The inhibitory effects of catechins on biofilm formation by the periodontopathogenic bacterium, Eikenella corrodens

Eikenella corrodens is a periodontopathogenic bacterium that forms biofilm even by itself. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of catechins on E. corrodens biofilm formation. Biofilm formation was inhibited by the addition of 1 mM of the catechins with the pyrogallol-type B-ring and/or the galloyl group. The catechins with the galloyl group were effective at smaller doses than those with only the pyrogallol-type B-ring. An inhibitory effect was observed even when these catechins and gallic acid were added at sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) or at concentrations that showed no bactericidal effect. These results suggest that some catechins at sub-MIC might inhibit biofilm formation. No inhibitory effect of catechins at sub-MIC on biofilm formation was observed in the luxS deletion mutant. Our studies suggest that some species of catechins with the galloyl group affect autoinducer 2-mediated quorum sensing and thereby inhibit biofilm formation by E. corrodens.     

溶菌酶对微小小单胞菌生物膜的影响

目的测定溶菌酶对微小小单胞菌及其生物膜的抑菌作用,并测出最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)和抑菌率。方法采用对倍稀释的方法,测定溶菌酶对微小小单胞菌的MIC、MBC;在96孔板中体外建立微小小单胞菌生物膜模型,采用MTT法检测溶菌酶对微小小单胞菌生物膜的影响;在六孔板中建立生物膜模型,使用激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)观察不同浓度溶菌酶对微小小单胞菌生物膜作用后的变化。结果溶菌酶对微小小单胞菌的MIC为0.0195 mg/mL,MBC为0.3125 mg/mL;CLSM观察结果显示,溶菌酶对微小小单胞菌生物膜的抑制作用随着浓度的增加而增强。结论溶菌酶对微小小单胞菌及其生物膜的生长和活性均具有抑制作用。     

Effect of ovotransferrin, protamine sulfate and EDTA combination on biofilm formation by catheter-associated bacteria

AIMS: To determine the effect of a composition comprising ovotransferrin (OT), protamine sulfate (PS) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on biofilm formation by catheter-associated bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS: The in vitro activity of OT, PS and EDTA alone and in combinations against biofilm formation by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus epidermidis was investigated. All the three compounds either alone or in combinations failed to inhibit the growth completely at the concentrations tested. However, the subinhibitory concentrations of three compounds in a composition showed synergistic inhibitory effect on biofilm formation by K. pneumoniae, Ps. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis. Furthermore, 79-95% reduction in Ps. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis biofilm formation was observed in a clear vinyl urinary catheter treated with the composition. CONCLUSION: The subinhibitory concentrations of OT, PS and EDTA in a composition were effective in reducing biofilm formation by catheter-associated bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study shows that a synergistic composition-comprising non-antibiotic generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compounds such as OT, PS and EDTA may be used in the prevention of catheter-related infections.     

百里香酚联合苯唑西林对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)生物被膜的影响

【背景】耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)能以生物被膜的状态存在,从而产生多重耐药性和持续性感染。【目的】通过研究百里香酚和苯唑西林单用和联用对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的形成抑制和清除作用,探究联合用药对MRSA生物被膜的影响,为临床联合应用抗MRSA药物提供理论依据。【方法】采用微量肉汤稀释法测定苯唑西林对MRSA标准菌株USA300的最低抑菌浓度;采用结晶紫染色法和菌落计数法评估百里香酚和苯唑西林单用和联用对USA300生物被膜形成抑制和清除作用。【结果】百里香酚和苯唑西林在亚抑菌浓度下对USA300生物被膜的形成具有一定的抑制作用。在较高浓度下,百里香酚对其24 h和72 h形成的生物被膜有良好的清除作用,而苯唑西林无清除作用。两药联用对生物被膜的抑制和清除作用进一步增强,在较低浓度下有较好的抑制和清除效果。【结论】百里香酚和苯唑西林联合用药与单独用药相比,对USA300的生物被膜的抑制和清除作用增强,两药联合有协同抗菌作用。     

群体感应抑制剂对海洋生态功能菌生物膜形成的影响

[目的]研究天然群体感应抑制剂(Quorum sensing inhibitors,QSI)分子对海洋生态功能菌生物膜形成的影响.[方法]以对污损生物幼虫附着具有诱导作用的海洋细菌为目标菌,通过在其生物膜的形成过程中添加天然群体感应抑制剂,研究其对目标菌成膜细菌数和浮游细菌数、生物膜形态以及生物膜表面胞外多糖含量的影响.[结果]呋喃酮和吡啶在50 mg/L时,对8株目标菌的成膜有显著的抑制作用,抑制率在80％左右,吲哚、青霉烷酸和香豆素在较高浓度800 mg/L才有比较好的抑制活性.生长抑制实验结果显示,同等浓度下,QSI分子对目标菌成膜的抑制活性明显高于其对浮游细菌生长的抑制活性.结果表明,QSI分子主要通过干扰目标菌群体感应系统以抑制生物膜的形成.[结论]研究证实QSI分子在海洋菌生物膜形成过程中具有一定的调控作用.通过添加QSI可能能够间接抑制由生物膜诱导的污损生物附着,从而以新的角度研制新型抗污损物质.     

蒺藜中甾体皂苷对新生隐球菌生物膜形成的抑制作用

目的 观察蒺藜甾体皂苷类化合物TTS-12对新生隐球菌生物膜形成的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制.方法 光镜观察TTS-12对新生隐球菌生物膜生长形态的影响;MTT法观察TTS-12对新生隐球菌生物膜形成的影响;实时定量RTPCR观察不同浓度TTS-12对新生隐球菌细胞生物膜关键基因PMT4表达的影响.结果 经TTS-12处理的新生隐球菌生物膜结构更疏松,TTS-12可剂量依赖性地降低新生隐球菌生物膜生长动力学指标及PMT4基因表达水平(P＜0.01).结论 TTS-12可抑制新生隐球菌生物膜的形成.通过降低新生隐球菌PMT4基因表达可能是其抑制新生隐球菌生物膜的形成作用机制之一.     

Small-molecule modulators of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm development

Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne pathogen whose ability to form disinfectant-tolerant biofilms on a variety of surfaces presents a food safety challenge for manufacturers of ready-to-eat products. We developed here a high-throughput biofilm assay for L. monocytogenes and, as a proof of principle, used it to screen an 80-compound protein kinase inhibitor library to identify molecules that perturb biofilm development. The screen yielded molecules toxic to multiple strains of Listeria at micromolar concentrations, as well as molecules that decreased (≤ 50% of vehicle control) or increased (≥ 200%) biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner without affecting planktonic cell density. Toxic molecules-including the protein kinase C antagonist sphingosine-had antibiofilm activity at sub-MIC concentrations. Structure-activity studies of the biofilm inhibitory compound palmitoyl-d,l-carnitine showed that while Listeria biofilm formation was inhibited with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 5.85 ± 0.24 μM, d,l-carnitine had no effect, whereas palmitic acid had stimulatory effects. Saturated fatty acids between C(9:0) and C(14:0) were Listeria biofilm inhibitors, whereas fatty acids of C(16:0) or longer were stimulators, showing chain length specificity. De novo-synthesized short-chain acyl carnitines were less effective biofilm inhibitors than the palmitoyl forms. These molecules, whose activities against bacteria have not been previously established, are both useful probes of L. monocytogenes biology and promising leads for the further development of antibiofilm strategies.     

Inhibition of Escherichia coli biofilm formation by self-assembled monolayers of functional alkanethiols on gold

Bacterial biofilms cause serious problems, such as antibiotic resistance and medical device-related infections. To further understand bacterium-surface interactions and to develop efficient control strategies, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols presenting different functional groups on gold films were analyzed to determine their resistance to biofilm formation. Escherichia coli was labeled with green florescence protein, and its biofilm formation on SAM-modified surfaces was monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The three-dimensional structures of biofilms were analyzed with the COMSTAT software to obtain information about biofilm thickness and surface coverage. SAMs presenting methyl, L-gulonamide (a sugar alcohol tethered with an amide bond), and tri(ethylene glycol) (TEG) groups were tested. Among these, the TEG-terminated SAM was the most resistant to E. coli biofilm formation; e.g., it repressed biofilm formation by E. coli DH5alpha by 99.5% +/- 0.1% for 1 day compared to the biofilm formation on a bare gold surface. When surfaces were patterned with regions consisting of methyl-terminated SAMs surrounded by TEG-terminated SAMs, E. coli formed biofilms only on methyl-terminated patterns. Addition of TEG as a free molecule to growth medium at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0% also inhibited biofilm formation, while TEG at concentrations up to 1.5% did not have any noticeable effects on cell growth. The results of this study suggest that the reduction in biofilm formation on surfaces modified with TEG-terminated SAMs is a result of multiple factors, including the solvent structure at the interface, the chemorepellent nature of TEG, and the inhibitory effect of TEG on cell motility.     

Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation and yeast-hyphal transition by 4-hydroxycordoin

Candida albicans distinguishing features such as dimorphism and biofilm formation are thought to play a key role in oral tissue invasion and resistance to host defences and antifungal agents. In this study, we investigated the effect of 4-hydroxycordoin, a natural isopentenyloxychalcone, on growth, biofilm formation and yeast-hyphal transition of C. albicans. Serial dilutions of 4-hydroxycordoin in YNB medium were prepared in microplates to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and effects on biofilm formation for two strains of C. albicans. 4-Hydroxycordoin at up to 200 μg/ml had no effect on growth of C. albicans. Biofilm formation was strongly inhibited (>85%) by 4-hydroxycordoin at 20 μg/ml, while concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 μg/ml caused a significant inhibition of yeast-hyphal transition, as determined by microscopic observation. In conclusion, 4-hydroxycordoin exerts inhibitory effects on two important virulence factors of C. albicans: biofilm formation or yeast-hyphal transition. This suggests that 4-hydroxycordoin may have a therapeutic potential for C. albicans infections.     

A chalcone with potent inhibiting activity against biofilm formation by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), an important human respiratory pathogen, frequently causes biofilm infections. Currently, resistance of bacteria within the biofilm to conventional antimicrobials poses a major obstacle to effective medical treatment on a global scale. Novel agents that are effective against NTHi biofilm are therefore urgently required. In this study, a series of natural and synthetic chalcones with various chemical substituents were evaluated in vitro for their antibiofilm activities against strong biofilm‐forming strains of NTHi. Of the test chalcones, 3‐hydroxychalcone (chalcone 8 ) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity, its mean minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC₅₀) being 16 μg/mL (71.35 μM), or approximately sixfold more active than the reference drug, azithromycin (MBIC₅₀ 419.68 μM). The inhibitory activity of chalcone 8 , which is a chemically modified chalcone, appeared to be superior to those of the natural chalcones tested. Significantly, chalcone 8 inhibited biofilm formation by all studied NTHi strains, indicating that the antibiofilm activities of this compound occur across multiple strong‐biofilm forming NTHi isolates of different clinical origins. According to antimicrobial and growth curve assays, chalcone 8 at concentrations that decreased biofilm formation did not affect growth of NTHi, suggesting the biofilm inhibitory effect of chalcone 8 is non‐antimicrobial. In terms of structure–activity relationship, the possible substituent on the chalcone backbone required for antibiofilm activity is discussed. These findings indicate that 3‐hydroxychalcone (chalcone 8 ) has powerful antibiofilm activity and suggest the potential application of chalcone 8 as a new therapeutic agent for control of NTHi biofilm‐associated infections.     

Antibiofilm activity of coral-associated bacteria against different clinical M serotypes of Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus pyogenes is the frequent cause of purulent infections in humans. Formation of a biofilm is one of the important aspects of its pathogenicity. Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm communities tend to exhibit significant tolerance to antimicrobial challenge during infections. Exploring novel targets against biofilm-forming pathogens is therefore an important alternative treatment measure. We attempted to screen marine bacteria, especially coral-associated bacteria (CAB), for antibiofilm activity against streptococcal biofilm formation. The bacterial biofilms were quantified by crystal violet staining. Of 43 CAB isolates, nine clearly demonstrated antibiofilm activity. At biofilm inhibitory concentrations (BIC), biofilm formation was reduced up to 80%, and sub-BIC (0.5 and 0.25 BIC) significantly reduced biofilm formation by up to 60% and 40–60%, respectively. Extracts of Bacillus horikoshii (E6) displayed efficient antibiofilm activity. As quorum sensing (QS) and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) are crucial factors for biofilm formation in S. pyogenes , the CAB were further screened for QS inhibition properties and CSH reduction properties. This study reveals the antibiofilm and QS inhibition property of CAB.     

Reduction of saliva-promoted adhesion of Streptococcus mutans MT8148 and dental biofilm development by tragacanth gum and yeast-derived phosphomannan

The aim of this study was to investigate materials which reduce saliva-promoted adhesion of Streptococcus mutans onto enamel surfaces, and their potential in preventing dental biofilm development. The effects of hydroxyapatite (HA) surface pretreatment with hydrophilic polysaccharides on saliva-promoted S. mutans adhesion in vitro and de novo dental biofilm deposition in vivo were examined. Saliva-promoted adhesion of S. mutans MT8148 was significantly reduced by pretreatment of the HA surface with tragacanth gum (TG) and yeast-derived phosphoglycans. Extracellular phosphomannan (PM) from Pichia capsulata NRRL Y-1842 and TG reduced biofilm development on lower incisors in plaque-susceptible rats when administered via drinking water at concentrations of 0.5% and 0.01%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of TG on de novo dental biofilm formation was also demonstrated when administered via mouthwash in humans. It is concluded that TG and yeast-derived PM have the potential for use as anti-adherent agents and are effective in reducing de novo dental biofilm formation.     

Effects of Itraconazole and Micafungin on Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilms

Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) is the most common airborne opportunistic fungal pathogen. Biofilm formation is one of the main pathogenic mechanisms of A. fumigatus. During the past decades, A. fumigatus azole resistance has become prevalent due to the medical and agricultural use of antifungal drugs and fungicides. Until now, the role of fungal biofilms in azole resistance of A. fumigatus remains unclear. In the present study, we compared biofilm drug susceptibility and biofilm formation under itraconazole of azole-resistant strains, sensitive strains, and standard strains, separately. The biofilm viability and matrix thickness at the early and the late stage were measured by XTT assay and Calcofluor white. Our results showed that the sessile minimum inhibitory concentration of itraconazole, which describing the inhibition of drugs on fungi sessile with biofilm, was much higher than the traditional minimal inhibitory concentration of itraconazole. Additionally, low concentrations of itraconazole inhibited biofilm formation of A. fumigatus strains. Notably, biofilm formation by azole-resistant strains could not be inhibited by high concentrations of itraconazole but could be effectively restrained by low concentrations of micafungin, revealing the efficacy of a cell-wall inhibitor to disrupt A. fumigatus biofilm formation. However, late-stage biofilms of both azole-resistant strains and standard strains were hard to disrupt using itraconazole. We found that itraconazole was effective to prevent A. fumigatus biofilm formation at the early stage. For the treatment of A. fumigatus biofilm, our findings suggest that an early-stage preventive strategy is preferred and micafungin is effective to control the azole-resistant strain infection.

     

Multifactorial aspects of antimicrobial activity of propolis

We investigated the antibacterial activity of sub-inhibitory concentrations of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), and its effect on the antibacterial activity of some antibiotics. Some clinically isolated Gram-positive strains were used.

Moreover, sub-inhibitory concentrations of EEP were used to value its action on some important virulence factors like lipase and coagulase enzymes, and on biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus.

Our results indicated that EEP had a significant antimicrobial activity towards all tested clinical strains.

Adding EEP to antibacterial tested drugs, it drastically increased the antimicrobial effect of ampicillin, gentamycin and streptomycin, moderately the one of chloramphenicol, ceftriaxon and vancomycin, while there was no effect with erithromycin.

Moreover, our results pointed out an inhibitory action of EEP on lipase activity of 18 Staphylococcus spp. strains and an inhibitory effect on coagulase of 11 S. aureus tested strains.

The same EEP concentrations showed a negative interaction with adhesion and consequent biofilm formation in S. aureus ATCC 6538P.     

The Natural Antimicrobial Carvacrol Inhibits Quorum Sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum and Reduces Bacterial Biofilm Formation at Sub-Lethal Concentrations

The formation of biofilm by bacteria confers resistance to biocides and presents problems in medical and veterinary clinical settings. Here we report the effect of carvacrol, one of the major antimicrobial components of oregano oil, on the formation of biofilms and its activity on existing biofilms. Assays were carried out in polystyrene microplates to observe (a) the effect of 0–0.8 mM carvacrol on the formation of biofilms by selected bacterial pathogens over 24 h and (b) the effect of 0–8 mM carvacrol on the stability of pre-formed biofilms. Carvacrol was able to inhibit the formation of biofilms of Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, Salmonella enterica subsp. Typhimurium DT104, and Staphylococcus aureus 0074, while it showed no effect on formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (field isolate) biofilms. This inhibitory effect of carvacrol was observed at sub-lethal concentrations (<0.5 mM) where no effect was seen on total bacterial numbers, indicating that carvacrol''s bactericidal effect was not causing the observed inhibition of biofilm formation. In contrast, carvacrol had (up to 8 mM) very little or no activity against existing biofilms of the bacteria described, showing that formation of the biofilm also confers protection against this compound. Since quorum sensing is an essential part of biofilm formation, the effect of carvacrol on quorum sensing of C. violaceum was also studied. Sub-MIC concentrations of carvacrol reduced expression of cviI (a gene coding for the N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone synthase), production of violacein (pigmentation) and chitinase activity (both regulated by quorum sensing) at concentrations coinciding with carvacrol''s inhibiting effect on biofilm formation. These results indicate that carvacrol''s activity in inhibition of biofilm formation may be related to the disruption of quorum sensing.     

EDTA Inhibits Biofilm Formation,Extracellular Vesicular Secretion,and Shedding of the Capsular Polysaccharide Glucuronoxylomannan by Cryptococcus neoformans

The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans can grow as a biofilm on a range of synthetic and prosthetic materials. Cryptococcal biofilm formation can complicate the placement of shunts used to relieve increased intracranial pressure in cryptococcal meningitis and can serve as a nidus for chronic infection. Biofilms are generally advantageous to pathogens in vivo, as they can confer resistance to antimicrobial compounds, including fluconazole and voriconazole in the case of C. neoformans. EDTA can inhibit biofilm formation by several microbes and enhances the susceptibility of biofilms to antifungal drugs. In this study, we evaluated the effect of sublethal concentrations of EDTA on the growth of cryptococcal biofilms. EDTA inhibited biofilm growth by C. neoformans, and the inhibition could be reversed by the addition of magnesium or calcium, implying that the inhibitory effect was by divalent cation starvation. EDTA also reduced the amount of the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan shed into the biofilm matrix and decreased vesicular secretion from the cell, thus providing a potential mechanism for the inhibitory effect of this cation-chelating compound. Our data imply that the growth of C. neoformans biofilms requires the presence of divalent metals in the growth medium and suggest that cations are required for the export of materials needed for biofilm formation, possibly including extracellular vesicles.     

Propolis ethanolic extract has double-face in vitro effect on the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of some commercial probiotics

This study investigated the in vitro effect of propolis ethanolic extract (PEE) on planktonic growth and biofilm forming abilities of five commercial probiotics (Enterol, Protexin, Normaflore, BioGaia and Linex). Broth microdilution method was used to investigate the susceptibility of the microbes of five commercial probiotics to PEE. Crystal violet assay was used for the quantitative assessment of biofilm formation and mature biofilm eradication tests. Effect of PEE on autoaggregation ability and swarming motility of Normaflore microbes was determined. Planktonic forms of probiotics showed varied susceptibilities with minimal inhibitory concentration values in the range of 100–800 µg/mL of PEE. However, low PEE concentrations significantly enhanced the planktonic growth of Linex and BioGaia microbes. Biofilm studies revealed that Enterol and Protexin were non-biofilm formers, while BioGaia, Linex and Normaflore showed weak biofilms, which were inhibited by 12.5, 25, and 800 µg/mL of PEE, respectively. PEE revealed double-face effect on the biofilms of Normaflore and Linex, which were enhanced at low concentrations of PEE and inhibited at higher concentrations. Interestingly, Normaflore biofilms were shifted from weak to strong biofilms at low PEE concentrations (12.5, 25, and 50 µg/mL). In conclusion, PEE has strain dependent controversial effects on the planktonic growth and biofilm forming ability of the tested probiotics, although high concentrations have inhibitory effect on all of them, low concentrations may have strain dependent prebiotic effect.     

Structure-activity relationship of 2-hydroxy-2-aryl-2,3-dihydro-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidinium salts and 2N-substituted 4(5)-aryl-2-amino-1H-imidazoles as inhibitors of biofilm formation by Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A library of 80 1-substituted 2-hydroxy-2-aryl-2,3-dihydro-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidinium salts and 54 2N-substituted 4(5)-aryl-2-amino-1H-imidazoles was synthesized and tested for the antagonistic effect against biofilm formation by Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The nature of the substituent at the 1-position of the salts was found to have a major effect on their biofilm inhibitory activity. Salts with an intermediate length n-alkyl or cyclo-alkyl chain (C7-C10) substituted at the 1-position in general prevented the biofilm formation of both species at low micromolar concentrations, while salts with a shorter n-alkyl or cyclo-alkyl chain (C1-C5) or longer n-alkyl chain (C11-C14) were much less potent. Salts with a long cyclo-alkyl chain however were found to be strong biofilm inhibitors. Furthermore, we demonstrated the biofilm inhibitory potential of salts with certain aromatic substituents at the 1-position, such as piperonyl or 3-methoxyphenetyl. The activity of the 2-aminomidazoles was found to be dependent on the nature of the 2N-substituent. Compounds with a n-butyl, iso-butyl, n-pentyl, cyclo-pentyl or n-hexyl chain at the 2N-position have an improved activity as compared to their unsubstituted counterparts, whereas compounds with shorter 2N-alkyl chains do have a reduced activity and compounds with longer 2N-alkyl chains do have an effect that is dependent on the nature of the substitution pattern of the 4(5)-phenyl ring. Finally, we demonstrated that introduction of a 3-methoxyphenethyl or piperonyl group at the 2N-position of the imidazoles could also result in an enhanced biofilm inhibition.     

Zn-Fe LDHs改性石英砂生物膜体系对BDE-47的去除效果与机理

文章以四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)为目标污染物, 利用共沉淀法制备Zn-Fe LDHs覆膜改性石英砂基质, 在好氧、厌氧及两者交替条件下, 研究腐败希瓦氏菌CN32(Shewanella putrefaciens CN32) 在LDHs改性基质上生物膜形成过程及其对培养液中BDE-47的去除效果; 通过监测反应体系中Fe2+和H₂O₂浓度变化探讨BDE-47的生物及非生物去除机制。结果表明, LDHs改性不影响石英砂基质表面生物膜的形成, 但在好氧条件下, Zn-Fe LDHs石英砂改性基质对CN32电子传递链活性存在一定抑制作用, 而在厌氧条件下, LDHs改性会影响基质生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)组成特性, 使多糖占比升高。无论在好氧还是厌氧条件下, 基质生物膜反应体系中EPS总浓度均显著高于纯菌CN32体系; 且在好氧与交替条件下, 基质生物膜的形成均显著提高反应体系中BDE-47的去除效果(约25%)。在交替条件下, 前3次循环(72h内)BDE-47的去除以基质吸附为主; 72h后, 生物膜吸附与生物降解共同发挥作用, 且LDHs改性基质在后期上升潜力更大。研究报道了LDHs改性基质生物膜形成特性及其对水相中PBDEs去除的潜力, 为强化人工湿地中PBDEs生物降解提供新思路。     

Inhibition of Streptococcus pyogenes Biofilm Formation by Coral-Associated Actinomycetes

Streptococcus pyogenes biofilms tend to exhibit significant tolerance to antimicrobials during infections. We screened coral-associated actinomycetes (CAA) for antibiofilm activity against different biofilm forming M serotype of Streptococcus pyogenes. Actinomycetes isolated from the mucus of the coral Acropora digitifera were screened for antibiofilm activity against S. pyogenes biofilms wherein several isolates clearly demonstrated antibiofilm activity. The biofilm inhibitory concentrations (BICs) and the sub-BICs (1/2 and 1/4 BIC) of the extracts significantly prevented biofilm formation up to 60–80%. The extract of Streptomyces akiyoshinensis (A3) displayed efficient antibiofilm activity against all the biofilm forming M serotypes. All the five extracts efficiently reduced the cell surface hydrophobicity (a crucial factor for biofilm formation in S. pyogenes) of three M types and thus may inhibit biofilm formation. CAA represent an interesting source of marine invertebrates-derived antibiofilm agents in the development of new strategies to combat Streptococcal biofilms.