流域尺度土地利用与土壤类型空间分布的相关性研究

随着人类活动日益加强,土地利用变化及其驱动力研究已经成为国际地理学界研究的热点。但目前更多的工作侧重于研究人为因子,如人口增长、政策变化等因子对土地利用变化的影响,其实土地利用在宏观尺度上的变化一定程度上取决于自然环境背景,因此研究土地利用变化的自然环境背景特征对于进一步探讨土地利用变化的自然驱动力具有重要意义。土壤类型的空间分布在一定程度将影响土地利用的空间分布格局和变化过程。本文利用遥感、地理信息系统,通过选取景观格局指标,以于桥水库流域为例,研究了土地利用与土壤类型空间分布之间的相互关系。结果表明：(1)受人类活动干扰较弱的土地利用类型,如有林地、稀疏林地、灌木林地、其他林地和草地,主要分布在淋溶褐土、褐土性土以及棕壤地区;而与人类活动密切的土地利用类型,如山区旱耕地、丘陵区水田、丘陵区旱耕地和平原区旱耕地主要分布在淋溶褐土、褐土性土和潮土地区;(2)同类地区土地利用的多样性指数要比土壤的低。并且土地利用和土壤类型多样性均表现出明显的地形梯度效应,从中低山区、低山丘陵区、丘陵平原区到山间盆地区,土壤多样性指数从小到大有规律地变化。而土地利用类型多样性变化较为复杂,反映出人类活动对土地利用格局的影响较强,而对土壤类型的影响相对较小;(3)随着平均斑块面积的增加,流域多样性指数将呈下降趋势。土地利用多样性指数与流域总面积之间的相关性较差,但土壤多样性指数与流域总面积表现出的相关性较好;(4)土地利用类型与土壤类型之间,平均斑块面积上没有明显的相关关系,但在多样性指数之间存在着较好的相关性。土壤类型丰富多样的地区,土地利用的多样性指数也相对较高。     

西双版纳勐养自然保护区的空间结构与土地利用现状评价

利用GIS技术研制了保护区土地利用现状图 .采用多样性、丰富度、优势度、破碎度和分离度对保护区的空间结构和土地利用现状进行了评价 .结果表明 ,保护区的土地利用以季风常绿阔叶林为主 ,主要保护类型的分布面积很小 ;区域空间结构的多样性和破碎度随干扰强度而增加 ;自然景观的分离度与人类活动的强度呈正比 ,干扰景观的分离度与人类活动强度呈反比 ;现行功能区划分不尽合理 ,应适当调整功能区划     

Relationships between land use, spatial scale and stream macroinvertebrate communities

1. The structure of lotic macroinvertebrate communities may be strongly influenced by land‐use practices within catchments. However, the relative magnitude of influence on the benthos may depend upon the spatial arrangement of different land uses in the catchment. 2. We examined the influence of land‐cover patterns on in‐stream physico‐chemical features and macroinvertebrate assemblages in nine southern Appalachian headwater basins characterized by a mixture of land‐use practices. Using a geographical information system (GIS)/remote sensing approach, we quantified land‐cover at five spatial scales; the entire catchment, the riparian corridor, and three riparian ‘sub‐corridors’ extending 200, 1000 and 2000 m upstream of sampling reaches. 3. Stream water chemistry was generally related to features at the catchment scale. Conversely, stream temperature and substratum characteristics were strongly influenced by land‐cover patterns at the riparian corridor and sub‐corridor scales. 4. Macroinvertebrate assemblage structure was quantified using the slope of rank‐abundance plots, and further described using diversity and evenness indices. Taxon richness ranged from 24 to 54 among sites, and the analysis of rank‐abundance curves defined three distinct groups with high, medium and low diversity. In general, other macroinvertebrate indices were in accord with rank‐abundance groups, with richness and evenness decreasing among sites with maximum stream temperature. 5. Macroinvertebrate indices were most closely related to land‐cover patterns evaluated at the 200 m sub‐corridor scale, suggesting that local, streamside development effectively alters assemblage structure. 6. Results suggest that differences in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure can be explained by land‐cover patterns when appropriate spatial scales are employed. In addition, the influence of riparian forest patches on in‐stream habitat features (e.g. the thermal regime) may be critical to the distribution of many taxa in headwater streams draining catchments with mixed land‐use practices.     

Invertebrate community responses to land use at a broad spatial scale: trait and taxonomic measures compared in New Zealand rivers

1. Large‐scale comparative studies of ecological responses to anthropological stressors in rivers require measures that are consistent across a range of spatial scales. The biological trait profile of communities offers an alternative approach to traditional measures of macroinvertebrate taxonomic identity and is less constrained by biogeographic influences. 2. We compared the capacities of taxonomic composition and biological trait composition to discriminate the effects of land use (measured as percentage of the catchment in pasture) across a large geographic zone (the whole of New Zealand) in 30 sub‐catchments grouped into five ecoregions throughout the North and South Islands of New Zealand. In addition, we investigated trait consistency (i.e. whether similar traits had similar trait responses to land use at local (catchment) and broad scales). 3. The analysis of taxonomic composition showed that community structure was indeed influenced by land‐use intensity, but that relationships differed among ecoregions. In contrast, traditional assessment metrics (Macroinvertebrate Community Index, richness in Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera taxa) and trait composition were uninfluenced by region. Trait responses were consistent at the broad and catchment scales, with similar traits responding to pastoral land use at both scales. 4. We used general linear modelling to investigate individual trait responses to land‐use intensity, catchment area and region, focussing on 15 trait categories known to be influenced by land‐use intensity at the catchment scale. Several trait categories varied with land‐use intensity and demonstrated consistency at both catchment and broad scales. Of these, the representation of shorter generation time, asexual reproduction and hermaphroditism, ability to lay eggs beneath the water surface, egg protection and respiration types tolerant of oxygen depletion generally increased in assemblages exposed to more intense pastoral land use. At the same time, the representation of short life duration of adults, prevalence of laying eggs at the water surface, sexual reproduction and low body flexibility decreased in assemblages exposed to land‐use intensification. 5. Our results highlight the value of developing predictive response measures that are relevant at multiple scales and provide the basis for new measures of river condition that are as effective as taxonomic identity in terms of response reliability.     

The integration of crop rotation and tillage practices in the assessment of ecosystem services provision at the regional scale

The provision of ecosystem services at the landscape level can be significantly influenced by land management practices. Within an agriculturally dominated case study area in Saxony, Germany, a more detailed land use classification, which includes differentiated information on agricultural management practices, was utilized within the raster-based planning support tool GISCAME. “Management” refers to typical, regional crop rotations and soil tillage practices.The focus of this research was based on an indicator-based approach to assess ecosystem services and the development of land use change (LUC) and land management change (LMC) scenarios. The EuroMaps Land Cover data set was specifically developed for the case study and included remote sensing information for the general land use classification and terrestrial mapping information. Furthermore, statistical data on detailed regional agricultural land management were included. The raster-based planning support tool GISCAME was then used to simulate scenarios and visualize results. The LUC and LMC scenarios showed that the more detailed land use classification provided better output for the prioritization of planning alternatives. Further it enabled a refined assessment of the provisioning services (i) food and fodder provision, (ii) biomass provision, the regulation services, (iii) soil erosion protection, (iv) drought risk regulation, (v) flood regulation, (vi) returns from land-based production (i.e. the market value of biomass provision), and (vii) ecological integrity. The results of this study support the view that the application of improved management measures, such as conservation tillage, can significantly enhance the provision of ecosystem services (e.g. soil erosion protection and drought risk regulation) at the landscape level. The study also indicates that a combination of strategic LUC, such as afforestation and LMC, might be an effective way to enhance regulating services with acceptable trade-offs regarding provisioning services. Our approach presents a refined foundation for ecosystem services assessment, which is designed to better support regional planning and the provision of information to non-experts in the participatory processes. For transfer into other regions, standardized land use and land management classification will have to be defined.     

科尔沁沙地及其周围地区土地利用的时空动态变化研究

科尔沁沙地及其周围地区是我国北方生存环境演变的敏感地区,也是我国荒漠化防治的重点地区之一,根据1985年和2000年2期土地利用空间图形数据,运用GIS技术和数理统计方法,通过建立土地利用变化转移矩阵和构建土地利用动态变化模型,对该地区近15年土地利用的时空动态变化进行了研究,结果发现,1985～2000年间,科尔沁沙地及其周围地区各土地利用类型总变化的面积大小依次是草地>耕地>林地>未利用地>水域>城乡工矿居民用地,其中,草地向耕地的转化和草地向林地的转化是该地区土地利用变化的主要特征,并且各土地利用及变化类型具有明显的空间变异。     

江西新建县土地利用时空动态特征分析

在RS与GIS支持下,以江西省新建县为研究区,采用与土地利用动态度相关的一系列时空特征指数,研究了1991、1996和2000年3个时间段上土地利用的时空动态特征.结果表明,单一土地利用动态中建设用地变化动态度最大;1991～2000年间研究区域综合土地利用动态度年均变化速度为0.165%,其中前5年变化速度比后4年快,为后者1.5倍多.1991、1996和2000年土地利用程度综合指数分别为243.68、244.08和244.87,稍高于全国平均水平23192.新建县1996～2000年各种土地利用类型总的空间转移量(转出或转入)比前一时段有所下降,土地利用变化逐渐由双向转移向单向不平衡转移转化.     

Comparison of land use/land cover change and landscape patterns in Honghe National Nature Reserve and the surrounding Jiansanjiang Region,China

Land use and land cover change (LUCC) determines landscape patterns and affects the ability of ecosystems to provide the services and biodiversity on which humans ultimately depend. The Honghe National Nature Reserve is a biodiversity-rich area in the Jiansanjiang region of northeast China. In this study, the LUCC and landscape patterns were compared between the reserve and the Jiansanjiang region. With remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) procedures, satellite images from 1989, 2001 and 2010 were used to calculate dynamics of LUCC amplitudes, landscape pattern index, transition matrix. The influence of LUCC on the wetland landscape of the nature reserve was discussed in the context of broader LUCC analyses. The results showed that land uses in the studied regions changed remarkedly over the time period; swamp area declined significantly as arable land increased. The ecological landscape index showed that distinct landscape patches were small, scattered and highly fragmented, moving toward a more monotonous landscape. Anthropogenic activities such as farming directly decreased the wetland landscape diversity. Furthermore, anthropogenic factors diminished wetland areas indirectly through climatic factors, namely air temperature and precipitation levels. National and regional policies on agriculture and water use have been highly influential, and the Honghe National Nature Reserve is highly susceptible to land use changes in the surrounding Jiansanjiang region.     

不同土地利用方式下沙地土壤水分空间变异规律

利用地统计学的方法 ,研究了科尔沁沙地甸子地不同土地利用方式草地和玉米地春季土壤含水量的空间变异规律。结果表明 ,草地表层、亚表层土壤含水量的变异函数均可很好地拟合成球状模型 ,具有明显的空间结构特征 ,其空间相关度分别为 0 979、0 999,变程分别为11 5 7m、19 4 1m ,分数维分别为 1 5 71、1 5 35 ,Moran’sI系数表现为在近距离内 (0 5～ 2 5m)为较强的正相关 (I=0 3～ 0 8) ,随着距离的增大 ,相关性变小 ,>5m后表现为较弱的负相关(I =0 2 )的变化趋势 ,克立格制图均表现出中央和四周高 ,西北角存在明显过渡带的空间分布格局 ,表层和亚表层具有很大的相似性。而耕地表层、亚表层土壤含水量变异函数分别拟合成线性和球状模型 ,其空间相关度分别为 0 344、0 914 ,变程分别为 7 6 7m、9 31m ,分数维分别为 1 92 8、1 6 81,Moran’sI系数分析和克立格制图表明表层、亚表层土壤含水量存在明显的差异。因此草地和耕地土壤含水量变异函数模型及参数、分数维、Moran’sI系数和克立格制图均存在明显的区别。同草地相比 ,玉米地土壤含水量空间格局特征表现为空间依赖性小 ,随机性大 ,空间自相关作用范围小 ,破碎化程度高。所以有必要采取退耕还草的措施来保护和恢复沙地生态系统的健康。     

Legacy phosphorus in subtropical wetland soils: Influence of dairy, improved and unimproved pasture land use

Wetlands provide various ecosystem services. One of these services includes nutrient storage in soils. Soils retain and release nutrients such as phosphorus (P). This dynamic can be controlled by soil characteristics, overlying water quality, environmental conditions and historical nutrient loading. Historical nutrient loading contributes to a legacy of P stored in soils and this may influence present day P dynamics between soil and water. We quantified P characteristics of wetland soils and determined the availability and capacity of soils to retain additional P loadings. We sampled surface (0-10) and subsurface (10-30) wetland soils within dairy, improved and unimproved pastures. Surface soils had much greater concentrations of organic and inorganic P. Wetland soils in dairy had greatest concentrations of Ca and Mg, probably due to inputs of inorganic fertilizer. They also had much greater total P, inorganic P, and P sorption capacity; however, these soils were P saturated and had little capacity to retain additional P loading. Improved and unimproved pasture wetland soils had greatest amounts of organic P (>84%) and a capacity to store additional P loadings. Using multivariate statistics, we determined that rather than being different based on land use, wetland soils in improved and unimproved pasture were dissimilar based upon organic matter, organic P fractions, residual P, and soil metal (Fe and Al) content. The legacy of stored P in soils, particularly wetland soils from dairies, combined with best management practices (BMPs) to reduce nutrient loading to these systems, could contribute to a short-term release of soil-stored P to overlying wetland water.     

Phytoplankton of rhithral rivers: Its origin,diversity and possible use for quality-assessment

While phytoplankton studies on large potamal rivers have increased in number in recent years, upper river sections have received considerably less attention. However, in order to better understand processes that govern the development of dominance of euplanktonic elements in the lower river sections, detailed studies of the upstream areas are necessary. We studied the composition, diversity and recruitment of the planktonic algal communities in the River Sajó and in its main tributary River Hernád, two characteristic rhithral river systems in Central Europe. Results revealed that diatoms are dominant elements of the phytoplankton in the upper river segments both in terms of taxa richness, and relative abundance. We found that composition of the phytoplankton showed the closest resemblance to that of benthic communities of soft substrates, highlighting the key role of riverbed characteristics in river phytoplankton recruitment. The occurrence of euplanktonic elements was not restricted to human impacted river segments, these taxa also occurred in pristine headwaters. Accordingly, planktonic algae potentially colonise small headwater streams naturally, although their dominance is expected to occur only at downstream reaches following impounded river segments. Diatom metrics used in ecological state assessment were calculated for the rithroplankton. These metrics fell in the range of values calculated for diatom flora on the hard substrates. However, the potential use of rithroplankton for quality assessment might be limited, because the high variability of index values at site level would result in misclassification of the ecological status.     

Impact of land use intensity on sandy desertification: An evidence from Horqin Sandy Land,China

It has been widely accepted that high land use intensity contributes to sandy desertification in Northern China. However, it is surprising that it is even not easy to find an explicit definition and proper indicator for the term “land use intensity” in the sandy desertification related literatures. To better understand the association between sandy desertification and its driving factors, especially in the context of the synergistic roles of both climatic and anthropogenic variables, an indicator for land use intensity was developed in this paper for quantifying the relative role of land use output on different kinds of vegetation cover. The results indicated land use intensity increased rapidly from 1980 to 1995, obviously decreased from 1995 to 2000, and increased slowly after 2000 as a result of the continued increase of socioeconomic pressures and the fluctuating changes in vegetative cover.An ARDL model was established and applied to analyze the correlation between the area of bare sand land and land use intensity with the influence of annual precipitation in temporal dimension. The area of bare sand land was significantly affected by land use intensity in the long run. However, in the short run, the area of bare sand land was mainly impacted by the auto-correlation effect of itself in temporal dimension and by the annual precipitation. The improvement of the sand dunes obviously reduced the risk of sandy desertification under the condition of specific land use intensity.Before analyzing the correlation between land use intensity and sandy desertification, specific skills were applied to improve the model, including data interpolation and regression verification, since there would be regression biases resulting from the acquisition and processing of time-series data of different sources. Results showed that the area of bare sand land (S_t)and the land use intensity (LI_t) were time-independent. Lag terms of these two variables were added to improve original model.Changes in socioeconomic pressures and ecological restoration projects had obvious influences on land use intensity. Along with the steady increase of socioecological pressures on land and the changes in vegetative cover resulting from various ecological protection strategies and ecological restoration projects, shifts in land use intensity followed a different trend with the population and the social-economic demands. Nonetheless, the continuous increase of socioeconomic demands will increase land use intensity in the long run, so that the risk of sandy desertification remains high.     

Aggregating land use quantity and intensity to link water quality in upper catchment of Miyun Reservoir

Eutrophication resulting from nutrient enrichment decreases water quality and harms ecosystem structure and function, and its degree is significantly affected by land use in the catchment. Quantifying the relationship between eutrophication and land use can help effectively manage land use to improve water quality. Previous studies principally utilized land use quantity as an indicator to link water quality parameters, but these studies lacked insight into the impact of land use intensity. Taking the upper catchment of Miyun Reservoir as a case study, we developed a method of aggregating land use quantity and intensity to build a new land use indicator and tested its explanatory power on water quality. Six nutrient concentrations from 52 sub-watersheds covering the whole catchment were used to characterize the spatial distribution of eutrophication. Based on spatial techniques, empirical conversion coefficients, remote sensing data, and socio-economic statistical data, land use intensity was measured and mapped visually. The new land use indicator was calculated and linked to nutrient concentrations by Pearson correlation coefficients. Results demonstrated that our new indicator incorporating intensity information can quantify the different nutrient-exporting abilities of different land use areas. Compared to traditional indicators that only incorporate land use quantity, most Pearson correlation coefficients between the new indicator and water nutrient concentrations increased. This new information enhanced the explanatory power of land use on water nutrient concentrations, and so will be able to help us understand the impact of land use on water quality and guide decision making for better land use management.     

The importance of fine‐scale predictors of wild boar habitat use in an isolated population

1. Predicting the likelihood of wildlife presence at potential wildlife–livestock interfaces is challenging. These interfaces are usually relatively small geographical areas where landscapes show large variation over small distances. Models of wildlife distribution based on coarse data over wide geographical ranges may not be representative of these interfaces. High‐resolution data can help identify fine‐scale predictors of wildlife habitat use at a local scale and provide more accurate predictions of species habitat use. These data may be used to inform knowledge of interface risks, such as disease transmission between wildlife and livestock, or human–wildlife conflict.
2. This study uses fine‐scale habitat use data from wild boar (Sus scrofa) based on activity signs and direct field observations in and around the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire, England. Spatial logistic regression models fitted using a variant of penalized quasi‐likelihood were used to identify habitat‐based and anthropogenic predictors of wild boar signs.
3. Our models showed that within the Forest of Dean, wild boar signs were more likely to be seen in spring, in forest‐type habitats, closer to the center of the forest and near litter bins. In the area surrounding the Forest of Dean, wild boar signs were more likely to be seen in forest‐type habitats and near recreational parks and less likely to be seen near livestock.
4. This approach shows that wild boar habitat use can be predicted using fine‐scale data over comparatively small areas and in human‐dominated landscapes, while taking account of the spatial correlation from other nearby fine‐scale data‐points. The methods we use could be applied to map habitat use of other wildlife species in similar landscapes, or of movement‐restricted, isolated, or fragmented wildlife populations.

     

云南岩溶断陷盆地土地利用方式对丛枝菌根真菌群落结构的影响

【背景】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus,AMF)是一类能与绝大部分植物形成共生关系的真菌,在植被演替和生态恢复过程中发挥重要作用。【目的】了解云南岩溶断陷盆地不同土地利用方式对AMF群落结构的影响。【方法】采用Illumina HiSeq 2500高通量测序技术对云南岩溶断陷盆地林地、灌丛和草地等3种土地利用方式土壤样品的AMF群落结构进行分析。【结果】草地总磷(total phosphorus,TP)、速效钾(available potassium,AK)、交换性镁(exchangeable magnesium,E-Mg)、电导率(electrical conductivity,EC)和土壤温度(temperature,T)显著高于林地和灌丛,林地总氮(total nitrogen,TN)和有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)含量显著高于灌丛和草地。TN、SOC、AK和EC是AMF群落结构最主要的影响因子。草地样品的Chao1、ACE、Shannon和Observed species指数显著高于林地和灌丛样品,尽管Simpson指数差异不显著,但是也表现出了类似的变化趋势。9个土壤样品共产生953个AMF-OTU,鉴定出AMF 3个纲4个目9个科13个属。Glomeromycetes和Paraglomeromycetes为优势纲;Glomus和Paraglomus为优势属,其次为Claroideoglomus、Acaulospora和Diversispora。Glomus和Diversispora主要分布在草地和灌丛中,随着演替的进行其相对丰度有所下降,而Paraglomus的相对丰度逐渐上升。【结论】云南岩溶断陷盆地土地利用方式的AMF群落结构具有显著差异,土壤理化因子是重要的影响因素。     

Modeling the ecological niche of long-term land use changes: The role of biophysical factors

Land use/land cover changes (LULCCs) represent the result of the complex interaction between biophysical factors and human activity, acting over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. The aim of this work is to quantify the role of biophysical factors in constraining the trajectories of land abandonment and urbanization in the last 50 years. A habitat suitability model borrowed from animal ecology was used to analyze the ecological niche of the following LULCC trajectories occurred in Emilia-Romagna (northern Italy) during 1954–2008: (i) land abandonment (LA) and (ii) urbanization (URB), both from agricultural areas (URB_agr) and from semi-natural areas (URB_for). Results showed that the different LULCC trajectories were driven by different combinations of biophysical factors, such as climate, topography and soil quality. In particular, slope and elevation resulted as the main driving factors for rural processes, while slope and temperatures resulted as the main constraints underlying urban processes. This approach may represent a conceptual and technical step toward the systematic assessment of LULCC processes, thus providing an effective support tool to inform decision makers about land use transformations, their underlying causes, as well as their possible implications.     

Fractal analysis of plant spatial patterns: a monitoring tool for vegetation transition shifts

Spatial heterogeneity, like species diversity, is an important ecosystem property. We examine the effects of land use on the diversity and spatial distribution of plants in five semi-arid communities of eastern Spain using non-linear methods to assess the spatialtemporal dynamics of plant populations. Specifically, we are interested in detecting long-term structural changes or drift in an ecosystem before it is too late to prevent irreversible degradation. Fractal analysis is used to characterize the complexity of plant spatial patterns and Information Theory indices are used to measure change in information flow with land use changes and soil substrate. We found that grazing favored diversity and heterogeneity of species distribution on the impoverished gypsum and saline substrate community, as opposed to the detrimental effect of grazing in the Alpha steppe community. Indeed, old-field succession after 30 years of abandonment showed a recovery of species diversity but not the spatial structure of the vegetation. Further, Information Fractal Dimension, representing the unpredictability of plant spatial patterns in the landscape, increased as we moved from a highly diverse to a less diverse community, revealing the change to a more scattered and homogeneous spatial plant distribution. The Information Fractal Dimension is a good estimator of ecosystem disturbance, independent of scale, and thus can be used to monitor ecosystem dynamics.     

Vegetation,land use and management of the inner-dune zone in the North-Holland Dune Reserve,The Netherlands

The inner-dune zone between the villages of Bakkum and Egmond in the North-Holland Dune Reserve is one of the few remaining examples of the semi-natural boundary between the dunes and the polders. For several centuries this area has been used for various purposes, in particular for grazing. Large-scale excavating, especially after about 1900, has encroached upon the dunes. Vegetation and land-use history were studied and a provisional scheme on the vegetation development is presented. Management policies discussed are non-intervention, mowing in order to start natural processes such as rabbit grazing, and the continuation of traditional livestock grazing. Proposals for external management policies were made in order to maintain or enhance the original transition zone, based on comprehensive physical-geographical studies of the whole inner-dune zone.     

Ecological and environmental effects of land use change in rapid urbanization: The case of hangzhou,China

Land use changes sharply under rapid urbanization, yet its ecological and environmental effects are often neglected in land use decisions. Using the case of Hangzhou, China, we analyze the ecological and environmental effects of land use changes, including ecosystem services value (ESV) and carbon emissions, based on Landsat TM images from 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2014. We found significant ecological and environmental effects of land use changes under rapid urbanization. The value of ecosystem services in Hangzhou decreased from 546.7 million USD in 1995 to 448.97 million USD in 2014, and the ratio of ESV to GDP decreased from 5.8% to 0.6%. The net carbon emissions associated with land use changes increased from 4.26 million tons in 1995 to 15.10 million tons in 2014, mainly due to the increase of built-up land carbon emissions and the decrease of forest land carbon sink. The ESV is unevenly distributed spatially and low ESV spread from the central to the peripheral area. We use scenario analysis to illustrate that economic growth and environmental protection could be coordinated by bringing ecological and environmental effects into land use decisions.