups of both sibling and non-siblings. The interaction of kinship and density did not significantly influenced growth traits of H. chinensis tadpoles during the experimental period. For coefficient variations of each growth trait, no differences were detected between sibling and non-sibling groups. These findings provide valuable information on the basic ecology of H. chinensis which will be helpful in future studies of other anuran species.     

Plasticity of the duration of metamorphosis in the African clawed toad

In organisms with complex life cycles, such as amphibians, selection is thought to have minimized the duration of metamorphosis, because this is the stage at which predation risk is presumed to be highest. Consequently, metamorphic duration is often assumed to show little if any environmentally induced plasticity, because the elevation in the extrinsic mortality risk associated with prolonging metamorphosis is presumed to have selected for a duration as short as is compatible with normal development. We examined the extent to which metamorphic duration in the anuran amphibian Xenopus laevis was sensitive to environmental temperature. Metamorphic duration was influenced by body size, but independent of this effect, it was strongly influenced by environmental temperature: the duration at 18 °C was more than double that at 24 and 30 °C. We also compared the vulnerability of larval, metamorphosing and post metamorphic Xenopus to predators by measuring their burst swimming speeds. Burst swim speed increased through development and while we found no evidence that it was reduced during metamorphosis, it did increase sharply on completion of metamorphosis. We therefore found no evidence of a substantial increase in vulnerability to predators during metamorphosis compared with larval stages, and hence the slowing of metamorphosis in response to temperature may not be as costly as has been assumed.     

中国东北地带性顶极植被类型及其预测判别模型——动态地植物学说的继承与发展(Ⅰ)

本文根据刘慎谔的动态地植物学说原理,采用主成分分析法(PCA)和多组判别分析法(MGDA)研究了东北地区地带性顶极植被类型与气候指标的关系:1)以东北地区210个气象站的7个气象因子为变量,组成210×7矩阵,用PCA方法进行分类和排序,其结果明显划分7个地带性顶极植被类型,2)影响地带性顶极植被类型的形成和分布的气候因子,主要是热量和水分条件以及二者的组合状况;3)确定了7个地带性顶极植被类型的水热指数分布范围和特征;4)采用MGDA法建立了判别函数模型,预测了东北地区地带性顶极植被类型,其准确率可达90.32％。     

鼎湖山顶级森林生态系统水文要素时空规律

运用连续7a(1993～1999)的水文观测资料,对南亚热带顶级生态系统鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林集水区水文要素时空规律进行分析,得到如下一些主要结论：(1)鼎湖山多年平均降水量为1910mm,湿季降水量占年降水量80％,干季仅占20％。6月份的降水量最大,1月份最小。(2)季风常绿阔叶林冠层截留率为31．8％,湿季的截留量占全年截留量的66．7％,截留量最大值和最小值所在的月份分别为7和1月份。各月的截留率差异很大,截留量大的月份,截留率较低;截留量小的月份,截留率较高。(3)季风常绿阔叶林集水区多年平均总径流量953．0mm,总径流系数49．9％,其中地表径流量为252．3mm,地表径流系数13．2％;地表径流与降水量之间存在二次抛物线型回归关系,与降水强度的关系不大,这说明季风常绿阔叶林的产流形式是是蓄满产流。(4)季风常绿阔叶林多年平均蒸散948．2mm,占同期降水量的49．7％;蒸散力1031．4mm,年蒸散系数为0．92,蒸散月变化规律较降水量的月变化规律有所滞后。(5)系统贮水量的月变化很大,2～8月份,系统处于蓄水阶段;9月份至翌年1月份,系统处于失水阶段。蓄水和失水的最大值分别出现在湿季和干季的第一个月,即4月份和10月份。(6)集水区多年平均水量总输入2129．9mm,实际输入1910mm(降水量),其中219．9mm的水量输入是由系统贮水量变化而产生。支出的总水量2129．9mm,实际支出1901．3mm(径流和蒸散量),其中228．6mm的水量支出是由系统贮水量变化引起的。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林四种珍稀濒危树种种子萌发对脱水和光的响应

绒毛番龙眼(Pometia tomentosa)、琴叶风吹楠(Horsfieldia pandurifolia)、箭毒木(Antiaris toxicaria)和思茅木姜子(Litseapierrei var. szemois)是西双版纳热带季节雨林乔木层的优势树种,也属于珍稀濒危物种。实验研究了4个树种的种子在经过不同脱水水平、人工遮荫条件下的不同光照水平以及热带季节雨林之林下和林窗的萌发特性。结果显示:脱水对于种子萌发特征具有显著影响,绒毛番龙眼和琴叶风吹楠经48h的连续脱水后丧失了萌发能力;箭毒木和思茅木姜子具较强的脱水耐性,经96h的连续脱水后仍具有较高的种子含水量,且种子萌发率分别为15%和33%。干旱季散布的种子比雨季散布的种子具有更强的脱水耐性。遮荫及森林种子萌发试验中,除绒毛番龙眼外,其它3个树种的种子萌发率以及平均萌发周期在不同光水平或生境下差异显著。琴叶风吹楠和思茅木姜子在30%的光照以及林窗中心的萌发率要显著低于低光处理(10%和3.5%光照)和林下,而箭毒木在30%和10%光水平以及林窗中心获得较高萌发率。雨季传播的具有干燥敏感性的种子,可以减少种子由于干燥而引起的死亡。试验结果可以为4种珍稀濒危植物的保护和人工繁育提供一定理论依据。     

演替顶极阶段森林群落优势树种分布的变动趋势研究

本项研究通过对典型顶极森林群落和群落演替过程分析，表明处于演替顶极阶段顶极群落发育过程中，优势树种总体分布有由集群向随机的扩散趋势，各优势树种在此过程也由集群分布减幅波动地扩散为随机分布，而且是朝着优势树种种间联结关系和相关关系减弱的方向随机扩散。发育成熟的顶极森林群落中，优势树种的总体呈随机分布格局，各优势树种也呈随机分布格局镶嵌于总体的随机格局中。这种镶嵌形式，可使绝大多数优势树种种间联结关系和线性相关关系均达不到显著程度。该分布格局反映在成熟的顶级群落中，绝大多数优势树种个体间的相互影响很小，对微环境选择的差异较大     

安徽省森林碳储量现状及固碳潜力

为阐明安徽省不同林龄的森林生态系统的碳储量现状, 以及现有自然环境条件下顶极森林生态系统的固碳潜力, 采用野外样地调查和BIOME4模型方法对此进行研究。安徽省森林生态系统的现状总碳储量为714.5 Tg C, 其中植被碳402.1 Tg C、土壤碳312.4 Tg C。从幼龄林至过熟林的生长过程中, 森林生态系统的总碳密度和植被碳密度都呈现增长趋势。但土壤碳密度从幼龄林至近熟林阶段呈增加趋势, 近熟林以后出现减少趋势。安徽省幼龄林和中龄林占森林总面积的75%, 若幼、中龄林发展到近熟林阶段, 将增加125.4 Tg C。BIOME4模拟显示: 当森林发展到气候顶极森林时, 安徽省森林生态系统将增加245.7 Tg C, 即总固碳潜力包括植被固碳153.7 Tg C, 土壤固碳92.0 Tg C。     

Current forest carbon stocks and carbon sequestration potential in Anhui Province,China

Aims
This study was conducted to investigate carbon stocks in forest ecosystems of different stand ages in Anhui Province, and to identify the carbon sequestration potential of climax forests controlled by the natural environment conditions.
Methods
Data were collected based on field investigations and simulations were made with the BIOME4 carbon cycle model.
Important findings
Currently, the total forest carbon stocks in Anhui Province amounts to 714.5 Tg C: 402.1 Tg C in vegetation and 312.4 Tg C in soil. Generally, both the total and vegetation carbon density exhibit an increasing trend with the natural growth of forest stands. Soil carbon density increases from young to near mature forests, and then gradually decreases thereafter. Young and middle-aged forests account for 75% of the total forest area in Anhui Province, with potentially an additional 125.4 Tg C to be gained after the young and middle-aged forests reach near mature stage. Results of BIOME4 simulations show that potentially an additional 245.7 Tg C, including 153.7 Tg C in vegetation and 92 Tg C in soil, could be gained if the current forests are transformed into climax forest ecosystems in Anhui Province.     

Temperature-mediated morphology changes during metamorphic climax in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis

(1) Investigations of the effect of temperature on body size are largely limited to the larval phase, with our understanding of the effect of temperature during metamorphic climax entirely restricted to the insects.

(2) Environmental temperature was manipulated only during metamorphosis in the aquatic amphibian Xenopus laevis.

(3) Lower temperatures during metamorphosis resulted in individuals with greater mass, head width and snout–vent length on the completion of metamorphosis.

(4) This suggests that temperatures experienced during the relatively short metamorphic phase will play an important part in determining the temperature–size relationship in amphibians.

Comparison of growth habits under various light conditions between two climax species, Castanopsis sieboldii and Castanopsis cuspidata, with special reference to their shade tolerance

Two experiments were conducted to examine the difference in shade tolerance between two climax species, Castanopsis sieboldii and Castanopsis cuspidata, in Aichi Prefecture in the warm-temperate climate of Japan. In the growth experiment, the seedlings of the two species were raised under five light conditions, 100%, 30%, 10%, 3% and 1% relative light intensity (RLI). The growth of C. sieboldii highly exceeded that of C. cuspidata, particularly under higher light conditions. In the heavy shading experiment, the seedlings of the two species were grown under three light conditions (0, 0.15 and 0.3% RLI). While all seedlings of C. sieboldii died within 2 years under 0.15 and 0.3% RLI, about half of the seedlings of C. cuspidata survived more than 2 years under 0.15% RLI, and about 70% survived more than 4 years under 0.3% RLI. It was concluded that C. cuspidata was more shade tolerant than C. sieboldii, and the possibility that C. sieboldii might be more tolerant of the drought stress than C. cuspidata was discussed.     

长白山原始阔叶红松林不同演替阶段地下生物量与碳、氮贮量的比较

以我国东北长白山自然保护区内同一海拔水平的原始阔叶红松林及其次生林--白桦山杨成熟林和幼林为对象,对不同演替阶段林地地下生物量与碳、氮贮量进行了研究.结果表明,随着演替的进行,白桦山杨幼林、成熟林和阔叶红松林根系生物量分别为2.437、2.742和4.114 kg·m^-2,根系碳贮量分别为1.113、1.323和2.023kg·m^-2,土壤碳贮量分别为11.911、11.943和12.87 kg·m^-2,林地地下碳贮量分别为13.024、13.266和14.610kg·m^-2.3块林地中根系氮贮量分别为0.035、0.032和0.039 kg·m^-2,土壤氮贮量分别为1.207、1.222和0.915kg·m^-2,林地地下氮贮量分别为1.243、1.254和0.955 kg·m^-2.在长白山地区次生林演替和恢复过程中林地地下部分是潜在的碳汇,而土壤氮贮量则没有明显的变化规律.     

Natural acidophilous Quercus and Pinus forests in the northern Vosges,France, from a geographical perspective

Abstract. A phytosociological study of forests on Vosges sandstone in the basins of Pays de Bitche (Bitcherland) resulted in the identification of three plant communities: Luzulo-Quercetum, Leucobryo-Pinetum, and Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum. The Luzulo-Quercetum is an association with a typically sub-continental distribution; the two communities with Pinus sylvestris are clearly more continental. The Luzulo-Quercetum oak forest represents a climatic climax and the pine forests are considered edaphic climaxes linked to very dry soils (Leucobryo-Pinetum) or peaty soils (Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum). These three associations determine a forest sequence that is typical of sub-continental areas in which Quercus petraea dominates in the climatic climax. In more continental areas, it is gradually replaced by Pinus sylvestris. Thus, the forest sequence in Pays de Bitche represents a remarkable subcontinental link in the transition from Atlantic oak forests to continental pine forests.