The complete mitochondrial genome of the rockfish Sebastes schlegeli (Scorpaeniformes, Scorpaenidae)

We isolated rockfish Sebastes schlegeli mitochondrial DNA by long-polymerase chain reaction (Long-PCR) with conserved primers, and sequenced it by primer walking using flanking sequences as sequencing primers. S. schlegeli mitochondrial DNA consists of 16,526 bp and its structural organization is conserved in comparison with other fish. Using mitochondrial control region sequences, we compared related species from the genus Sebastes (Scorpaeniformes, Scorpaenidae), showing the similarity of S. schlegeli isolated from Korean and Japanese waters. In this paper, we report the basic characteristics of the S. schlegeli mitochondrial genome including structural organization, base composition of rRNAs and the tRNAs and protein-encoding genes, and characteristics of mitochondrial tRNAs. These findings are applicable to aquaculture and to molecular phylogenetics in the genus Sebastes.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Korean soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis (Testudines, Trionychidae).

We isolated Korean soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, mitochondrial DNA by long-polymerase chain reaction (long-PCR) with conserved primers and sequenced this mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) with primer walking using flanking sequences. The P. sinensis mitochondrial DNA has 17,042 bp and its structural organization is conserved compared to those of other reptiles and mammals. To unveil the phylogenetic relationship of the turtles, we used the NJ, MP, and ML analysis methods after inferring those sequences from the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. We also compared two P. sinensis variants from Korea and China using the mitochondrial genome. In this study, we report the basic characteristics of the P. sinensis mitochondrial genome, including structural organization and base composition of the rRNAs, tRNAs and protein-coding genes, as well as characteristics of tRNAs. These features are applicable for the study of phylogenetic relationships in turtles.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the floating goby, Gymnogobius petschiliensis (Perciformes, Gobiidae)

We isolated floating goby Gymnogobius petschiliensis mitochondrial DNA by long-polymerase chain reaction (Long-PCR) with conserved primers, and sequenced the mitogenome by primer walking using flanking sequences. The G. petschiliensis mitochondrial DNA has 16,424 bp and its structural organization is similar to the mitochondrial DNAs of other fish, and mammals. We analyzed phylogenetic relationships derived from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. We report the basic characteristics of the G. petschiliensis mitochondrial genome including its structural organization and the base composition of the rRNAs, tRNAs and protein-coding genes as well as characteristics of tRNAs. These features are used to analyze phylogenetic relationship among the 60 species of the genus Gymnogobius.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the rayfish Raja porosa (Chondrichthyes, Rajidae).

We isolated mitochondrial DNA from the rayfish Raja porosa by long-polymerase chain reaction (Long-PCR) with conserved primers, and sequenced it by primer walking method using flanking sequences as sequencing primers. R. porosa mitochondrial DNA consists of 16,972 bp and its structural organization is conserved in comparison with other fishes and mammals. Based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) sequence, the phylogenetic position of R. porosa among cartilaginous fishes was inferred using different phylogenetic methods (ML-based quartet puzzling, Neighbor-joining (NJ) and Bayesian approaches). In this paper, we report the characteristics of the R. porosa mitochondrial genome including structural organization, base composition of rRNAs, tRNAs and protein-encoding genes and characteristics of mitochondrial tRNAs. These findings are applicable to comparative mitogenomics of R. porosa with other related taxa.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the javeline goby Acanthogobius hasta (Perciformes, Gobiidae) and phylogenetic considerations

We isolated Acanthogobius hasta mitochondrial DNA by long-polymerase chain reaction (long-PCR) with conserved primers, and sequenced this mitogenome with primer walking. The resultant A. hasta mitochondrial DNA sequence was found to consist of 16,663 bp with a structural organization conserved relative to that of other fish. In this paper, we report the basic characteristics of the A. hasta mitochondrial genome including structural organization, base composition of rRNAs and the tRNAs and protein-encoding genes, and characteristics of mitochondrial tRNAs. These findings are applicable to molecular phylogenetics in the suborder Gobioidei.     

麦穗鱼线粒体基因组序列测定及分析

利用麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva和相关鱼类的部分线粒体基因序列,设计出2对长批引物和30对短批引物,采用基于长PCR的2次PCR扩增法测定并注释麦穗鱼线粒体基因组全序列。结果表明,麦穗鱼线粒体基因组长16600bp,A+T含量为58.9%,37个基因位置及组成与其它硬骨鱼一致,均由13个蛋白编码基因、22个tRNA、2个rRNA基因和1个控制区(D-loop)组成。其中L链仅含8个tRNA(Pro、T yr、Ser、Ala、Asn、Cys、Glu、Gln)及ND6基因,其余基因皆由H链编码。基因排列紧密,间隔序列共计13处64bp,长度从1～32bp不等;基因重叠区7处23bp,重叠碱基数在1～7bp之间。13个蛋白编码基因中,除COI起始密码子为GTG外,其余均以ATG为起始密码子;有8个基因(ND1、ND2、COI、ATP6、ATP8、ND4L、ND5、ND6)3’端有完全的TAA或TAG终止密码子,其它5个基因终止密码子为不完整的TA(ND3和ND4)或T(COⅡ,COⅢ,Cyt b)。除tRNASer(AGY)外,其余21个tRNA基因的二级结构均为典型的三叶草结构。预测的lrRNA二级结构共有6个结构域,53个茎环结构,srRNA二级结构包含43个茎环结构。控制区(D-loop)存在3个结构区:终止序列区(TAS)、中央保守区(CSB-F、CSB-D)和保守序列区(CSB-1、CSB-2、CSB-3),其中TAS与DNA复制终止相关,出现茎环结构。     

Mitochondrial DNA in the sea urchin Arbacia lixula: evolutionary inferences from nucleotide sequence analysis.

From the stirodont Arbacia lixula we determined the sequence of 5,127 nucleotides of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encompassing 18 tRNAs, two complete coding genes, parts of three other coding genes, and part of the 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The sequence confirms that the organization of mtDNA is conserved within echinoids. Furthermore, it underlines the following peculiar features of sea urchin mtDNA: the clustering of tRNAs, the short noncoding regulatory sequence, and the separation by the ND1 and ND2 genes of the two rRNA genes. Comparison with the orthologous sequences from the camarodont species Paracentrotus lividus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus revealed that (1) echinoids have an extra piece on the amino terminus of the ND5 gene that is probably the remnant of an old leucine tRNA gene; (2) third-position codon nucleotide usage has diverged between A. lixula and the camarodont species to a significant extent, implying different directional mutational pressures; and (3) the stirodont-camarodont divergence occurred twice as long ago as did the P. lividus-S. purpuratus divergence.     

背瘤丽蚌F型线粒体基因组全序列分析

部分双壳贝类的线粒体遗传方式是特殊的双重单亲遗传方式:F型存在于雌性体细胞组织和性腺中,M型仅存在于雄性个体的性腺中。通过LA-PCR扩增、SHOT-GUN测序、软件拼接获得背瘤丽蚌(Lamprotula leai)F型线粒体基因组全序列。线粒体基因组全长为16530 bp,包括13个蛋白质编码基因,22个tRNA其中包括2个tRNA^Ser和2个tRNA^Leu,2个SrRNA及27个长度不等的非编码区,最长的两个非编码区分别为969 bp、228 bp。比较分析已登录到GenBank中的淡水蚌类F型线粒体结构特征,结果显示背瘤丽蚌F型A+T含量为60.28%,表现出A+T偏好性,淡水蚌类线粒体基因组长度的差异主要表现为非编码区长度的差异。此外,背瘤丽蚌mtDNA的COⅡ-12S rRNA区域基因排列存在差异,是ND3、tRNA^His、tRNA^Ala、tRNA^Ser1、tRNA^Ser2、tRNA^Glu、ND2、tRNA^Met 8个基因发生重排造成。F型线粒体序列构建的系统进化树中,淡水蚌类和海水双壳贝类分别聚为一支。研究结果为进一步研究淡水珍珠蚌的DUI线粒体遗传方式和种质资源保护奠定基础,为双壳贝类mtDNA基因重排提供依据。     

Complete mitochondrial genome of Odontobutis haifengensis (Perciformes,Odontobutiae): A unique rearrangement of tRNAs and additional non-coding regions identified in the genus Odontobutis

Herein, the complete mitochondrial genome of Odontobutis haifengensis was sequenced for the first time. The O. haifengensis mitogenome was 17,016 bp in length and included 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and a control region (CR). The genome organization, base composition, codon usage, and gene rearrangement was similar to other Odontobutis species. Furthermore, a tRNA gene rearrangement within the SLH cluster was found to be identical to other Odontobutis species. Moreover, the gene order and the positions of additional intergenic non-coding regions suggests that the observed unique gene rearrangement resulted from a tandem duplication and random loss of large-scale gene regions. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis showed that Odontobutis species form a monophyletic clade due to the conserved mitochondrial gene rearrangement. This study provides useful information that aids in a better understanding of mitogenomic diversity and evolutionary patterns of Odontobutidae species.     

池蝶蚌线粒体基因组全序列分析

采用普通PCR扩增、SHOT-GUN测序、软件拼接首次获得了池蝶蚌（Hyriopsis schlegelii）线粒体基因组全序列。线粒体基因组全长为15939 bp,由13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个SrRNA基因和28个长度为1393 bp的非编码区组成;除ND3-ND5、ND4L、ATP6、ATP8、COX1-COX3、tRNA-D、tRNA-H之外,其他大多数基因在L链编码。池蝶蚌线粒体全基因组序列、蛋白编码基因、tRNA基因、rRNA基因及非编码区的A+T含量分别为60.36%、59.84%、61.7%、60.23%及62.5%,与其他淡水蚌类一致,均表现出A+T偏好性,淡水蚌类线粒体基因组长度的差异主要表现在非编码区长度的差异。池蝶蚌mtDNA的COX2-12SrRNA区域基因排列存在差异,是ND3、tRNAHis、tRNAAla、tRNASer1、tRNASer2、tRNAGlu、ND2、tRNAMet 8个基因发生重组造成。22个tRNA基因都具有典型的三叶草二级结构,tRNA-E与 tRNA-W间的非编码区含有一个ORF区,而控制区并未发现。从GenBank上下载的14种双壳纲贝类的mtDNA序列构建的系统进化树,显示池蝶蚌与三角帆蚌亲缘关系最近。研究结果为淡水珍珠蚌线粒体基因重排及进化特征提供理论依据。       

中华雏蝗（Chorthippus chinensis Tarb）线粒体基因组分析

采用Lon-PCR扩增线粒体全基因组和保守引物步移法结合克隆方法测定并拼接获得了中华雏蝗（Chorthippus chinensis Tarb）线粒体基因组全序列．序列的注释和分析结果表 明,中华雏蝗线粒体基因组序列全长15 599 bp,共有13个编码蛋白质基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和1个A+T富集区．基因顺序与非洲飞蝗（Locusta migratoria）相同,也发生了2个 tRNA Asp(D)和tRNALys(K)的倒置．13个编码蛋白质基因都使用了ATN作为起始密码子．除ND1以TAG和ND5的终止密码子为不完全的T外,其余11个编码蛋白质基因的终止密码子都为完整的TAA．6种直翅类昆虫13个蛋白质的氨基酸序列的联合数据集构建的系统树与形态分类系统一致,中华雏蝗与非洲飞蝗为姐妹群,并与东方蝼蛄构成一单系群．     

Genetic characterization of the mitochondrial DNA from Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Crustacea; Copepoda). A new gene organization revealed

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, is 15445 bp. It includes the genes coding for cytochrome B (Cyt B), ATPase subunit 6 and 8 (A6 and A8), NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1-6 and 4L (ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, ND5 and ND6), cytochrome c oxidase subunits I-III (COI, COII and COIII), two rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) and 22 tRNAs. Two copies of tRNA-Lys are present in the mtDNA of L. salmonis, while tRNA-Cys was not identified. Both DNA strands contain coding regions in the salmon louse, in contrast to the other copepod characterized Tigriopus japonicus, but only a few genes overlap. In vertebrates, ND4 and ND4L are transcribed as one bicistronic mRNA, and are therefore localized together. The same organization is also found in crustaceans, with the exceptions of T. japonicus, Neocalanus cristatus and L. salmonis that deviate from this pattern. Another exception of the L. salmonis mtDNA is that A6 and A8 do not overlap, but are separated by several genes. The protein-coding genes have a bias towards AT-rich codons. The mitochondrial gene order in L. salmonis differs significantly from the copepods T. japonicus, Eucalanus bungii, N. cristatus and the other 13 crustaceans previously characterized. Furthermore, the mitochondrial rRNA genes are encoded on opposite strands in L. salmonis. This has not been found in any other arthropods, but has been reported in two starfish species. In a phylogenetic analysis, using an alignment of mitochondrial protein sequences, L. salmonis groups together with T. japonicus, being distant relatives to the other crustaceans.     

白纹佛蝗线粒体全基因组序列

通过长PCR扩增线粒体全基因组进行保守引物步移法结合克隆测序技术,对白纹佛蝗mtDNA 全序列进行了测定和分析.结果表明:白纹佛蝗线粒体基因组全长15 657 bp,包含13 个蛋白编码基因、22个tRNA 基因和2 个rRNA 基因以及1个非编码的控制区域,它们的长度分别是11 202 bp,1 486 bp,2 156 bp 和 728 bp.37个基因的位置与飞蝗的一致,有9对基因间存在41 bp重叠,重叠碱基数在 1～8 bp之间;基因间隔序列共计21处 126 bp,间隔长度从 1～20 bp不等,最大的基因间隔是20 bp,是在tRNALys 和 ATP8 基因之间.还对lrRNA和srRNA二级结构进行了预测,同时也对tRNA反密码子臂的碱基对类型以及不同链上蛋白编码基因的A/T,C/G组成偏向性进行了详细的讨论.     

Three divergent mitochondrial genomes from California populations of the copepod Tigriopus californicus

Previous work on the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus californicus has focused on the extensive population differentiation in three mtDNA protein coding genes (COXI, COXII, Cytb). In order to get a more complete understanding of mtDNA evolution in this species, we sequenced three complete mitochondrial genomes (one from each of three California populations) and compared them to two published mtDNA genomes from an Asian congener, Tigriopus japonicus. Several features of the mtDNA genome appear to be conserved within the genus: 1) the unique order of the protein coding genes, rRNA genes and most of the tRNA genes, 2) the genome is compact, varying between 14.3 and 14.6 kb, and 3) all genes are encoded on the same strand of the mtDNA. Within T. californicus, extremely high levels of nucleotide divergence (>20%) are observed across much of the mitochondrial genome. Inferred amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded in the mtDNAs also show high levels of divergence; at the extreme, the three ND3 variants in T. californicus showed >25% amino acid substitutions, compared with <3% amino acid divergence at the previously studied COXI locus. Unusual secondary structures make functional assignments of some tRNAs difficult. The only apparent tRNA(trp) in these genomes completely overlaps the 5' end of the 16S rRNA in all three T. californicus mtDNAs. Although not previously noted, this feature is also conserved in T. japonicus mtDNAs; whether this sequence is processed into a functional tRNA has not been determined. The putative control region contains a duplicated segment of different length (from 88 to 155 bp) in each of the T. californicus sequences. In each case, the duplicated segments are not tandem repeats; despite their different lengths, the distance between the start of the first and the start of the second repeat is conserved (520 bp). The functional significance, if any, of this repeat structure remains unknown.     

Genes for tRNAAsp,tRNAPro, tRNATyr and two tRNAsSer in wheat mitochondrial DNA

We have begun a systematic search for potential tRNA genes in wheat mtDNA, and present here the sequences of regions of the wheat mitochondrial genome that encode genes for tRNA^Asp (anticodon GUC), tRNA^Pro (UGG), tRNA^Tyr (GUA), and two tRNAs^Ser (UGA and GCU). These genes are all solitary, not immediately adjacent to other tRNA or known protein coding genes. Each of the encoded tRNAs can assume a secondary structure that conforms to the standard cloverleaf model, and that displays none of the structural aberrations peculiar to some of the corresponding mitochondrial tRNAs from other eukaryotes. The wheat mitochondrial tRNA sequences are, on average, substantially more similar to their eubacterial and chloroplast counterparts than to their homologues in fungal and animal mitochondria. However, an analysis of regions 150 nucleotides upstream and 100 nucleotides downstream of the tRNA coding regions has revealed no obvious conserved sequences that resemble the promoter and terminator motifs that regulate the expression of eubacterial and some chloroplast tRNA genes. When restriction digests of wheat mtDNA are probed with ³²P-labelled wheat mitochondrial tRNAs, <20 hybridizing bands are detected, whether enzymes with 4 bp or 6 bp recognition sites are used. This suggests that the wheat mitochondrial genome, despite its large size, may carry a relatively small number of tRNA genes.     

Complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Tetrahymena pyriformis and comparison with Paramecium aurelia mitochondrial DNA

We report the complete nucleotide sequence of the Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondrial genome and a comparison of its gene content and organization with that of Paramecium aurelia mtDNA. T. pyriformis mtDNA is a linear molecule of 47,172 bp (78.7 % A+T) excluding telomeric sequences (identical tandem repeats of 31 bp at each end of the genome). In addition to genes encoding the previously described bipartite small and large subunit rRNAs, the T. pyriformis mitochondrial genome contains 21 protein-coding genes that are clearly homologous to genes of defined function in other mtDNAs, including one (yejR) that specifies a component of a cytochrome c biogenesis pathway. As well, T. pyriformis mtDNA contains 22 open reading frames of unknown function larger than 60 codons, potentially specifying proteins ranging in size from 74 to 1386 amino acid residues. A total of 13 of these open reading frames ("ciliate-specific") are found in P. aurelia mtDNA, whereas the remaining nine appear to be unique to T. pyriformis; however, of the latter, five are positionally equivalent and of similar size in the two ciliate mitochondrial genomes, suggesting they may also be homologous, even though this is not evident from sequence comparisons. Only eight tRNA genes encoding seven distinct tRNAs are found in T. pyriformis mtDNA, formally confirming a long-standing proposal that most T. pyriformis mitochondrial tRNAs are nucleus-encoded species imported from the cytosol. Atypical features of mitochondrial gene organization and expression in T. pyriformis mtDNA include split and rearranged large subunit rRNA genes, as well as a split nad1 gene (encoding subunit 1 of NADH dehydrogenase of respiratory complex I) whose two segments are located on and transcribed from opposite strands, as is also the case in P. aurelia. Gene content and arrangement are very similar in T. pyriformis and P. aurelia mtDNAs, the two differing by a limited number of duplication, inversion and rearrangement events. Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated sequences of several mtDNA-encoded proteins provide high bootstrap support for the monophyly of alveolates (ciliates, dinoflagellates and apicomplexans) and slime molds.     

华南虎、东北虎、孟加拉虎的D-100p和ND5序列及其在系统进化分析中的应用

本文采用PCR和质粒克隆测序方法,获得了华南虎线粒体D-loop区的480bp序列和东北虎、孟加拉虎线粒体D-loop区的503bp序列;同时还获得了这三个虎亚种和金钱豹线粒体ND5基因5’端309bp的部分序列。根据D-loop序列分析,华南虎与孟加拉虎、东北虎的平均距离(p-distance)分别为0．11088和O．11087,而东北虎与孟加拉虎间的平均距离为0．00994;根据ND5序列分析,华南虎与孟加拉虎、东北虎的平均距离分别为0．11434和0．11758,而东北虎与孟加拉虎间的平均距离为0．00324。三个虎亚种的mtDNA D-loop和ND5序列比较表明,华南虎是这三个虎亚种中最为古老的亚种。     

The BAH domain, polybromo and the RSC chromatin remodelling complex

We isolated Rivulus marmoratus mitochondrial DNA by long-polymerase chain reaction with conserved primers, and sequenced it with 36 sets of internal conserved primers, which were designed from the extensive sequence similarities of mitochondrial DNA from several fish species. The R. marmoratus mitochondrial DNA has 17,329 bp with a conserved structural organization compared to those of other fish. Rivulus marmoratus mitochondrial DNA also has two nearly identical control regions. The basic characteristics of the R. marmoratus mitochondrial genome are discussed.     

Amplification of multiple copies of mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene fragments in the Australian freshwater crayfish,Cherax destructor Clark (Parastacidae: Decapoda)

Non-coding copies of fragments of the mitochondrial genome translocated to the nucleus or pseudogenes are being found with increasing frequency in a diversity of organisms. As part of a study to evaluate the utility of a range of mitochondrial gene regions for population genetic and systematic studies of the Australian freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor (the yabby), we report the first detection of Cytochrome b (Cyt b) pseudogenes in crustaceans. We amplified and sequenced fragments of the mitochondrial Cyt b gene from 14 individuals of C. destructor using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers designed from conserved regions of Penaeus monodon and Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial genomes. The phylogenetic tree produced from the amplified fragments using these primers showed a very different topology to the trees obtained from sequences from three other mitochondrial genes, suggesting one or more nuclear pseudogenes have been amplified. Supporting this conclusion, two highly divergent sequences were isolated from each of two single individuals, and a 2 base pair (bp) deletion in one sequence was observed. There was no evidence to support inadvertent amplification of parasite DNA or contamination of samples from other sources. These results add to other recent observations of pseudogenes suggesting the frequent transfer of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes to the nucleus and reinforces the necessity of great care in interpreting PCR-generated Cyt b sequences used in population or evolutionary studies in freshwater crayfish and crustaceans more generally.     

Sequence and organization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus) and barfin flounder (Verasper moseri).

In this work, the mitochondrial genomes for spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus) and barfin flounder (Verasper moseri) were completely sequenced. The entire mitochondrial genome sequences of the spotted halibut and barfin flounder were 17,273 and 17,588 bp in length, respectively. The organization of the two mitochondrial genomes was similar to those reported from other fish mitochondrial genomes containing 37 genes (2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and 13 protein-coding genes) and two non-coding regions (control region (CR) and WANCY region). In the CR, the termination associated sequence (ETAS), six central conserved block (CSB-A,B,C,D,E,F), three conserved sequence blocks (CSB1-3) and a region of 61-bp tandem repeat cluster at the end of CSB-3 were identified by similarity comparison with fishes and other vertebrates. The tandem repeat sequences show polymorphism among the different individuals of the two species. The complete mitochondrial genomes of spotted halibut and barfin flounder should be useful for evolutionary studies of flatfishes and other vertebrate species.