辣椒秸秆腐解物化感作用的研究

以粉碎腐解的辣椒秸秆为材料研究其对自身的化感作用.按照植株干重∶田园土重为1∶100、3∶100和5∶100不同比例进行盆栽试验.结果表明,腐解物中的化感物质导致辣椒植株生长减缓.在60 d时测定,植株高度、茎粗、地上和地下部分干重等生物量下降了0.0374～0.0646、0.0020～0.0097、0.0050～0.0355、0.0916～0.3584,光合指标叶面积、叶绿素含量减小了0.0016～0.0251、0.0043～0.0242;在120 d时,腐解物中的化感物质抑制程度增加,但与对照比较均未达到显著水平.腐解物中的化感物质对辣椒根系活力、根系保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性的抑制及MDA生成量、相对电导率的促进均随着处理含量加大、处理时间延长,化感作用加强,化感效应范围为0.0163～0.6507,明显高于其对生长指标的化感效应.     

秸秆还田对棉花生长的化感效应

研究了秸秆不同还田量及不同腐解时间对后茬棉花抗氧化物酶活性和光合生理特性的影响.结果表明,棉花秸秆腐解产物,在一定程度上抑制了棉花种子的萌发,延长了种子出苗时间,影响棉花植株生长.随着秸秆腐解时间延长和秸秆还田数量增加,棉花单叶净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度降低.当加入秸秆量为10 g·kg-1时,净光合速率略高于对照,随着秸秆还田量的增加,又呈现下降趋势,表现出一定"浓度效应",其中加入秸秆量为90 g·kg-1时,净光合速率下降最明显,腐解30d和60d净光合速率分别比对照减少了26.8%和43.4%;随着秸秆还田量的增多和秸秆腐解时间延长,POD活性增加,SOD活性和根系活力呈现下降趋势,叶片MDA含量却升高.表明棉花秸秆还田后分解产生的化学物质具有一定的自毒效应,对连作棉花种子萌发、抗氧化物酶活性和光合生理造成影响.     

连作大豆根分泌物对根腐病病原菌的化感作用

采用砂培,水培和室内培养等试验方法研究了连作大豆根分泌物对根腐病病原菌的化感作用。结果表明,与对照相比,连作和轮作大豆根分泌物对半镰孢菌,粉红粘帚功和尖镰孢菌尤其是对半裸镰孢菌的生长有明显的化感促进作用,差异达显著或极显著水平,低浓度时,连作大豆根分泌物对半裸镰孢菌和粉红粘帚菌生长的化感促进作用明显大于轮作大豆,差异达显著水平,同一茬口,高浓度根分泌物半裸镰孢菌生长的化感促进作用小于低浓度,而且在连作大豆中差异达显著水平。与对照相比,高浓度的邻苯二甲酸和丙二酸（L5和B5）对半裸镰孢菌,粉红粘帚菌和尖镰孢菌尤其是对半裸镰孢菌的生长有化感抑制作用,差异达显著或极显著水平,而低浓诬的邻苯二甲酸和丙二酸对半裸镰孢菌,粉红粘帚菌和尖镰孢菌的生长有化感促进,部分差异达显著水平。     

连作大豆植株化感作用的模拟研究

使用组培技术在无菌条件下研究了大豆根系分泌物和大豆组织水浸液对大豆苗的化感作用。结果表明,大豆根系分泌物和大豆组织水浸液对“下茬”大豆苗的生长和某些生理活性均有显着影响。这种影响与大豆苗生长激素代谢紊乱有关。从根系分泌物和植株水浸液中均分离出了已知酚酸类化感物质香草酸、香草醛和对羟基苯甲酸。这类物质的影响对大豆连作障碍有直接关系.     

茄子自毒物质对辣椒种子萌发及枯萎菌的化感效应

运用模拟的方式,采用生物测定和室内培养的方法,研究了两种茄子自毒物质香草醛和肉桂酸各浓度对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应,及其对辣椒枯萎菌菌丝生长的影响.结果表明:这两种自毒物质对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长具有低浓度促进,高浓度抑制的化感效应.香草醛和肉桂酸对辣椒和茄子种子的化感效应存在较大差异,辣椒种子受这两种自毒物质的抑制强度明显弱于茄子种子.香草醛和肉桂酸对辣椒枯萎菌菌丝生长表现为各浓度(0.1, 0.5, 1, 4mmol/L)下均具有抑制作用,作用强度随着浓度增加而增强,肉桂酸低浓度时对菌丝生长的抑制作用即达到显著水平.     

小麦秸秆的生化他感效应

小麦秸秆的生化他感效应马永清,毛仁钊,刘孟雨,刘小京,张玉铭（中国科学院石家庄农业现代化研究所,０５００２１）ＡｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｉｃＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＷｈｅａｔＳｔｒａｗ￥ＭａＹｏｎｇｑｉｎｇ;ＭａｏＲｅｎｚｈａｏ;ＬｉｕＭｅｎｙｕ;ＬｉｕＸｉａｏｊｉｎｇ（ＳｈｉｊｉａｚｈｕａｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＭｏｄｅｒｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,０５００２１）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）;３６－３８。Ｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ－ｗｉｄｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｏｎａｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｉｃｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｗｈｅａｔｓｔｒａｗａｒｅｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｓｉｔｕａ－ｔｉｏｎｏｎｉｓｏｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｌｌｅｌｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｆｒｏｍｉｔｉｓｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ．ｗｈｉｃｈｗｉｌｌｇｉｖｅａｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅｉｎｏｕｒｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌｓｔｕｄｙａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ。Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ａｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｙ,ａｌｌｅｌｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓ,ｗｈｅａｔｓｔｒａｗ。     

不同水肥和光照条件对水稻化感特性的影响

采用盆栽实验对水稻化感品种华航1号在不同水肥和光照条件下的化感潜力和化感物质进行了研究。结果表明,华航1号在较高水肥条件下化感潜力较强,而在较低水肥条件下化感潜力下降,进一步对华航1号的化感特征物质的含量测定表明,在较低水肥条件下其化感物质没有显著的变化,只是次生物质的种类有所增加,尤其是一些具有抗病功能的次生物质的含量有所增加,在弱光照条件下华航1号的化感特征物质含量比在较强光照条件下要低,而且具有抗病功能的次生物质含量则保持较高水平,结果还发现,不论水、肥或光照条件的变化,华航1号对非伴生杂草的化感潜力都比伴生杂草要强。     

己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒种子萌发及枯萎菌的化感效应

采用模拟的方式,利用生物测定和室内培养的方法,研究了不同浓度的己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒种子萌发、幼苗生长及辣椒枯萎菌的化感效应.结果表明:己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长具有低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的化感效应;己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒和茄子种子的化感效应存在较大差异,在低浓度时对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的促进作用强于茄子种子,而高浓度时对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制强度弱于茄子种子;各浓度己二酸二异丁酯对辣椒枯萎菌菌丝生长有极显著的抑制作用,且作用强度随着浓度增加而增强,当浓度为1 mnol·L~(-1)时抑制作用最强,抑制率为10.75%;在田间抗病性调查期间内各浓度处理均提高了辣椒幼苗的抗病性,其中以1 mmol·L~(-1)处理抗病性最好,病情指数比对照降低了49.88%.

Abstract：

By the methods of laboratory incubation and bioassay, a simulation test was conducted to study the allelopathic effects of different concentration diisobutyl adipate on pepper seed germi-nation and its seedling growth and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. For the pepper seed germination and seedling growth, diisobutyl adipate exhibited allelopathic promotion at low con-centration, but allelopathic inhibition at high concentration. There existed greater differences in the allelopathic effects of diisobutyl adipate on the seed germination and seedling growth of pepper and eggplant. The promotion effects of low concentration diisobutyl adipate on pepper were stron-ger than those on eggplant, while the inhibition effects of high concentration diisobutyl adipate on pepper were weaker than those on eggplant. All test concentration diisobutyl adipate had signifi-cant inhibition effects on the mycelium growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, and the effects increased with increasing diisobutyl adipate concentration, being the strongest (an inhibi-tory rate of 10. 75%) at 1 mnol·L~(-1). Field text indicated that diisobutyl adipate at all test con-centrations enhanced the disease resistance of pepper seedlings. The best effect was observed at 1 mmol·L~(-1) of diisobutyl adipate, with the disease index decreased by 49.88%, compared to the control.     

两种羟基苯乙酸对大豆萌发的化感效应研究

通过田间和室内试验相结合,利用高效液相色谱检测大豆根际土境和残茬腐解液中的对羟基苯乙酸和间羟基苯乙酸的含量;在培养皿内研究两种酚酸对大豆生长抑制效应;研究了二者对大豆DNA熔点(Tm)的影响,并采用SDS—PAGE方法研究二者对根系蛋白合成的影响．结果表明,在大豆根际土境和残茬腐解液中检测到对羟基苯乙酸;两种羟基苯乙酸处理后,大豆例根效和主根长均显著减少,表现出明显的化感抑制效应,间羟基苯乙酸的抑制效应更明显;两种羟基苯乙酸使大豆DNA的熔点(Tm)下降,一些小分子蛋白的合成受到影响,从而抑制大豆生长,表现出典型的化感效应。     

化感水稻不同组织水浸提液对稗草的化感作用

本研究利用HG1和HG2两个化感水稻品种和稗草为材料,研究了化感水稻品种的叶、叶鞘、根组织的水浸提液对稗草幼苗的化感作用。结果表明：HG1不论是对稗草幼苗的株高还是对稗草幼苗的根都有极强的化感作用,而HG2只对稗草的根有极强的化感作用。在不同组织之间,叶和叶鞘的水浸提液对稗草的抑制作用显著大于根的水浸提液和对照。两个化感水稻对稗草幼苗根的抑制更强于对苗高的抑制。随着稗草密度的增加,稗草受抑程度减少,这可能与单株吸收化感物质的量减少有关。     

自控玻璃温室冬季气候生态特征及调控策略

根据上海东海蔬菜示范基地荷兰型自控玻璃温室内监测的5年气象数据,采用数理统计方法,分析了冬季光照、温度、CO₂浓度和空气相对湿度的月际变化特征,揭示了不同天气型下适宜与不宜各级光照度持续时数、各级界限温度出现情况、CO₂欠缺量与持续时间特点、空气相对湿度变化特征,建立了白天温度、CO₂浓度、空气相对湿度与同期光照度间的统计关系式,明确了上海地区冬季温室内主要气候生态问题,并提出了调控建议.在本地区气候背景下在冬季要使温室作物获得高产,关键是要保证充足的光照;在夜间适当控制加温水平,重点提高晴天上午温度,增大昼夜温差,以增加蔬菜的净光合产物.分析结果为温室小气候的合理调控提供技术依据.     

Allelopathic effects of nicotine on maize I. Its possible importance in crop rotation

Nicotine adversely affected the germination, germination relative index (GRI), radicle and plumule length, and seedling vigour of rice but affected favourably the growth of maize. Also, inin vivo conditions nicotine increased height, specific leaf weight and chlorophyll content of the maize plant.     

Allelopathic effects of switchgrass on redroot pigweed and crabgrass growth

Non-native invasive plant species influence plant community composition and competitively eradicate native species. However, there is doubt regarding how global invasive species increase and explosively interfere with native plants. Invasive plants always have strong allelopathic potential. In this study, allelopathic effects of switchgrass on redroot pigweed and crabgrass growth were investigated by field and laboratory experiments. Within a 0.4-m distance of switchgrass, density and shoot biomass of native species were significantly suppressed in the field, with 95.1% and 93.0% inhibition on density of redroot pigweed and crabgrass and with 99.0% and 97.7% inhibition on shoot biomass, respectively, during the third growing season. Significant inhibitory effects on shoot and root biomass were observed at the 5:5 (switchgrass–native species) proportion in glass bottles, by 41.57% and 51.21% for shoot and root biomass of redroot pigweed and by 33.42% and 56.95% for shoot and root biomass of crabgrass, respectively. Results of a glass bottle experiment showed that shoot and root biomass of redroot pigweed and crabgrass could be significantly inhibited by contact with switchgrass root. Results of a Petri dish experiment showed that aqueous extracts of switchgrass significantly inhibited germination process of both species at high concentrations, with 90.74% and 18.62% inhibition on germination rate and plumule length of redroot pigweed and with 63.59%, 16.38%, and 19.92% inhibition on germination rate, plumule, and radicle lengths of crabgrass, respectively, at the concentration of 0.1 g·mL^?1. This report demonstrated that switchgrass had allelopathic effects on redroot pigweed and crabgrass growth.

     

Allelopathic impact of volatile components fromEucalyptus on crop plants

The effect of crude volatile oils from the leaves ofEucalyptus globulus andE. citriodora and the pure terpenes - cineole and limonene from these oils, (in vapour form) was studied onPhaseolus aureus, Lens esculentum, Hordeum vulgare and Avena sativa. The parameters like germination of seeds, seedling growth, values of cell survival, and content of water and chlorophyll of the crops formed the system of bioefficacy study. The allelopathic impact of the oil vapours from the eucalypt tree becomes evident from the negative response of the parameters studied. The impact of the E. citriodora oil vapours compared to that ofE. globulus oil or the pure terpenes was seen to be relatively greater in almost all parameters under investigation. A strong reciprocal correlation that exist between the concentration and the seedling growth or the water content of the crops under study supports the dose linked allelopathic phenomenon. It is suggested that oil vapours ofEucalyptus exert their effect through impairing the respiratory as well as photosynthetic ability of the target plants.     

青蒿素对蔬菜种子发芽和幼苗生长的化感效应

试验以菜豆、豇豆、大白菜和小白菜为对象,用不同浓度的青蒿素浸种,研究了黄花蒿产生的化感物质??青蒿素对蔬菜种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,青蒿素对蔬菜种子发芽和幼苗生长的化感作用表现出浓度效应和品种差异,即浓度越高,抑制作用愈强,尤以豇豆种子发芽率和小白菜生长的表现最为明显,前者的发芽率可降低75.00%,后者的苗高降幅高达88.37%,且胚根停止生长。青蒿素抑制同季和后季作物的种子发芽和幼苗生长,有利于扩大黄花蒿的生存空间,增强生存竞争优势。在黄花蒿?蔬菜种植体系中,选择抗化感作用较强的大白菜和菜豆可提高土地利用率和整体生产水平。用青蒿素浸种后,蔬菜幼苗的根系活力降低,菜豆和豇豆叶绿素含量提高,而大、小白菜降低,均可视为妨碍生长的生理原因。此外,青蒿素浸种还提高蔬菜种子可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量,推测青蒿素对种子水解酶活性的影响较小,但抑制合成酶催化的生化反应,导致代谢紊乱,抑制幼苗生长。     

Allelopathic effects of sunflower extracts on mustard seed germination and seedling growth

The allelopathic potential of two cultivars of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Lech and Ogrodowy was studied. Leaf aqueous extracts of sunflower at 2.5, 5, and 10 % (m/v) concentrations were applied to determine their effect on mustard (Sinapis alba) seed germination and seedlings growth under laboratory conditions. Increasing concentration of aqueous extracts of sunflower inhibited seed germination, up to almost complete failure of germination, observed in the presence of 10 % extract from sunflower cv. Ogrodowy. The decrease in germinability was well correlated with increased membrane deterioration, assayed as electrical conductivity and enhanced lipid peroxidation, detected as increased malondialdehyde content.     

辣椒秸秆对滇黄精及其根际微生物群落的影响

【背景】根际微生物直接或间接影响药用植物的生长发育和品质形成,通过改善土壤理化性质来提高益生菌多样性,促进植物病虫害的生物防治和提高植物产量、品质。【目的】探究栽培土壤中添加辣椒秸秆对滇黄精生长质量和根际细菌群落结构的影响。【方法】收集种植滇黄精无处理土壤(CK)、添加腐熟辣椒秸秆改良肥土壤(X)、添加商品复合肥土壤(Y)的根际附着土样,测量滇黄精生长质量,并通过高通量测序对其根际细菌群落进行功能和结构解析。【结果】X处理的滇黄精生长质量显著优于CK处理,而且与Y处理无显著差异,其中多糖含量和根系活力明显提高,分别较Y处理提高了24.48%和56.98%。同时显著增加了种植土壤的有机质和孔隙度。在根际细菌群落分析中,相对丰度最高的是变形菌门(Proteobacteria),占比分别为CK的34.8%、X的34.6%、Y的41.3%,其中Y处理显著高于其他处理。其次是绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),X处理为10.2%,高于CK处理(8.7%)和Y处理(5.8%)。t检验中秸秆处理蓝细菌门Cyanobacteria丰度显著高于对照,芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和脱硫杆...     

Two different effects of calcium on aquaporins in salinity-stressed pepper plants

Two different effects of calcium were studied, respectively, in plasma membrane vesicles and in protoplasts isolated from roots of control pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L cv. California) or of plants treated with 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl(2) or 10 mM CaCl(2) + 50 mM NaCl. Under saline conditions, osmotic water permeability (P ( f )) values decreased in protoplasts and plasma membrane vesicles, and the same reduction was observed in the PIP1 aquaporin abundance, indicating inhibitory effects of NaCl on aquaporin functionality and protein abundance. The cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, [Ca(2+)](cyt), was reduced by salinity, as observed by confocal microscope analysis. Two different actions of Ca(2+) were observed. On the one hand, increase in free cytosolic calcium concentrations associated with stress perception may lead to aquaporin closure. On the other hand, when critical requirements of Ca(2+) were reduced (by salinity), and extra-calcium would lead to an upregulation of aquaporins, indicating that a positive role of calcium at whole plant level combined with an inhibitory mechanism at aquaporin level may work in the regulation of pepper root water transport under salt stress. However, a link between these observations and other cell signalling in relation to water channel gating remains to be established.