豌豆细胞中rRNA前体剪切位点研究

利用ITS1探针原位杂交标记和抗核仁纤维蛋白单克隆抗体免疫标记技术, 研究了豌豆(Pisum sativum)根端分生细胞中rRNA的剪切位点. 结果表明, rRNA前体剪切发生在核仁的致密纤维组分(dense fibrillar component, DFC)和颗粒组分(granular com- ponent, GC), 而纤维中心(fibrillar center, FC)没有标记信号. 放线菌素D(actinomycin D, AMD)处理豌豆根端分生组织细胞, 使rDNA的转录受到抑制. 随着AMD处理时间的延长, rRNA剪切的标记信号逐渐减弱, 说明rRNA前体的剪切是一个逐渐的过程.     

遗传学实验

（十六）哺乳动物染色体的银染法实验原理 银染法（Ag-As技术）专染哺乳动物染色体上的核 仁组成区（nucleolar organizer region, NOR)。已知哺 乳动物中编码18S rRNA, 28S rRNA的基因（rDNA）是 位于特定染色体的核仁组成区。当用银染法染色时, rDNA能选择性地还原银,呈深黑色,染色深黑的可染 区即为核仁组成区（Ag-NORs )。可染区的数目反映了 有转录活性的核糖体RNA基因的数目。     

豌豆细胞核仁中U3 snoRNA的分布和转运

rRNA前体剪切是发生在核仁中的重要生物学事件.U3 snoRNA作为rRNA的一个剪切因子被认为是rRNA前体剪切第一步,即5′ ETS剪切所必需的.鉴定U3能够为确定rRNA前体剪切位点和剪切产物转运提供间接证据.本文利用原位杂交技术研究了豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)核仁中U3 snoRNA的分布和转运.结果表明, U3 snoRNA分布在致密纤维组分(dense fibrillar component, DFC)和颗粒组分(granular component, GC)中,在纤维中心(fibrillar center, FC)没有分布.当用放线菌素D (actinomycin D, AMD)处理豌豆根端分生细胞时,rDNA转录受到抑制,标记信号减弱.随着AMD处理时间的延长,标记信号逐渐变弱并出现在DFC远轴区域和GC区域.本文结果提示,rRNA前体剪切发生在DFC和GC区域,剪切产物从围绕FC的区域向周边转运.     

豌豆细胞核仁中U3 snoRNA的分布和转运

rRNA前体剪切是发生在核仁中重要生物学事件。U3 snoRNA作为rRNA的一个剪切因子被认为是rRNA前体剪切第一步,即5′ETS剪切所必需的,鉴定U3能够为确定rRNA前体剪切位点和剪切产物转运提供间接证据。,本文利用原位杂交技术研究了豌豆（Pisum sativum L.)核仁中U3 snoRNA的分布和转运。结果表明,U3 snoRNA分布在致密纤维组分（dense fibrillar component,DFC)和颗粒组分（granular component,GC)中,在纤维中心（fibrillar center,FC)没有分布 ,当用放线菌素D（actinomycin,D,AMD)处理豌豆根端分生细胞时,rDNA转录受到抑制,标记信号减弱,随着AMD处理时间的延长,标记信号逐渐变弱并出现在DFC远轴区域和GC区域。本文结果提示,rRNA前体剪切发生在DFC和GC区域,剪切产物从围绕FC的区域向周边转运。     

人染色体的银染与G带的复合显示方法

自Goodpastur。等^[3]建立染色体的银染色方 法以来,该技术已在细胞遗传学的各个领域得 到广泛的应用,被认为是研究18S-28S rDNA 的分布与转录的一种简易而有效的方法^[4]。银 染技术可以特异性地使核仁组织者区（NOR) 着色（称之Ag-NOR),其银染位置与染色体上 核糖体基因(rDNA）的分布相一致^[10]     

正常人和21三体征家庭的银染核仁形成区的研究

DNA-RNA原位杂交术证明了人类18S—28S核糖体RNA基因位于5对近端着丝点染色体短臂的次缢痕处,即人类的核仁形成区(NOR)。1975年,Goodpasture和Howell等应用银氨法特异地染色核仁形成区,证实银染的位置是染色体上核糖体基因(rDNA)的位置。此后进一步证明银染物质不是rDNA,也不是rRNA,而可能是核仁     

由G_o期过渡到S期时温度敏感突变株tsAF-8的Pre-rRNA基因的活化

用0.5％低血清培液使tsAF-8细胞进入G_o态后,再培养于含正常量(10％)血清的培液中,分别在允许温度(33.5℃)、非允许温度(39.5℃)、放线菌素D(0.03μg/ml)(33.5℃)或丁酸钠(5mmol/L)(33.5℃)的条件下,用~3HTdR放射自显影检测G_o期tsAF-8细胞进入S期的过程,并用银染核仁组织区(NOR)的方法观察pre-rRNA基因(rDNA)的活化程度。在允许温度时G_o期细胞进入S期,pre-rRNA基因被活化。在非允许温度或低浓度放线菌素D(33.5℃)条件下,G_o期细胞不进入S期,pre-rRNA基因也不活化。5mmol/L丁酸钠(33.5℃)条件下细胞不能进入S期,而pre-rRNA基因被活化,但活化程度较低。     

大鼠肝细胞核体外转录系统的研究

本文介绍以快速法提取细胞核,加入四种核苷三磷酸、~(3)H-UTP 和适当金属离子,进行细胞核转录作用的研究。观察了底物浓度、温度、酸硷度等与转录活性的关系;研究了Mg~(2 )、Mn~(2 )、Ca~(2 )、Co~(2 )、K~ 、NH~ _4、Na~ 等离子和放线菌素D、肝素对转录活性的影响。结果显示一定浓度Mg~(2 )、Mn~(2 )、K~ 、NH~ _4、Na~ 和肝素能提高转录活性;而Ca~(2 )、Co~(2 )和放线菌素D 有抑制作用。选择了适当的离子浓度以能显示较高的RNA 聚合酶B 的活性。此转录系统的活性与一定范围内的细胞核浓度呈直线关系。     

银染色方法及其在细胞遗传学中的应用

硝酸银染色在细胞化学中的应用已有很久 的历史,但用以研究染色体却是近几年的事。 Goo即asture等[21应用称为Ag-AS的银染色技 术,使9种哺乳动物的核仁组织者(NOR）特 异性染为黑色。这种银染色阳性的NOR称为 Ag-NOR。经与Hsu等[31用原位分子杂交得到 的结果相比较,证明Ag-NOR也就是18S+28S 核糖体基因（rDNA）的分布区。嗣后,在肿瘤 细胞遗传学、进化遗传学、临床遗传学、体细胞 遗传学等方面,银染色的应用日趋广泛。技术本 身也不断有所改进和发展,现被认为是研究 18S十28S r DNA的分布和转录活性的一种简 易有效的方法。最近,银染色还开始用于着丝 点、中心粒、减数分裂联会复合体（Synapsis complex）的研究,取得了许多有意义的新结 果。     

单纯疱疹病毒2型潜伏相关转录体ORF1的表达及其抗凋亡作用

旨在研究单纯疱疹病毒2型潜伏相关转录体 (LAT) 开放读码框1 (ORF1) 对放线菌素D诱导的凋亡作用的影响。以HSV-2 333基因组为模板PCR扩增ORF1片段,构建重组质粒pEGFP-ORF1,转染Vero细胞,RT-PCR鉴定ORF1的表达。放线菌素D诱导Vero细胞凋亡,通过荧光显微镜观察凋亡小体,Hochest33258荧光染色观察细胞形态变化,MTT检测细胞活性,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率。双酶切和测序确认pEGFP-ORF1构建成功,RT-PCR表明该真核表达载体能在Vero细胞中高效表达。转染了pEGFP-ORF1的Vero细胞经放线菌素D凋亡诱导后,Hochest33258染色显示细胞形态正常。MTT结果表明转染了重组质粒pEGFP-ORF1的Vero细胞经放线菌素D凋亡诱导后Vero细胞活性与未经任何处理的正常对照组相比,无显著差异 (P＞0.05),但高于放线菌素D诱导凋亡的Vero细胞组及与转染空质粒pEGFP-C2且放线菌素D诱导凋亡的Vero细胞组,差异具有统计学意义 (P＜0.05)。流式结果表明,转染重组质粒pEGFP-ORF1且经放线菌素D诱导凋亡组与正常对照组凋亡率差异不显著 (P＞0.05),而显著低于放线菌素D诱导凋亡组和转染空质粒pEGFP-C2且经放线菌素D诱导凋亡组 (P＜0.05)。HSV-2 LAT ORF1具有抗放线菌素D诱导的Vero细胞的凋亡作用。     

DNAse I digestion of fixed chromosomes specifically reveals NORs in man

Chromosomal preparations were digested with different concentrations of DNAse I for various periods of time and then stained with Giemsa. It was found that this endonuclease rapidly modifies the structure of the chromosomes which then lose most of their stainability. However, small chromosomal segments corresponding to the nucleolar organizers (NORs) in man have been consistently observed. Although DNAse I treatment has permitted us to observe that some NORs are stained less intensely than others, comparisons with silver nitrate-stained NORs have shown a strict correspondence, in metaphase as well as in interphase. Chromosomal proteins seem responsible for this staining.     

Disposition of ribosomal DNAs in the chromosomes of perennial oats (Poaceae: Aveneae)

The chromosomal loci of 5S and 45S ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs) and the activity of nucleolar‐organizing regions (NORs) were analysed in perennial oats of the genera Ammophila, Amphibromus, Arrhenatherum, Avena, Deschampsia, and Helictotrichon s.l. (Poaceae: Aveneae) using fluorescence in situ hybridization, staining with chromomycin/4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI), and silver impregnation. All chromosomes with a secondary constriction were nucleolar active. In chromosomes without a secondary constriction, NORs corresponded exclusively to broad bands of 45S rDNA with chromomycin‐positive, DAPI‐negative, and silver‐positive stainability. Additional minor bands of 45S rDNA showed no nucleolar activity. 5S rDNA was localized mostly in loci different from the nucleolar‐active 45S rDNA. If both rDNAs occurred within the same chromosome, they were at largely corresponding distances from the centromere, irrespective of their particular localization in either the same chromosome arm or in opposite arms. In the latter case, 5S rDNA was never more distal to the centromere than 45S rDNA. A new model was devised to explain this non‐random distribution of both rDNAs in nucleolar‐organizing chromosomes, which identified the Rabl orientation of chromosomes as ensuring a spatial proximity of 5S to 45S rDNA in interphase nuclei, even if they were localized in opposite arms. The possible role of the Rabl orientation in determining the spread and accumulation of 5S rDNA sequences in further chromosomes of the genome was discussed. B chromosomes were devoid of 5S rDNA, but most contained 45S rDNA and were nucleolar active. In some large groups of species, the number and arrangement of 5S and 45S rDNA sites in the chromosomes were remarkably uniform, especially in Helictotrichon subgenus Helictotrichon and Helictotrichon subgenus Pratavenastrum. Such distribution patterns have survived many speciation processes and have also remained widely unchanged in polyploids. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 155 , 193–210.     

Evidence for male XO sex-chromosome system in Pentodon bidens punctatum (Coleoptera Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae) with X-linked 18S-28S rDNA clusters

In scarab beetle species of the genus Pentodon, the lack of analysis of sex chromosomes in females along with the poor characterization of sex chromosomes in the males, prevented all previous investigations from conclusively stating sex determination system. In this study, somatic chromosomes from females and spermatogonial chromosomes from males of Pentodon bidens punctatum (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae) from Sicily have been analyzed using non-differential Giemsa staining. Two modal numbers of chromosomes were obtained: 2n = 20 and 19 in females and males, respectively. This finding along with other karyological characteristics such as the occurrence of one unpaired, heterotypic chromosome at metaphase-I and two types of metaphase-II spreads in spermatocytes demonstrate that a XO male/XX female sex determining mechanism - quite unusual among Scarabaeoidea - operates in the species investigated here. Spermatocyte chromosomes have also been examined after a number of banding techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization with ribosomal sequences as a probe (rDNA FISH). The results obtained showed that silver and CMA(3) staining were inadequate to localize the chromosome sites of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) due to the over-all stainability of both constitutive heterochromatin and heterochromatin associated to the NORs. This suggests that heterochromatic DNA of P. b. punctatum is peculiar as compared with other types of heterochromatin studied so far in other invertebrate taxa. By rDNA FISH major ribosomal genes were mapped on the X chromosome.     

Development of silver stained structures during spermatogenesis in different genera of Formicidae

Development of silver stained structures during the spermatogenesis of Tapinoma nigerrlum, Pheidole pallidula, Tetramorium caespitum, Tetramorium semilaeve, Lasius niger and Plagiolepis schmitzii are studied. Nucleolar masses are only observed in early prophase. Obvious NORs are present in metaphase in all genera and species studied. However, there are no nucleolar Ag precipitates after metaphase. A resumption of silver stainability occurs in round spermatids. The majority of these genera present differential activity between the existing NORs. In T. nigerrimum there is primary or secondary NOR activity in all chromosomes of the complement, although there are interpopulation differences in relation to the NOR activity. In the remaining genera only certain chromosomes present NOR activity. Interpopulation genetic differences and environmental factors can cause differential activity of secondary NORs as observed in Tapinoma nigerrimum.     

The relationships between ribosomal genes and fibrillar centers in thyroid cells cultivated in vitro

Despite the fact that the fibrillar centers of the nucleolus and the chromosomal nucleolar organisers (NORs) are similarly stained with the NOR-silver technique, there remain some questions about the identification of fibrillar centers as NORs. The distinct delineation of the fibrillar centers in porcine thyroid cells allowed us to determine whether there was a numerical equivalence or correlation between fibrillar centers and NORs. Hybridization in situ and silver staining performed on pig chromosomes showed that pairs 8 and 10 contained rDNA sites. Silver staining of thyroid cells in electron microscopy showed that the fibrillar centers and their surrounding layer of dense fibrils were the sites of silver deposit. Chromatin fibers were demonstrated within the fibrillar centers through the aid of the osmiumammine reaction and with the oxidized diaminobenzidine technique. It was observed that in cultured thyroid cells the fibrillar centers could be identified in the light microscope as argyrophilic spherules, and easily counted. The number of fibrillar centers was variable according to culture conditions. In cells cultured for 5 hr, the mean number of fibrillar centers was 1.7. After 5 days of culture, the number of fibrillar centers increased, reaching a mean value of 5.93. When thyroid cells were stimulated with thyrotropin, the number of fibrillar centers again increased to a mean value of 7.54. These results demonstrate that the relationship between fibrillar centers and NORs is not a simple proportionality: the number of fibrillar centers increases with increased cellular activity. These data imply that in active cells each NOR may pass through several fibrillar centers.     

Karyotype analysis, banding, and fluorescent in situ hybridization in the scarab beetle Gymnopleurus sturmi McLeay (Coleoptera Scarabaeoidea : Scarabaeidae)

Conventional staining, differential banding, and in situ hybridization with both ribosomal and telomeric probes to mitotic chromosomes of Gymnopleurus sturmi (Scarabaeoidea : Scarabaeidae) are described. The karyotype is distinguished by a pericentric inversion polymorphism in chromosome 3, which is either acrocentric or subtelocentric. Silver staining (Ag-NOR) and chromomycin A3 (CMA3), failed to study the detection of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), due to the extensive silver and CMA3 stainability of all GC-rich heterochromatin. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata) rDNA probe mapped the ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA). FISH with the all-human telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)n revealed a lack of homology between the telomeric probe and the telomeres of G. sturmi. This suggests that the telomeric hesanucleotide (TTAGGG)n is not so conserved within eukaryotes as it has been hypothesized.