红河哈尼梯田遗产区生态系统服务价值外溢研究

传统农业生态系统服务的价值外溢效应评估有助于提高对该农业生态系统服务价值的正确认知,为合理规划区域社会经济产业结构以及生态安全布局提供科学依据。以云南省红河哈尼梯田遗产区为例,采用基于单位面积当量因子方法估算哈尼梯田遗产区农业生态系统服务价值,并采用市场价值法和旅行费用区间法估算梯田景观的生产服务价值和休闲旅游服务价值,厘清哈尼梯田遗产区农业生态系统服务价值特征,探究传统农业生产景观的服务价值外溢情况。结果表明：(1)1995—2018年,研究区土地利用总体变化不显著,而建设用地面积相对增加较多,变化率为59.3%;(2)哈尼梯田遗产区农业生态系统服务价值总量减少了811万元,变化率为0.6%;农业生态系统服务结构保持稳定,一级服务类型中,调节服务价值量最大,二级服务类型中,气候调节服务价值量最大,食物和原材料生产价值贡献率仅为6%,水资源供给服务价值为负值;(3)2018年元阳哈尼梯田景观的粮食生产服务价值为0.8×10⁸元,休闲旅游服务功能价值为1.3×10⁸元。元阳哈尼梯田生态旅游促进区域可持续发展,梯田农业生产景观具有明显的价值外溢效...     

崇义客家梯田生态系统可持续发展综合评价

崇义客家梯田是中国最大的客家梯田,为当地客家人提供了多项生态服务功能。综合评价崇义客家梯田生态系统的可持续性,有助于人们合理开发和利用其资源。运用综合加权函数、协调度模型和发展障碍度模型对崇义客家梯田生态系统可持续发展现状、可持续发展潜能以及影响其可持续发展的障碍因素作了分析诊断。结果表明:1990—2014年间,崇义客家梯田生态系统可持续发展综合指数增长了2.22倍。各指标间的协调度均大于0.65,指标间协调发展的程度良好,崇义客家梯田生态系统可持续发展存在较大潜能。影响崇义客家梯田生态系统可持续发展的主要单项障碍性因素有服务业产值、农民受教育程度、农民恩格尔系数和农田受灾率4项,他们的障碍度值分别为0.17、0.17、0.15和0.13。直观的数据反映了崇义客家梯田生态系统的可持续发展情况,也为当地政府制定崇义客家梯田生态系统可持续发展对策提供了可靠的支撑。     

崇义客家梯田生态系统服务功能

开展崇义客家梯田系统生态服务功能价值评估,有助于人们更好地了解梯田系统对崇义客家社会的重要贡献,为当地政府保护客家梯田系统提供重要依据.本研究基于崇义客家梯田系统及其所处区域的社会经济特征,构建了相应的生态服务功能价值评估指标体系;运用定性分析法对客家梯田系统的生态服务功能机理及其重要性作了识别;以2014年统计数据为基础,采用物质量和价值量相结合的定量评价方法,对客家梯田系统的9项生态服务指标进行评估.结果表明: 在评估的9项指标中,土壤保持的物质量和价值量同居各指标之首,分别为76457 kg·hm^-2和105033 元·hm^-2,相应地占梯田系统总物质量和总价质量的72.2%和30.0%.文化传承和景观体现了客家梯田系统独特的生态服务功能,价值量分别为100000和46333元·hm^-2,位居9项指标的2、3位.产品供给是客家梯田系统提供给崇义客家人的重要福祉,但其物质量和价值量只占梯田系统生态服务总物质量和总价值量的6.1%与10.4%,因此仅考虑产品供给将严重低估梯田系统的生态服务功能.直观的经济数字反映了客家梯田系统对社会的巨大贡献,不仅有利于提高管理者和公众保护农业文化遗产的意识,也为政府制定客家梯田系统生态补偿标准提供了数据支撑.     

梯田景观的历史分布及典型国际案例分析

梯田是在大面积多山地形和较高人口密度条件下产生的山区土地高效利用方式,广泛分布于世界各地,并且在不同的地理气候条件下产生了不同的类型,具有重要的生态价值和文化价值.梯田作为陡坡耕作区古老的土壤保持措施,有利于农业集约化,一般而言,梯田建设的目的是为了保持水土,减少产流产沙,改善立地环境,便于农业生产.在当前社会经济发展的背景下,大面积的梯田遭到荒废,不仅浪费了土地资源,还易导致严重的土壤侵蚀、坡面坍塌和土地退化.本文综述全球不同地理区域和自然环境条件下梯田的起源、发展以及分布特征,主要选择亚洲、欧洲、美洲和非洲四大重点区域进行系统介绍,并针对每一大洲内的典型国家做了案例剖析.在此基础上,深入探讨梯田建设、利用和荒废过程与气候变化、国家政策、人口变迁等因素的关系,最后针对目前梯田区存在的水资源紧张和梯田荒废退化两个严重问题,提出了尚需开展的研究工作,以期为梯田的可持续利用与管理提供参考依据.     

Community structure or function: effects of environmental stress on benthic macroinvertebrates at different spatial scales

1. This study investigated the relation of benthic macroinvertebrates to environmental gradients in Central European lowland rivers. Taxonomic structure (taxa) and functional composition (metrics) were related to gradients at four different spatial scales (ecoregion, catchment, reach and site). The environmental variables at the catchment‐, reach‐ and site scales reflected the intensity of human impact: catchment and floodplain land use, riparian and floodplain degradation, flow regulation and river bank and bed modification. 2. Field surveys and GIS yielded 130 parameters characterising the hydromorphology and land use of 75 river sections in Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany and Poland. Two hundred and forty‐four macroinvertebrate taxa and 84 derived community metrics and biotic indices such as functional guilds, diversity and composition measures were included in the analysis. 3. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed that hydromorphological and land use variables explained 11.4%, 22.1% and 15.8% of the taxa variance at the catchment (‘macro’), reach (‘meso’) and site (‘micro’) scales, respectively, compared with 14.9%, 33.2% and 21.5% of the variance associated with the derived metrics. Ecoregion and season accounted for 10.9% and 20.5% of the variance of the taxonomic structure and functional composition, respectively. 4. Partial CCA (pCCA) and RDA (pRDA) showed that the unique variance explained was slightly higher for taxa than for metrics. By contrast, the joint variance explained for metrics was much higher at all spatial scales and largest at the reach scale. Environmental variables explained 46.8% of metric variance and 32.4% of taxonomic structure. 5. Canonical Correspondence Analysis and RDA identified clear environmental gradients along the two main ordination axes, namely, land use and hydromorphological degradation. The impact of catchment land use on benthic macroinvertebrates was mainly revealed by the proportion of urban areas. At the reach scale, riparian and floodplain attributes (bank fixation, riparian wooded vegetation, shading) and the proportion of large woody debris were strong predictors of the taxonomic structure and functional composition of benthic macroinvertebrates. At the site scale, artificial substrata indicated human impact, particularly the proportion of macro‐ and mesolithal used for bank enforcement (rip–rap). 6. Our study revealed the importance of benthic macroinvertebrate functional measures (functional guilds, composition and abundance measures, sensitivity and tolerance measures, diversity measures) for detecting the impact of hydromorphological stress at different spatial scales.     

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in restinga and dunes areas in Brazilian Northeast

Strong anthropogenic pressure, mainly mineral extraction, is one of the main factors leading to degradation of the Brazilian coastal environment. Strategies to recover these areas include replanting native plant species, and symbiotic fungi from the neighboring area might be important for the establishment of the new vegetation. Species richness, diversity and community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were investigated in NE Brazil in two natural areas, ‘restinga’ forest and seaside ‘restinga’, and in two areas of revegetated dunes after mining activity 20 and 8?years ago. Soil samples were collected during the dry (March) and wet (September) seasons of 2009 in Mataraca, Paraíba State, Brazil. Based on glomerospore morphology, 34 species of AMF were recorded, of which 29 were identified in field samples and five after trap culturing, with the greatest diversity and richness found in the dune revegetated 8?years ago. The sampling effort allowed an assessment of between 70 and 80?% of the species estimated for the areas by the first-order Jackknife index. Among the generalist species Gigaspora margarita was the only one found in all areas and during both collection periods. The similarity of AMF species between the revegetated areas and the seaside ‘restinga’ was >60?%, supporting the hypothesis that this area represents a source of propagules, but the substrate used for seedling production may also bring other species, enabling the recovery of the AMF community in the mined and revegetated dunes.     

基于GIS的黄土丘陵沟壑区作物生产潜力模拟研究

从YIELD模型的来源、输入文件及基本参数,模型中作物生产力计算各个子模型以及计算流程4个方面作了简单的叙述,以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域晋西狼窝沟为例,在地理信息系统（GIS）技术十,应用YILD模型对该流域的作物生产潜力进行了模拟,并从作物类型,地类,耕作措施及气候条件4个方面对影响该流域作物产量的因素进行了分析。结果表明,该模型对不同作物的模拟产量在总体上与实体产量基本相符合,表明模型可以应用于黄土丘陵沟壑区的作物产量模拟之中,对于不同地类来说,坝地的土壤水分和以力条件明显高于梯田和坡耕地,因而坝地的模拟产量地高于梯田和坡地,但三者之间的差距没有实测产量显著,耕作措施是提高作物生产力的有效途径,对地膜覆盖,梯田以及施肥等耕作措施的模拟产量表明,这3种耕作措施均能有效的物生产力;其产量提高率均平均在85％以上,其中以施肥对作物的增产作用最大,增产率高达95％,,这与实测产量资料基本一致;气候条件是影响作物生产的直接因素,模拟结果表明模型对降水量和温度等气候条件十分敏感,不同年份降水量和温度的差异将直接导致作物生产力的显著不同。对YIELD模型的模拟结果分析表明,该模型可以有效地应用于黄土丘陵沟壑区的作物生产潜力研究。     

哈尼梯田景观格局对地表水δ18O海拔效应的影响

本研究以哈尼梯田文化景观遗产核心区的全福庄河小流域为对象,对在2015年5月—2016年4月间逐月采集的森林景观类型和梯田景观类型下12个样点的地表水样品进行氢氧稳定同位素组成和效应分析。结果表明: 1)在地表水氢氧稳定同位素组成上,森林斑块δ¹⁸O平均值小于梯田斑块,森林斑块δ¹⁸O随时间的变化幅度也小于梯田斑块;2)研究区地表水δ¹⁸O除8月和3月外,均具有显著的海拔效应,其一元线性回归方程为:δ¹⁸O=-0.012H+13.84(r=-0.83, n=12);3)地表水δ¹⁸O海拔梯度为-1.2‰·(100 m)^-1,但并不是受降水影响的“真”海拔梯度,而是森林斑块和梯田斑块间地表水δ¹⁸O景观梯度影响下的海拔梯度;4)在森林-梯田的景观格局组合下,森林斑块与梯田斑块间的地表水δ¹⁸O值差异增强了海拔效应。因此,当流域景观格局异质性强时,地表水稳定同位素效应会被强化或者出现完全相反的同位素效应。     

Optimising a widely-used coastal health index through quantitative ecological group classifications and associated thresholds

Many globally applied biotic indices, including the AMBI benthic index, are based on species’ sensitivity/tolerance to anthropogenic disturbances. The AMBI scoring primarily relies on the correct assignment of both taxon stressor-sensitivities and the disturbance thresholds or bands. Using an extensive, long-term monitoring dataset from New Zealand (NZ) estuaries, we describe how the AMBI has been strengthened through quantitative derivation of taxon-specific sensitivities and condition thresholds for two key estuarine stressors [mud and total organic carbon (TOC)], and the integration of taxon richness. The results support the use of the existing AMBI condition bands but improve the ability to identify cause; 2–30% mud reflected a ‘normal’ to ‘impoverished’ macrofaunal community; 30–95% mud and 1.2–3% TOC ‘unbalanced’ to ‘transitional’; and >3–4% TOC ‘transitional’ to ‘polluted’. The (refined) AMBI was also successfully validated (R² values >0.5 for mud, and >0.4 for TOC) for use in shallow, intertidal dominated estuaries NZ-wide. Most biotic indices lack the ability to differentiate between anthropogenic disturbances, which in turn undermine their effectiveness for applied purposes. By integrating key quantitative information to an existing benthic index, these results enable more robust identification of coastal stressors and facilitate defensible management decisions.     

Relationships between lake macrophyte cover and lake and landscape features

We examined the ability of lake and landscape features to predict a variety of macrophyte cover metrics using 54 north temperate lakes. We quantified submersed cover, emergent cover, floating leaf cover, Eurasian watermilfoil cover and total macrophyte cover. Measured lake features included lake physio-chemical and morphometric variables and landscape features included hydrologic, catchment and land use/cover variables. Univariate regression analyses demonstrated that these macrophyte cover metrics are predicted by a wide range of predictor variables, most commonly by: Secchi disk depth, maximum or mean depth, catchment morphometry, road density and the proportion of urban or agricultural land use/cover in the riparian zone or catchment (r² = 0.06–0.46). Using a combination of lake and landscape features in multiple regressions, we were able to explain 29–55% of the variation in macrophyte cover metrics. Total macrophyte cover and submersed cover were related to Secchi disk depth and mean depth, whereas the remaining metrics were best predicted by including at least one land use/cover variable (road density, proportion local catchment agriculture land use/cover, proportion cumulative catchment urban land use/cover, or proportion riparian agriculture land use/cover). The two main conclusions from our research are: (1) that different macrophyte growth forms and species are predicted by a different suite of variables and thus should be examined separately, and (2) that anthropogenic landscape features may override patterns in natural landscape or local features and are important in predicting present-day macrophytes in lakes.     

Root morphology and effects on soil reinforcement and slope stability of young vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) plants grown in semi-arid climate

Currently used in many countries in the world, vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) applications include soil and water conservation systems in agricultural environment, slope stabilization, mine rehabilitation, contaminated soil and saline land remediation, as well as wastewater treatment. The root system morphology of vetiver was investigated in a small plantation growing on abandoned marl terraces in southern Spain. Root distribution with depth, laterally from the plant, as well as root parameters such as root diameter and tensile strength were also investigated. The profile wall method combined with the block excavation showed that the vetiver grass grows numerous positively gravitropic roots of more or less uniform diameter. These were generally distributed in the uppermost soil horizon closer to the culm base. In situ shear test on blocks of soil permeated with vetiver roots were carried out and showed a greater shear strength resistance than the samples of non vegetated soil. The root reinforcement measured in situ was comparable to the one predicted by the perpendicular root reinforcement model. The stability of a modelled terraced slope planted with vetiver was marginally greater than the one of a non-vegetated slope. A local instability on one terrace can have a detrimental effect on the overall stability of the terraced slope.     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型土壤水分变化特征

土壤水分是制约黄土丘陵区生态建设和土地可持续利用的关键因子,认识不同土地利用类型的土壤水分状况对该地区植被恢复和土地资源的有效利用具有重要的理论和实际意义.本研究采用EC-5土壤水分传感器,对黄土高原园则沟流域坡耕地、梯田、枣园和草地生长季内(5—10月)0~160 cm土壤剖面含水量进行连续监测,探讨这4种典型土地利用类型的土壤水分变化特征.结果表明:在降水常态年和干旱年,不同土地利用方式土壤水分的季节变化、蓄水特征及垂直分布均存在差异.在2015年干旱年,梯田表现出良好的蓄水保墒效果,0~60 cm土层生长季平均土壤含水量分别比坡耕地、枣园和草地高2.6%、4.2%、1.8%(P<0.05),0~160 cm土层储水量分别比坡耕地、枣园和草地高43.90、32.08、18.69 mm.在2014年常态年,枣园0~60 cm土层生长季平均土壤含水量分别比坡耕地、梯田和草地低2.9%、3.8%、4.5%(P<0.05);在干旱年,0~160 cm土层有效水储量仅占土壤总储水量的35.0%.不同土地利用方式下均是表层(0~20 cm)与中层(20~100 cm)土壤水分的灰色关联度较大,且土壤水分变化态势的相似程度表现为梯田>草地>坡耕地>枣园.对于试验区内的坡耕地,可考虑改造为梯田,以提高雨水资源的有效利用、促进生态农业建设;而针对黄土丘陵区旱作枣园土壤缺水严重的现象,需采取适当水分管理措施以降低枣树自身耗水和其他无效耗水,实现枣园可持续发展.     

植被和梯田对黄土高原小流域泥沙连通性的影响

黄土高原经过长期水土流失治理,泥沙问题得到有效解决,但植被恢复和梯田修建对泥沙空间输移的影响尚未完全揭示。通过土地利用数据和Landsat影像确定梯田分布和植被覆盖情况,使用能表征植被和梯田对泥沙输移的阻滞作用的植被覆盖与作物管理因子和工程因子计算泥沙连通性指数(IC),分析泥沙连通性的时空动态变化,量化植被与梯田共同影响下黄土高原第三副区典型流域泥沙连通性。调整权重因子模拟不同情景下泥沙连通性指数的计算,分析植被与梯田对泥沙连通性的单独影响。结果表明由于植被快速恢复和梯田大面积修建,IC在35年间(1986—2020年)从-3.42到-9.17显著下降。情景模拟发现,在1986—1999年间,梯田为泥沙连通性减弱主要驱动因素,1999年后植被与梯田共同作用。植被影响下的IC从1986年到2020年下降73.05%,在1986—2020年间梯田影响下IC下降26.75%。在空间上梯田及高植被覆盖度区域呈弱泥沙连通性,中下游主沟及部分支沟区域为强泥沙连通性。总体而言,植被恢复和梯田修建减弱泥沙输移能力,流域输沙路径集中于主沟中下游及部分支沟区域。研究结果有助于深化黄土丘陵区小流域植被恢复...     

Soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation within hillslope vegetation restoration sites in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley

Soil seed bank plays an important role in the composition of different plant communities, especially in their conservation. Although soil seed bank, aboveground vegetation and their relationship have been the subject of much recent attention, little is known about the size and species composition of the soil seed bank and about the aboveground vegetation in the semiarid hillslope grasslands. There is limited understanding of how these components interact to determine the importance of seed banks in regeneration. In this study, the size and species composition of a soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation have been assessed in an experiment using 36 vegetation quadrats and 108 soil samples in terrace, slope, gully, and grazing land. This land represents a range of habitats within a hillslope grassland in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley of Yunnan, China. Terrace, slope, and gully represent restored sites and grazing land typifies unrestored sites. Twenty-one taxa in the seed bank were identified with a median and median density of 7 species/m² and 5498 seeds/m², respectively, whereas in the aboveground vegetation, 19 species were observed with a median and median density of 6 species/m² and 1088 plants/m², respectively. Both seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density among grazing land, gully, slope, and terrace differed significantly. There was an absolutely high proportion of herbaceous species in the seed bank and aboveground vegetation. Gramineae predominated over both seed bank and vegetation. The most frequent seeds and plants were Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv that had the highest individual number, importance value, and biomass. In the seed bank, the seeds of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 50.68% and 33.10% of the total seeds, respectively. In the aboveground vegetation, the individual number of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 55.66% and 29.86% of the total, respectively. The biomass of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for more than 70% of the total, reaching 206.71 g/m² and 147.76 g/m², respectively. Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv had the highest importance value of 193.01 and 159.99, respectively. Density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and evenness were the highest in terrace land, whereas these were lowest in grazing land. Similarities between the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation were moderately high and not very different among slope, gully, and terrace lands, while for grazing land, they tended to increase when the restorative stage progressed. This result contrasts with some other studies where the seed bank contributes very little to the seedling flora and the vegetative growth clearly overwhelms sexual reproduction. The hypothesis about significant functional correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density is conformed. Correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density can be described in quadratic and cubic curves. The strong similarity between the vegetation and the seed bank is attributed to a large proportion of the species Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv., which are seed profusive and whose seeds have a significant viability in the ground. The high density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and uniformity of the reclaimed site are related to the sufficiency of heat and water supplies for species establishment and growth in the site, which partly reflects the effective efforts for hillslope grassland restoration. It is believed that the efforts for vegetation restoration have altered the microhabitat conditions of the site and have provided a favorable habitat for species to establish and grow.     

Natural and anthropogenic forcing of aquatic macrophyte development in a shallow Danish lake during the last 7000 years

Aim To investigate the long‐term changes in aquatic vegetation in a lowland, shallow lake, and to assess the relationship between aquatic vegetation and natural and anthropogenic catchment changes. Location Gundsømagle Sø, Zealand, Denmark: a shallow (mean depth 1.2 m), hypereutrophic lake (mean annual total phosphorus (TP) c. 700 μg TP L^?1) located in a predominantly agricultural catchment (88% cultivated land). The lake is presently devoid of macrophytes. Methods One hundred and forty‐seven contiguous samples from a sediment core (taken in 2000) were analysed for macrofossil remains together with loss‐on‐ignition and dry weight. From an earlier sediment core (taken in 1992), 67 samples were analysed for pollen and the two cores were correlated using the ignition residue profiles. Core chronology was determined by ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs dating of the recent lake sediments, while older sediments were dated by pollen‐stratigraphical correlation, as ¹⁴C dating proved problematical. Aquatic macrofossil abundance was used to reconstruct past changes in the lake's plant community and water‐level. The contemporary catchment land‐use change was inferred from sedimentary pollen data, and soil erosion to the lake was deduced from the minerogenic content of the lake sediments. Results The macrofossil record covers the last 7000 years, but aquatic plant remains were scarce prior to c. 1300 bc . After this date the abundance of submerged and emergent macrophyte remains increased dramatically, paralleled by an increase in sediment minerogenic matter and non‐arboreal pollen (NAP). Aquatic plant remains were abundant for more than 3000 years until the mid 1900s. Macrofossils of Linum usitatissimum (L.) (flax) and high pollen percentages of ‘Cannabis type’ (hemp) were recorded in periods between c. 1150 bc and 1800 ad . Main conclusions Our study suggests that, between c. 5000 bc and 1300 bc , the submerged plant community was confined to the littoral zone. From 1300 bc onwards, the submerged macrophyte vegetation expanded rapidly across the lake bed, presumably as a response to lake shallowing caused by a combination of climatic‐induced water‐level lowering and enhanced erosional infilling of the lake basin due to intensified anthropogenic activities in the catchment. The lake was meso‐eutrophic and had an extensive and diverse aquatic flora for more than 3000 years, until the middle of the twentieth century. In periods between c. 1150 bc and 1800 ad , the lake experienced direct anthropogenic impact from retting of fibre plants (Linum and Cannabis). Over the last 200 years, erosional infilling of the lake basin increased drastically, probably as a result of agricultural intensification. In the twentieth century, the lake was strongly affected by nutrient enrichment from both point sources (sewage from built‐up areas) and diffuse agricultural run‐off which led to hypertrophic conditions and the collapse of the submerged vegetation c. 1950–60. The concept of ‘naturalness’ and the implications for lake conservation are discussed.     

黄土丘陵区小流域尺度土壤有机碳密度及储量

通过对上黄小流域不同土地利用方式下114个样点的采样分析,结合地统计学原理对小流域不同土层土壤有机碳密度的空间变异程度进行研究。研究表明,除表层土壤有机碳密度的空间变异程度较弱外,其余两层均属于中等强度变异。并呈现东部天然草地分布区与中部带状灌丛林地分布区空间变异程度较强的分布特点。不同土层深度和土地利用方式下土壤有机碳密度存在明显差异,土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而逐渐减小,有机碳密度则表现为10-30cm最高,30-60cm其次,0-10cm最低。不同土地利用方式下,有机碳密度表现为:天然草地 > 果园 > 灌丛林地 > 河滩、河台地 > 撂荒地 > 人工草地 > 耕地。以土地利用方式为基本单元,对上黄小流域土壤有机碳储量进行估算。结果表明,上黄小流域土壤有机碳总储量为46527.12t,其中,灌丛林地(22052.81t)和天然草地(14573.14t)的储量最高,占总储量的78.72%。     

Developing a Benthic Index of Biological Integrity and Some Relationships to Environmental Factors in the Subtropical Xiangxi River,China

The aim of this study is to develop a benthic index of biotic integrity (B‐IBI) to help understand how the increasing anthropogenic pressure may impact the subtropical Xiangxi River in China. Benthic macroinvertebrate and environmental surveys were conducted at 77 sites in early summer 2004. Each collection site was categorized as reference or impaired based on physical, chemical, biological, and land‐use information. Six non‐redundant metrics from 35 metrics were used to differentiate between reference and impaired sites. We selected six metrics for the final IBI. The scoring criteria of each metric were normalized based on the quadrisection and 0–10 scaling systems. Both scaling methods were used to assess the aquatic health of each site in the Xiangxi River watershed. The results showed that most sites were in fairly poor condition. Furthermore, we identified the relationship between B‐IBI metrics, water‐quality, and land‐use variables with a principal component analysis. A composite of nutrients and land‐use intensity explained most variances. These results suggest that the B‐IBI may be a suitable method for assessing river conditions within the subtropical Xiangxi River in central China (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The relative influence of catchment, riparian corridor, and reach-scale anthropogenic pressures on fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages in French rivers

This study compares the relative influences of physiography and anthropogenic pressures on river biota at catchment, riparian corridor, and reach scales. Environmental data, catchment and riparian corridor land use, anthropogenic modifications and biological data were compiled for 301 French sites sampled from 2005 to 2008. First, relationships between anthropogenic pressures and fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages were analysed using redundancy analysis. Second, the influences of physiography and the three scales of human pressures on biological assemblages were measured using variance partitioning. Distributions of fish and macroinvertebrate taxa along the pressure gradients agreed with bio-ecological knowledge. At the reach scale, assemblage variability among the 301 French sites was related to the presence of an impoundment and to poor water quality, while at larger scales it was linked to a gradient from forest to agricultural covers. In addition, a large proportion of the explained variability in assemblage composition was related to complex interactions among factors (~40%) and to physiographic variables (~30%). Furthermore, our results highlight that catchment land use better reflects local water quality impairments than hydromorphological degradations. Finally, this study supports the idea that human pressure effects on river communities are linked at several spatial scales and must be considered jointly.