朱砂根叶绿体全基因组解析及系统发育分析

基于Illumina平台对朱砂根和红凉伞叶绿体全基因组进行测序,利用生物信息学比较叶绿体基因组结构特征与变异程度,旨在明确朱砂根（Ardisia crenata）及红凉伞（Ardisia crenata var. bicolor）叶绿体基因组特征及差异,并与同科其他物种叶绿体全基因组进行比较分析,确定其在紫金牛属系统发育位置。结果表明,朱砂根和红凉伞均为由一个大单拷贝区（LSC）、一个小单拷贝区（SSC）和一对反向重复区（IRa/IRb）构成的环状四分体结构,注释得到132个基因,其重复序列的类型与分布模式相似,但数量有所差异。其中psbA、matK、rpoC2、ropB、ndhK、accD、ndhF、ndhD、ndhH及ycf1等基因的编码区存在差异,这些位点为朱砂根分子鉴定提供新位点。朱砂根及红凉伞叶绿体基因组具有较高保守性,叶绿体基因组之间没有重排或倒置,IR区序列变异最低,SSC区变异程度最高。系统发育树分析表明紫金牛科和报春花科为两个分支,朱砂根和红凉伞归为紫金牛科,且朱砂根与红凉伞亲缘关系最为密切,从分子水平为红凉伞作为朱砂根变种提供了科学解释。本研究解析了朱砂根及变种红凉伞叶绿体基因组结构,探讨了紫金牛科属间系统发育关系,也为紫金牛科药用植物分类鉴定、系统进化及资源开发利用研究奠定基础。     

红凉伞根化学成分及抗炎活性研究

红凉伞(Ardisia crenata var.bicolor)为贵州苗族常用药,具有清喉利咽、消肿止痛、祛风除湿等功效。为研究红凉伞根化学成分及体外抗炎活性,该文采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、ODS反相柱色谱及半制备HPLC等方法对红凉伞根70%乙醇提取物进行系统性研究,结合NMR、MS等现代波谱技术分析及文献对比进行化合物结构鉴定。采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠RAW 264.7巨噬细胞的NO生成模型,评价化合物的抗炎活性。结果表明：(1)从红凉伞根70%乙醇提取物中分离得到10个化合物,分别鉴定为11-O-没食子酰岩白菜素(1)、11-O-(4-O-甲基没食子酰)岩白菜素(2)、11-O-香草酰岩白菜素(3)、6-O-(4-羟基苯甲酰基)岩白菜素(4)、11-丁香酰岩白菜素(5)、11-O-(3′,4′-二甲基没食子酸)-岩白菜素(6)、去甲氧基岩白菜素(7)、micractinin A(8)、monomethyl olivetol(9)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(10),其中化合物4、8、9为首次从紫金牛属中分离得到。(2)体外抗炎活性实验结果表明,化合物1-...     

浙江天童国家森林公园红凉伞交配系统研究

 交配系统是影响植物种群遗传结构的重要因素之一,测定植物的交配系统不仅可以了解物种的繁殖格局,而且也有助于预测生境条件发生变化(如生境片断化)时物种遗传结构的变化趋势。红凉伞是常绿阔叶林伴生小灌木,雌雄同花。采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳法分析种子萌发幼苗的基因型,结合Ritland异交率估算模型(MLT),测定了浙江天童国家森林公园红凉伞的交配系统,共采用了3个酶位点(Adh-1,Fe-2和Amp-2)。两个红凉伞种群的异交率均大于1,分别为1.055和1.159,可能是由于处理过程中将小的集群合并处理的结果,因为小集群内家系数量少,无法计算异交率。计算的家系异交率大多很大,只是在小集群内存在异交率低的家系,表明当红凉伞聚生形成的集群内开花个体数少时,异交率将降低。分析了常绿阔叶林片断化对红凉伞种群交配系统的影响。     

百两金的化学成分

从百两金(Ardisia crispa(Thunb.)A.DC.)的根及茎乙醇提取物中分离得到了8个化合物,通过MS和NMR等方法鉴定为(7S,7′R)-双(3,4-亚甲二氧苯基)-rel-(8R,8′R)-二甲基四氢呋喃(1),(-)-襄五脂素(2),(7S,8S,7′R,8′R)-3,4-亚甲二氧基-3′,4′-二甲氧基-7,7′-环氧脂素(3),异安五脂素(4),α-菠甾醇(5),26-羟基二十六烷酸甘油酸酯(6),百两金皂苷B(7),岩白菜素(8)。其中有化合物1~6为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

姜状三七根茎的皂苷类化学成分研究

为了解姜状三七(Panax zingiberensis)根茎的皂苷类化学成分,采用正相硅胶、反相硅胶和凝胶等色谱方法从其根茎的乙醇提取物中得到9个皂苷类化合物,根据理化性质和波谱数据,其结构分别鉴定为人参皂苷SL₁ (1)、人参皂苷Rh₁ (2)、三七皂苷R₈ (3)、竹节参皂苷IVa (4)、越南人参皂苷R₁₀ (5)、人参皂苷Rg₁ (6)、菠菜皂苷A 28-O-β-d-葡萄糖苷 (7)、齐墩果酸28-O-β-d-葡萄糖苷 (8)和姜状三七苷R₁ (9)。化合物1、3、5、7和8为首次从该植物中分离得到, 其中化合物5为奥克梯隆醇型皂苷,此类皂苷在该植物中未见报道。     

斑叶紫金牛化学成分的研究（Ⅰ）

采用95%乙醇提取,反复硅胶柱层析分离和光谱、波谱方法鉴定结构,从斑叶紫金牛(Ardisia punctataLindl.)中初步分离鉴定出7个化合物,2-甲基-5-[14(顺)-十九烯基]-1,3-间苯二酚(1),2-甲基-5-壬烷基-1,3-间苯二酚(2),3-0-[6'-O-palmitoyl-β-D-glucosyl-]-spinasta-7,22(23)-diene(3a),3-O-[6'-O-pahnitoyl]-β-D-sin-cosyl-pyranosyl stignmsterol(3b),岩白菜素(4),11-O-(4'-O-methylgalloyl)-bergenin(5),正二十四烷酸(6).所有化合物均为首次从该植物中获得,其中化合物2和6为首次从该属植物中分得.     

三种紫金牛属植物的核型研究

对紫金牛属三种植物进行了核型分析,其中朱砂根染色体数目2n=46、核型2n=46=42m+2sm+2st和紫金牛核型2n=92=58m+24sm+10st为首次报道;虎舌红核型公式为2n=44=40m+2sm+2st。核型分析结果显示,紫金牛属植物存在染色体数目非整倍体变异及多倍化的进化方式。     

油菜蜂花粉中皂苷化学成分的研究

油菜蜂花粉煮沸灭酶,减压蒸干,用80%乙醇提取,经AB-8大孔树脂、MCI柱和ODS反相柱层析柱分离,得到4个皂苷类化合物,通过理化方法、1H NMR、13C NMR等手段鉴定他们的化学结构,分别为:3,22-二羟基,3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-齐墩果烷(1)、3,22-二羟基,3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-[-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(1→6)]-齐墩果烷(2)、3,22-二羟基,3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-[-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(1→6)]-齐墩果酸(3)和3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-谷甾醇苷(4)。其中,皂苷1～3在油菜蜂花粉中首次报导。     

紫金牛属植物中皂苷的研究进展

近7年来,紫金牛属植物中皂苷类成分的研究非常活跃,已相继从紫金牛属植物中分离得到34个皂苷类化合物,并对其药理活性进行了研究。本文查阅了近7年来国内外关于紫金牛属植物中皂苷的研究文献,并在此基础上对皂苷类化合物的种类、结构特点、药理活性等方面进行了系统的综述,为深入研究和开发利用紫金牛属药用植物中皂苷类成分提供详尽的参考资料。     

百两金皂苷类似物的化学与药理学研究进展

对百两金皂苷类似物的化学和药理活性进行文献综述。迄今报道的百两金皂苷类似物大约有60个,其齐墩果烷三萜母核上具有多种与生物活性有关的特征取代基,包括13β,28-环醚、30-氧化甲基和3-O-糖链等。该类物质多具抗肿瘤、抗炎和抗真菌等药理活性,值得深入研究。     

朱砂根的组织培养和快速繁殖

1植物名称朱砂根(Ardisia crenata Sims.),又名富贵籽、大罗伞、黄金万两、凉伞遮金珠等。2材料类别当年生幼嫩茎段。     

Triterpene Saponins from the Roots of Ilex asprella

Six new triterpene saponins, ilexasprellanosides A–F ( 1 – 6 , resp.), together with eleven known compounds were isolated from the roots of Ilex asprella. The new saponins were characterized as ursa‐12,18‐dien‐28‐oic acid 3‐O‐β‐D ‐xylopyranoside ( 1 ), 19α‐hydroxyursolic acid 3‐O‐β‐D ‐(2′‐O‐acetylxylopyranoside) ( 2 ), 19α‐hydroxyursolic acid 3‐O‐β‐D ‐glucuronopyranoside ( 3 ), 3β,19α‐dihydroxyolean‐12‐en‐23,28‐dioic acid 28‐O‐β‐D ‐glucopyranoside ( 4 ), 19α‐hydroxyoleanolic acid 3‐O‐β‐D ‐(2′‐O‐acetylxylopyranoside) ( 5 ), 19α‐hydroxyoleanolic acid 3‐O‐β‐D ‐glucuronopyranoside ( 6 ). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by analysis of their spectroscopic data and chemical degradation. Compounds 2, 4 , oleanolic acid 3‐O‐β‐D ‐glucuronopyranoside, 3‐β‐acetoxy‐28‐hydroxyurs‐12‐ene, and pomolic acid showed significant cytotoxic activities against human tumor cell line A549 (IC₅₀ values of 1.87, 2.51, 1.41, 3.24, and 5.63 μM , resp.).     

不同磷营养水平对朱砂根和山血丹光合作用及生长的影响

朱砂根和山血丹是重要的药用植物和观果花卉.在不同磷营养水平下栽培朱砂根和山血丹,测定其光合作用、形态、生物量分配及各器官氮和磷浓度等指标.结果表明:随磷营养水平的增加,两种植物在饱和光下的净光合速率(A)和叶面积比(LAR)升高,各器官的氮(N)浓度和磷(P)浓度均有所增加,其中朱砂根对繁殖器官的投入也增加,表明磷营养水平的增加能够促进其生长和繁殖.净光合速率(A)和羧化效率(CE)的显著正相关及羧化效率(CE)与叶片磷浓度的显著正相关表明,磷营养水平的增加可能通过增加两种植物叶片中的磷浓度提高羧化效率从而提高植物的光合能力.在施磷量高于60 mg·kg-1时,磷营养增加对植物的促进作用减弱.本研究对栽培利用这两种资源植物过程中磷的施用提供了一定的科学依据.     

Terpenoids with Cytotoxic Activity from Roots of Ardisia crispa

Three new terpenoids, ardisiacrispins G-I ( 1 , 4 and 8 ), and eight known compounds, cyclamiretin A ( 2 ), psychotrianoside G ( 3 ), 3-hydroxy-β-damascone ( 5 ), megastigmane ( 6 ), corchoionol C ( 7 ), zingiberoside B ( 9 ), angelicoidenol ( 10 ), trans-linalool-3,6-oxide-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 11 ) were isolated from the roots of Ardisia crispa. The chemical structures of all isolated compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, such as HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Ardisiacrispin G ( 1 ) represents the oleanolic-type scaffold featuring a rare 15,16- epoxy system. All compounds were evaluated for the cytotoxicity against two cancer cell lines (U87 MG and HepG2) in vitro. Compounds 1 , 8 and 9 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 7.6±1.1 to 28.8±3.2 μM.     

朱砂根愈伤组织诱导及其岩白菜素含量的测定

取朱砂根(Ardisia crenota Sims．)幼苗不同部位作外植体,研究不同激素组合对愈伤组织诱导的影响,利用薄层层析(TLC)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测愈伤组织中岩白菜素含量。实验结果表明朱砂根幼苗的不同部位(胚根、下胚轴、茎及叶)均能诱导出愈伤组织,最高诱导率都在45％以上,以MS基本培养基添加2,4—D0．5mg L^-1和KT0．01mg L^-1时愈伤组织的诱导和生长最好。这些愈伤组织均有合成岩白菜素的能力,其中以胚根诱导的愈伤组织中岩白菜素含量最高,为干重的0．076％,相当于原植物根中含量的1／9。高效液相色谱定量测定法精密度高,专一性好,能准确检测朱砂根愈伤组织中岩白菜素的含量。     

Cultivar selection prior to introduction may increase invasiveness: evidence from Ardisia crenata

Ardisia crenata (Myrsinaceae), an evergreen shrub with attractive red fruits introduced from Japan to the USA for ornamental purpose, invades the understory of mesic hardwood forests, forming dense patches (up to 300 stems per m²), and competitively displaces native understory plants by creating dense local shade. Comparison of the wild genotype that grows in mature evergreen broadleaf forests in central Kyushu, Japan, with the ecotype invading north central Florida revealed how selection for desirable cultivars might have inadvertently selected for traits that enhance the invasive potential of the species. In Japanese wild populations in deeply shaded evergreen forests, natural selection apparently maintained efficient architecture with a low degree of self-shading and large seed mass to enhance seedling shade tolerance. Cultivar selection for showy appearance can explain the greater fecundity but smaller seed size observed in the Florida populations compared to the Japanese population. Artificial selection for densely foliated appearance can also explain the greater degree of self-shading and less-efficient light use in the Florida genotype compared to the Japanese wild type grown under a common environment. Furthermore, the Florida ecotype allocated more biomass to root carbohydrate storage. These trait modifications resulted in slower growth rates, but greater competitive ability to cast shade upon neighbors and higher resprouting potential in the Florida populations. How traits are modified through the processes of artificial selection and cultivation must be taken into consideration in the evolutionary ecology of many other invasive plants introduced as ornamental plants.     

不同来源AM真菌对朱砂根生长和生理特征的影响

朱砂根(Ardisia crenata)原产于东亚和东南亚地区, 现已入侵美国南部等地区。为了探讨AM真菌对朱砂根入侵能力的影响, 我们以根段接种的方法扩繁了源自入侵地美国德克萨斯州和原产地广东东莞、四川峨眉山和湖北兴山的朱砂根根系中的AM真菌, 研究了这些不同来源的AM真菌对朱砂根生长和生理状况的影响。结果表明4个不同来源的AM真菌均能够提高朱砂根的叶面积比(LAR)和相对生长速率(RGR), 而对其饱和净光合速率(Pn)、呼吸速率(Rd)、根冠比(R/S)和各器官中氮、磷营养元素含量均没有显著影响。四个不同来源的AM真菌对朱砂根的作用略有差异, 其中入侵地德克萨斯州与原产地广东东莞AM真菌对朱砂根生长的促进作用较强, 但入侵地AM真菌对朱砂根的促进作用并不普遍高于原产地, AM真菌的作用可能并不是导致入侵种群密度远高于本土种群密度的因素。     

Inferring the invasion history of coral berry Ardisia crenata from China to the USA using molecular markers

Genetic comparisons between native and invasive populations of a species can provide insights into its invasion history information, which is useful for guiding management and control strategies. The coral berry Ardisia crenata was introduced to Florida last century as a cultivated ornament plant, and has since spread widely throughout the southern regions of the USA. Previously, the genetic variation among 20 natural populations of A. crenata across its distribution center in southern China was quantified using seven microsatellite markers. Here we expand on that work by additionally sampling individuals from four other native populations in Taiwan and Japan, and from five invasive populations in the USA. We also examined the results from one chloroplast intergenic spacer region (trnF-trnL) in all 29 populations. Our aim is to identify the invasion source and subsequent history of the species?? spread throughout the southern USA. We observed lower genetic diversity in the invasive populations based on both microsatellite and chloroplast markers. Our data show that the invasive populations can be clustered with native populations in southeastern China, inferring this region as the geographic origin of A. crenata cultivars invading the USA. We further classified invasive individuals into invasive I and invasive II clusters. Nantou in Taiwan and Xihu in mainland China are the most closely related populations to those, which identify the former as potential sources for host-specific control agents. Our results, combined with the known introduction records, suggest that A. crenata was first multiply introduced into Florida and then secondarily colonized Louisiana and Texas from Florida.