Intercalary leg regeneration in the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus.

Grafting operations were performed on the metathoracic legs of fourth instar Oncopeltus fasciatus within 24 hr after ecdysis. Different levels along the tibia were combined so that a lengthened tibia, approximately 1.5 times the normal length, or a shortened tibia, about half the normal length, were created. Intercalary regeneration occurred between the graft and stump in both combinations and the extra tissue was visible on the adult leg. The intercalary regenerate produced by the lengthened tibia showed reversed bristle polarity, while that produced in the shortened segment showed normal polarity. It is suggested that a regenerate with reversed polarity represents a mirror image duplication of the graft and might originate from the graft, whereas a regenerate with normal polarity may originate, as in normal regeneration, from the stump. It appears that each level in the appendage has the developmental capacity to produce only more distal structures. This conclusion is supported by the results of a grafting operation in which a portion of the tibia was grafted back on to the stump with its proximo-distal axis reversed. Regeneration of appropriate distal structures proceeded from the free proximal surface of the grafted tibia.     

Identification of the adipokinetic hormone of the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus

Abstract The adipokinetic hormone (AKH) of the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus is isolated from an acidified methanolic extract of 200 corpora cardiaca, purified by single step reversed phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and N‐terminally deblocked using pyroglutamate aminopeptidase. The sequence is identified by Edman degradation and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight mass spectroscopy as pGlu‐Leu‐Asn‐Phe‐Ser‐Pro‐Asn‐Trp amide. This structure is confirmed by chemical synthesis and coelution of native and synthetic peptide on HPLC. The AKH of O. fasciatus is identical to Tenmo‐HrTH, a member of the adipokinetic/red pigment‐concentrating hormone peptide family that had been isolated earlier from several tenebrionid beetles. Tenmo‐HrTH causes a significant rise in the concentration of haemolymph lipids when injected into adult male and female O. fasciatus, but displays no hyperglycaemic activity. There is no indication of the presence of other AKHs in O. fasciatus. The large milkweed bug represents the first member of the seed bugs (Lygaeidae) for which the endogenous AKH has been identified.     

An energetic analysis of host plant selection by the large milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus

Summary The large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, is a specialized seed feeder that has been observed completing nymphal development in the field on only a small proportion of its potential host species within the genus Asclepias. In central Missouri only two of the six milkweed species studied, A. syriaca and A. verticillata, commonly supported nymphal O. fasciatus growth in the field. The seed of all six species, however, was equally suitable food for bugs reared in the laboratory. In laboratory preference tests, adult bugs chose to feed on the largest seeds, A. hirtella, but such a preference could not explain the observed field feeding patterns.One explanation to account for the observed host plant selection is based upon an energetic analysis. Only A. syriaca provided enough seed biomass for a clutch of O. fasciatus nymphs to develop on a single plant, and only A. verticillata grew in high enough density that a clutch could find sufficient food within the limited range of nymphal movement. These results illustrate a corollary of the resource concentration hypothesis: within a plant group whose members share similar secondary plant chemistries, the only species that will be viable hosts for a specialized herbivore are those that provide the minimal resource density necessary for the completion of nymphal development.In central Missouri, O. fasciatus has specialized on a critical resource density, not traits of individual Asclepias species. The appearance of host selection within the potential host plant spectrum is the result of a characteristic growth form, seed output, and dispersion pattern for each milkweed species that makes some species much more likely than others to produce sufficient seed resources.     

Male influence on the duration of reproductive diapause in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus

ABSTRACT. Differences were found in duration of diapause, as measured by days to first oviposition following adult eclosion, between female Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) mated with male O.sandarachatus (Say) (mean =55 days), and those mated with their brothers (mean =99 days). Under the same conditions (LD 11:13 at 23°C), O.sandarachatus pairs showed no delay in reproduction (mean = 12 days). Male O.sandarachatus exhibit greater sexual activity than male O.fasciatus , and it is postulated that this behaviour may play a significant role in determining the length of diapause in the female.     

Carbohydrases in the alimentary canal of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Adults of the large milkweed bug, oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), deprived of food for 48 hr, were fed 5% solutions of either sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffinose or melezitose, for 15–20 min. The alimentary canals were then dissected out 30 min or 1 hour after the period of feeding, and the gut contents chromatographed. The results indicated the presence in the gut of the following carbohydrases: -glucosidase, -fructosidase, -galactosidase and -galactosidase.

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Résumé Des adultes de la punaise de l'asclépiade, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), soumis au jeûne pendant 48 heures, ont été nourris ensuite durant 15 à 20 minutes avec des solutions aqueuses de 5% de glucides, comprenant soit le sucrose le maltose, le lactose, le raffinose ou le mélézitose. Les tubes digestifs furent prélevés 30 ou 60 minutes après l'ingestion des sucres, et leur contenu glucidique séparé et identifié par chromatographie sur papier filtre. Les résultats ont révélé la présence dans le tube digestif des carbohydrases suivantes: -glucosidase, -fructosidase, -galactosidase et -galactosidase.

     

Geographic variation in the effects of temperature on life-history traits in the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus

Summary Complete sets of life-history data (sufficient to construct life-tables and calculate intrinsic rates of increase) were collected at each of three constant temperatures for descendants of two tropical populations of the Large Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Although the two populations occur only about 60 km apart, they experience quite different thermal regimes, with little variation in mean monthly temperature at either site. In addition to the pronounced effect of ambient temperature on life-history traits, significant population-by-temperature interactions were observed for six of the eight traits examined. The data and the recent history of the species' distribution are consistent with the hypothesis that natural selection in the cool habitat has favored improved survival and increased reproduction at cool temperatures, with some trade-offs with respect to performance at higher (but ecologically relevant) temperatures.     

Distribution and activity of a Dippu DH31-like peptide in the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus

The milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, is a plant feeding hemipteran. While there has been much research done on the neurohormonal control of the post-feeding diuresis in the blood-feeding hemipteran, Rhodnius prolixus, little is known about the control of the post-feeding diuresis in O. fasciatus. One of the neurohormones that may play a role in this rapid diuresis belongs to the calcitonin-like diuretic hormone (DH31) family of insect peptides. In this study we demonstrate the presence of DH31-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system (CNS) and gut of O. fasciatus 5th instars. As well, DH31-like material was quantified and partially purified from the CNS of 5th instar O. fasciatus using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and monitored with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). When tested on O. fasciatus 5th instar Malpighian tubules, DH31-like peptides significantly increased the rate of secretion over saline controls. The results suggest that there is a DH31-like peptide(s) present in the CNS of O. fasciatus and that this peptide may play a role in the control of Malpighian tubule secretion.     

The distribution and function of serotonin in the large milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus. a comparative study with the blood-feeding bug,Rhodnius prolixus

The blood-feeding hemipteran, Rhodnius prolixus, ingests a large blood meal at the end of each larval stage. To accommodate and process this meal, its cuticle undergoes plasticisation, and its gut and Malpighian tubules respectively absorb and secrete a large volume of water and salts for rapid diuresis. Serotonin has been found to be integral to the feeding process in this animal, along with a diuretic peptide(s). The large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, tends to feed in a more continuous and abstemious manner, and therefore may have different physiological requirements than the blood feeder. Unlike R. prolixus, O. fasciatus is lacking serotonin-like immunoreactive dorsal unpaired median neurons in the mesothoracic ganglionic mass, and lacks serotonin-like immunoreactive neurohaemal areas and processes on the abdominal nerves, integument, salivary glands, and anterior junction of the foregut and crop. The salivary glands and crop do, however, respond to serotonin with increased levels of cAMP, while the integument and Malpighian tubules do not. In addition, O. fasciatus Malpighian tubules respond to both O. fasciatus and R. prolixus partially purified CNS extracts, which are likely to contain any native diuretic peptides. Thus, while serotonin and diuretic peptides may be involved in tubule control in R. prolixus, the latter may be of greater importance in O. fasciatus.     

Feeding, nutrient flow, and digestive enzyme release in the giant milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus

Abstract.  The giant milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus , is an intermittent feeder, spending most of its time in compact groups away from the food, with feeding bouts lasting 30–60 min. They macerate a small area of the seed with their stylets, secreting large amounts of saliva (which suspends and emulsifies the seed tissue), and quickly suck the emulsion into the gut. Therefore, little digestive activity occurs in the seed tissue. Freshly ingested food in the first gut region (V1) consists of 50% water, 46% lipid, 5% protein, and 1% soluble carbohydrates. The junction of the midgut and hindgut lacks a lumen in the larvae stages, and a 3 μL large oil drop (> 85% triacylglycerides) accumulates in the third gut region (V3). Approximately 24 h after the imaginal moult, this large volume of oil and faeces is defecated, and thereafter an oily faeces is defecated several times daily. It is postulated that the delayed egestion in larvae protects them against suffocation due to self-soiling with oily faeces. Serine proteases are absent in the gut and, instead, a cystein proteinase, inhibited by E64, is present (gut pH 6.0). High lipase activity was found throughout the gut, but only limited amylase activities. Basal levels of all three enzymes occurred throughout the gut, but at lower levels in starved bugs. Salivary gland extracts contain a cysteine proteinase and a lipase, but no amylase.     

Synthesis of 5 S and transfer RNA during embryogenesis in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus

Synthesis of 5 S RNA and transfer RNA has been shown to begin at the onset of gastrulation in eggs of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. 5 S RNA synthesis parallels that of ribosomal RNA, but transfer RNA synthesis is somewhat different.     

Utilization of sugars by the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) maintained on chemically defined diets

The utilization of carbohydrates by the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), was studied by feeding the nymphs on chemically defined diets and recording the effects of the various sugars on growth, development, survival, and reproduction. The carbohydrate utilization by the early nymphal stages was largely similar to that observed for later ones. The results showed that some dietary carbohydrate is necessary for maintaining O. fasciatus on chemical diets. Arabinose and rhamnose were of poor value, but the insect was able to utilize glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, lactose, turanose, melibiose, raffinose, and melezitose. The degree of utilization for each sugar, however, differed. Glucose promoted best growth and development among monosaccharides, sucrose among disaccharides, and melezitose among trisaccharides. The optimum level of sugar in the diet was around 4%, and a higher or lower concentration (2, 8, 12%) usually reduced growth. Viable eggs were obtained on some of the diets.

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Résumé La valeur nutritive de plusieurs glucides pour la punaise de l'asclépiade, Oncopeltus fasciatus, a été déterminée en élevant des larves sur des régimes nutritifs de composition chimique connue. Les effets des sucres sur la croissance, le développement, la longévité et la reproduction ont été établis, et ces effets apparaissent semblables chez les très jeunes larves de même que chez les larves plus âgées. Les résultats indiquent que la présence d'un sucre dans le régime nutritif est indispensable pour la survie de l'insecte. Cependant certains sucres, tels que l'arabinose ou le rhamnose n'ont que peu ou pas de valeur nutritive, tandis que d'autres (glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, tréhalose, lactose, turanose, mélibiose, raffinose et mélézitose) ont une valeur nutritive variant de faible à élevée. Les sucres qui ont donné les meilleurs résultats sont le glucose, le sucrose, et le mélézitose. La concentration glucidique optimale dans le régime se situe à 4% et une concentration moindre (2%) ou plus élevée (8 ou 12%) ralentit généralement la croissance. Les larves sur certains régimes se sont développées jusqu'au stade adulte et des ufs fertiles ont été pondus.

     

Embryology of the thoracic and abdominal ganglia of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae)

In this study, the condensation of the three thoracic and 11 abdominal segmental ganglia to form a prothoracic and central nerve mass during embryogenesis is described. During katatrepsis, many changes occur in the organization of these ganglia; this study suggests that some of these changes are caused by mechanical forces acting on the ventral nerve cord at this time. The ventral nerve cord begins its anterior migration and coalescence ten hours after katatrepsis and is completed 63 hours later. The central ganglion is made up of the meso- and metathoracic ganglia and seven abdominal ganglia. Intrasegmental median cord nuclei are shown to form glial elements in the median sagittal plane of the neuropile and in the longitudinal connectives. Intersegmental median cord neuroblasts migrate into the posterior gangliomeres but, apparently, degenerate soon after katatrepsis. Lateral cord cells bordering on the neuropile form a glial investment that surrounds this fiber tract region. Peripheral lateral cord cells are shown to form the cells of the outer ganglionic sheath, the perineurium.     

Vitellogenesis in the milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (Hemiptera). A light and electron microscopic investigation

Histochemical and electron microscopic methods have revealed that there are four types of cell inclusions in the late vitellogenic oocytes of Oncopeltus. (a) Type 1 is a vacuole which seems to be contributed from the tropharium via the nutritive tubes. It is suggested that this type consists partly at least of nucleolus-like material (ribonucleoprotein) emitted from the nuclei of the Zone III trophocytes. (b) Type 2 is lipid yolk which in early stage oocytes seems to be produced in the “Balbiani body.” In the vitellogenic oocytes these lipid spheres are apparently imported by the oocyte from the haemolymph either through the follicle cells, or through the extracellular space in the follicular epithelium. (c) Type 3 is carbohydrate/protein yolk where at least part of the protein (“vitellogenic protein”) is taken up from the haemolymph, transported through the extracellular space in the follicular epithelium, and deposited into the oocyte by pinocytosis. (d) Glycogen is deposited from the early phases of vitellogenesis. The tropharium may contribute, besides Type 1 vacuoles, ribosomes, mitochondria, stacks of annulated lamellae, and “food vacuoles” to the oocytes. Specialized cells which line the tropharium and send projections toward the trophic core have been called “peripheral trophocytes.” Contrary to the regular trophocytes, they contain glycogen and an abundance of Golgi complexes.