上海常见蚊种对犬丝虫(Dirofilaria immitis Leidy，1856)Railliet and Henry，1911)的感染试验

以上海常见蚊种：淡色庙蚊、三带喙库蚊、中华按蚊、白纹伊蚊、骚扰阿蚊和棕垲麻蚁等6咱,在相似条件下进行对犬丝虲的人工感染试验。结果证明犬丝虫能在白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊、淡色库蚊及三带喙庸蚊完垒傲育;骚援阿蚊吸血後,所有进入马氏管中的微丝蚴全成角質化,不能发育;棕尾麾蚊不能吸血,无法观察。各试验种中以感染率论,淡色庙蚊最高,中摹按蚊和白纹伊蚊次之,三带喙庵蚊最低。以发育率论,中华按蚊最高,白纹伊蚊次之,淡色库蚊和三带喙庳蚊最低。以蚊虫存活率论,淡色库蚊和白纹伊蚊最高,三带喙应蚊次之,中莘按蚊最低。根攘Kartman氏(1954)所建议的实验戚染指敷比较各蚊种的感受力,试验蚊植中以白纹伊蚊最高,淡色库蚊和中华按蚊次之,三带喙库蚊最低。各蚊种的吸犬血率,在实验室条件下,以白纹伊蚊为最高,中华按蚊次之,三带喙库蚊及骚扰阿蚊及淡色库蚊次之。上述试验结果指出四种蚊虫中,以白牧伊蚊为最適宜的试验媒介,也可能是自然媒介;中华按蚊灾之,其他二种库蚊更次之,似不重要。     

绿僵菌侵染对椰心叶甲酚氧化酶活性的影响

对椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)成虫血淋巴中酚氧化酶的特性进行分析,并研究绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae)侵染对血浆甲酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示,椰心叶甲成虫的血浆及血细胞裂解液中均检测到酚氧化酶活性,且昆布多糖及胰蛋白酶可显著提高其活性。绿僵菌MA-4侵染组在侵染后第1至第5d的血浆酚氧化酶活性高于未侵染组(P<0.05),但是椰心叶甲成虫体内注射10μg昆布多糖后,侵染组的酚氧化酶活性显著低于未侵染组(P<0.05),表明绿僵菌一方面对可激活椰心叶甲的酚氧化酶原激活系统,另一方面又可抑制昆布多糖对椰心叶甲酚氧化酶原激活系统的诱导作用。     

椿叶花椒果实精油对两种蚊虫的生物活性及成分分析

为筛选环保型的植物源灭蚊活性物质, 研究了椿叶花椒 Zanthoxylum ailanthoides 果实精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus成蚊的熏杀活性, 并测试了精油对这两种蚊幼虫的毒杀效果。此外, 采用GC-MS分析了该精油的化学成分。 结果表明：在102.145 μg·cm^-3熏杀剂量下, 精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊成蚊的KT50值分别为2.788和3.505 min, 24 h致死率分别为100%和97.53%。该精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊4龄幼虫的LC50值分别为45.237和20.759 mg·L^-1。从椿叶花椒果实精油中共鉴定出14种化合物, 其中2-十一酮为主要成分, 相对含量为89.86%。结果说明椿叶花椒果实精油对两种蚊虫均有明显的杀虫活性, 具有开发成植物源灭蚊剂的潜力。     

几种驱避化合物对白纹伊蚊寄主搜寻能力的影响

研究了白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus在含不同浓度的驱避化合物的空间内停留不同时间后,对其寄主搜寻能力的影响。结果显示：在密闭空间中, 分别以0.013～0.500 μg/cm³浓度的柠檬醛、丁香酚、芳樟醇、香叶醇、茴香醛处理白纹伊蚊24～96 h后,试蚊均出现不同程度的定向寄主抑制,其中以茴香醛及香叶醇抑制效果最佳,但香茅醛各处理组试蚊均未受到影响。白纹伊蚊搜寻定向寄主能力受到抑制的个体,在实验室正常饲养后,可逐渐恢复;但茴香醛0.250 μg/cm³处理试虫96 h后,一直未能恢复正常的吸血行为。研究结果提示,茴香醛与香叶醇作为优良的空间驱避剂,在白纹伊蚊防控技术领域可发挥重要作用。     

保幼激素类似物及蜕皮甾类对亚洲玉米螟幼虫酚氧化酶活性的影响

分别用1 μg/头、0.1 μg/头和0.01 μg/头浓度的保幼激素类似物methoprene（蒙五一五）体外处理亚洲玉米螟5龄幼虫,测定幼虫体壁组织、血清和血细胞溶离物中酚氧化酶的活性。结果表明： 1 μg/头 methoprene处理组和0.1 μg/头处理组幼虫体壁组织中酚氧化酶活性与对照组相比有显著提高（P<0.01）,血清和血细胞溶离物中酚氧化酶活性也显著上升（P<0.01）。将含有20-羟基蜕皮酮的人工饲料饲喂亚洲玉米螟5龄幼虫,处理组幼虫体壁组织的酚氧化酶活性下降(P<0.05),血清和血细胞溶离物中的酚氧化酶活性均低于对照组 （P<0.01）。这些结果表明methoprene可以诱导亚洲玉米螟5龄幼虫体内酚氧化酶活性的上升,而20-羟基蜕皮酮则抑制了酚氧化酶的活性。     

羽裂蟹甲草对家蝇和白纹伊蚊的杀虫活性和活性成分(英文)

为探明羽裂蟹甲草Cacalia tangutica的杀虫活性及其活性成分, 通过拌糖饲喂法和浸渍法测定了羽裂蟹甲草甲醇提取物对家蝇Musca domestica成虫和白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus 4龄幼虫的毒杀活性, 并采用色谱分离技术和现代波谱技术对羽裂蟹甲草中的化学成分进行了分离鉴定。结果表明： 该植物不同部位甲醇提取物对家蝇成虫和白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫均具有较高的生物活性。从该植物叶和花甲醇提取物中分离鉴定了豆甾醇、 无羁萜、 7 羟基 8 甲氧基香豆素、 7 羟基香豆素、 7, 8 二羟基香豆素、 瑞香素-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、 槲皮素、 山奈酚和β 胡萝卜苷9个化合物。无羁萜、 槲皮素和山奈酚为首次从该植物中分离得到, 500 μg/g拌糖处理48 h后, 其对家蝇成虫的校正死亡率分别为88.30%, 69.90%和77.04%; 50 μg/mL药液处理72 h后, 其对白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为88.49%, 72.22%和71.06%; 均与鱼藤酮差异不显著（P<0.05）, 表现出良好的杀虫活性。本研究说明羽裂蟹甲草对家蝇和白纹伊蚊具有明显的毒杀活性, 是一种潜在的卫生害虫控制剂。     

氟铃脲对斜纹夜蛾酚氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨氟铃脲对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura酚氧化酶活性的影响.【方法】应用酶动力学法,在确定斜纹夜蛾酚氧化酶最适反应条件基础上,测定氟铃脲与酚氧化酶直接作用及氟铃脲处理幼虫后酚氧化酶的活性.【结果】以邻苯二酚为底物,斜纹夜蛾酚氧化酶的最适pH 6.5,最适温度30℃.氟铃脲没有和酚氧化酶结构中的铜离子结合,而是直接与酶蛋白发生作用.氟铃脲浓度低于1 153 mg/L对离体酚氧化酶有激活作用,在138 mg/L激活作用最大,浓度高于1 153 mg/L则产生抑制作用.用46 mg/L和92 mg/L亚致死剂量氟铃脲连续处理5龄幼虫不同时间后,酚氧化酶活性均显著提高,且高浓度的激活作用大于低浓度的激活作用.进一步测定药剂处理幼虫24,48和72 h的血淋巴、表皮和头部酚氧化酶活性,随着氟铃脲处理时间延长,两个剂量的氟铃脲对血淋巴、表皮及头部酚氧化酶的激活作用逐渐增大,氟铃脲对血淋巴酚氧化酶的激活作用最大,表皮次之,头部最低.氟铃脲处理幼虫后,其预蛹和蛹酚氧化酶的活性也显著提高,表现出一定的后效应.【结论】一定浓度范围内,氟铃脲对斜纹夜蛾酚氧化酶具有激活作用.     

棉铃虫感染中华卵索线虫后血淋巴酚氧化酶活性的变化及其分离纯化

研究了中华卵索线虫Ovomermis sinensis感染棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫后宿主体内酚氧化酶活性的变化。研究结果表明,在感染后的第1天,中华卵索线虫的侵入引起酚氧化酶活性的增加,感染组酶活性是同期对照组的1.12倍; 但在随后的寄生期间,中华卵索线虫抑制了宿主的酚氧化酶活性,其中以第5天的抑制最为强烈： 同期对照组酶活性是感染组的1.52倍。对酚氧化酶进行了初步的分离纯化,纯化倍数为41.5倍,酶得率为12.7%,比活力为4 030.6 U/mg。     

灰毛豆甲醇提取物的杀虫活性

研究灰毛豆(Tephrosia purpurea)各部位提取物的杀虫活性及其作用方式。结果表明,灰毛豆对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus Skuse幼虫、菜青虫Pieris rapae(L.)、斜纹夜蛾Prodenialitura(Fabricius)幼虫和黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(Fabricius)成虫都有杀虫活性。灰毛豆种子、树皮、根皮、豆荚、枝条和树叶的甲醇提取物对白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫24h的LC50值分别是22.1,97.7,36.6,142.6,165.6和618.3mg.L-1,树干木质部没有杀虫活性;灰毛豆种子、树皮和根皮甲醇提取物对3龄菜青虫24h的触杀毒力LC50值分别是232.1,206.3和236.7mg.L-1;种子、树皮、根皮、枝条、树叶和豆荚对3龄菜青虫的24h胃毒毒力LC50值分别是192.6,168.4,249.7,524.5,1001.0,和510.7mg.L-1。在取食或接触有提取物的叶碟后,5龄菜青虫会出现取食量减少和生长发育变慢的亚致死现象。这些研究结果表明,灰毛豆除茎干木质部以外的其它各部位均含有杀虫活性成分,其作用方式为胃毒和触杀。     

济南市蚊类调查报告

1.本文报告了济南市蚊虫种类,孳生地,栖息场所,幼虫发现季节,尖音库蚊淡色变种成虫、幼虫及白纹伊蚊幼虫的密度调查结果。 2.过去在济南曾有人作过蚊类的初步观察,而此次调查较为普遍。共采获蚊类标本3属11种。其中吉浦伊蚊、拟态库蚊、二带喙库蚊、褐尾库蚊4种为济南市新发现之蚊种。其中褐尾库蚊在山东省为首次发现。 3.3属蚊虫中以尖音库蚊淡色变种为最普遍,其与居民之关系亦最为密切;次之为白纹伊蚊与中华按蚊。 4.尖音库蚊淡色变种之幼虫从5月上旬开始出现,到8月中旬达最高峯,9、10月份渐少,到11月下旬绝迹。白纹伊蚊之幼虫,8月上旬密度最高,9月中旬绝迹。各种蚊幼 之密度随雨量之增减而消长。     

PHENOL OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN ANOPHELES SINENSIS AND AEDES ALBOPZCTUS EXPOSED TO MICROFILARIAE OF BRUGIA MALAYI

Abstract Phenol oxidase (PO activity was investigated in cell-free hemolymph collected from Anopheles sinensis and Aedes albopictlcs female adults intrathoracically inoculated with Brugia dayi microfilariae (mff), inoculated with saline alone, or from uninoculated mosquitoes. The activity of PO from uninoculated 1-day-old mosquitoes was significantly greater than those of mosquitoes on 3, 12 and 16 day. PO activity in mff-inoculated A. sinensis at 24 h postinoculation (PI) was 2–3 times higher as compared with uninoculated or saline-inoculated mosquitoes. Inoculation of B. malayi mff into A. albopictus elicited ?-fold increase in PO activity at 24 h PI as compared with uninoculated mosquitoes. Immune-activated levels of PO activity in A. alboplctus was significantly higher as compared with those seen in A. sinensis. The relationship of observed differences in PO activity to differences in immunological capability between A. sinensis and A. albopictus is discussed.     

Hemocyte monophenol oxidase activity in mosquitoes exposed to microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis

Monophenol oxidase (MPO) activity in hemocytes collected from Aedes aegypti Liverpool strain and Aedes trivittatus intrathoracically inoculated with saline alone, inoculated with Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff), or from uninoculated mosquitoes was compared using a radiometric tyrosine hydroxylation assay. Hemocyte MPO activity in mff-inoculated (= immune-activated) mosquitoes was significantly increased at 24 hr postinoculation (PI) in A. aegypti and at 6, 12, and 24 hr PI in A. trivittatus as compared with saline-inoculated controls. Baseline and immune-activated levels of hemocyte MPO activity in A. trivittatus were significantly higher compared with those seen in A. aegypti. Baseline hemocyte population levels were similar in both species, but immune activation did not elicit increases in total hemocyte populations in A. trivittatus as has been demonstrated for A. aegypti. Likewise, immune activation by the inoculation of mff did not significantly alter plasma MPO activity in A. trivittatus as compared with uninoculated or saline-inoculated mosquitoes. Plasma MPO activity in A. aegypti, however, appears to constitute a major component of the immune response. The importance of phenol oxidase(s) in the immune response of mosquitoes against mff and the relationship of observed differences in MPO activity to differences in immunological capability between A. aegypti and A. trivittatus are assessed.     

Hemocyte population changes during the immune response of Aedes aegypti to inoculated microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis

Ultrastructural and lectin-binding studies have established that the melanotic encapsulation reaction of Aedes aegypti Liverpool strain against inoculated Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) is a hemocyte-mediated reaction. Total hemocyte counts from mff-inoculated (= immune-activated), saline-inoculated, and uninoculated female A. aegypti were determined using a hemocoel perfusion technique. Total hemocyte populations in uninoculated mosquitoes were significantly larger in younger mosquitoes, but no significant change was noted as mosquitoes aged beyond 14 days. Hemocyte populations in immune-activated mosquitoes increased from 1 to 3 days postinoculation (PI) and decreased on days 4 and 5 PI. Hemocyte populations at 1 to 4 days PI were significantly elevated in mff-inoculated A. aegypti as compared with saline-inoculated controls. Saline-inoculated mosquitoes displayed little change in total hemocyte numbers from 1 to 5 days PI, and their hemocyte populations were similar to those seen in uninoculated insects of the same age. Experiments involving the inoculation of [3H]thymidine along with mff or saline alone and studies involving the administration of colchicine suggest that increased hemocyte populations in immune-activated A. aegypti are a result of mitotic division of circulating blood cells.     

Effect of gamma irradiation on the hemocyte-mediated immune response of Aedes aegypti against microfilariae

The effect of gamma irradiation on the melanotic encapsulation response of Aedes aegypti black eye Liverpool strain against inoculated Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) was assessed at 1, 2, 3, and 6 days postinoculation (PI). Mosquitoes received 6000 rad from a 137Cs source (Shepard Mark I irradiator) at 3 days postemergence and were inoculated with 15-20 mff 24 hr later. These mosquitoes were compared to nonirradiated controls that also were inoculated with 15-20 mff at 3 days postemergence. The immune response was significantly reduced in irradiated mosquitoes as compared with controls at all days PI. Although the response was significantly inhibited compared with controls, irradiated mosquitoes were still capable of eliciting a response against 69% of recovered mff at 6 days PI. External gamma irradiation did not significantly affect the proliferation of hemocytes associated with the melanotic encapsulation response of A. aegypti. The number of circulating hemocytes increased in irradiated mosquitoes in response to inoculated mff in a manner similar to nonirradiated, inoculated controls. Hemocyte monophenol oxidase activity, however, was significantly reduced in gamma-irradiated mosquitoes at 12 hr PI as compared with controls. The reduced immunological capacity of irradiated mosquitoes might be related to an interference with gene activity required for the synthesis or activation of enzymes that are directly or indirectly involved in the biochemical processes associated with the production of melanotic substances that sequester mff.     

Defense reactions of mosquitoes to filarial worms: effect of host age on the immune response to Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae

The melanization response of Aedes aegypti black-eyed Liverpool strain (LVP) and Aedes trivittatus against intrathoracically inoculated Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) was assessed in mosquitoes less than 1, 14, 21, and 28 days after adult ecdysis. There was a significant decrease in the melanization response of A. aegypti 14 days of age and older at 1, 3, and 5 days postinoculation (PI) compared to less than 1-day-old mosquitoes. The response also was reduced significantly in 14- to 28-day-old A. trivittatus on days 1 and 3 PI. Although essentially 100% of recovered mff were melanized by day 5 PI in A. trivittatus, the amount of melanin deposited was much less than that seen in 0-day-old mosquitoes. Potential mechanisms responsible for a reduced immune competence in older mosquitoes and the possible relationship to vector potential are discussed.     

Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi: inherent difference in immune activation in the mosquitoes Armigeres subalbatus and Aedes aegypti

The inherent ability of Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi (Nematoda) to establish successful relationships with the mosquitoes Armigeres subalbatus and Aedes aegypti Liverpool strain was evaluated. Brugia pahangi microfilariae (mff) avoided the immune response and developed normally in A. subalbatus exposed to the parasite by an infective bloodmeal, whereas nearly 85% of B. malayi were destroyed by the immune response. Because A. aegypti supports the development of both filarial worm species but destroys intrathoracically inoculated B. pahangi isolated from jird blood, blood-isolated B. malayi were inoculated into A. aegypti, and the immune response was compared with that observed against B. pahangi. The response against B. malayi was significantly more rapid and effective than the response against B. pahangi. Similar results were obtained when blood-isolated B. pahangi or B. malayi were inoculated into A. subalbatus. Microfilariae of both species were able to avoid immune destruction in A. aegypti if they were allowed to penetrate the Liverpool midgut in vitro prior to inoculation. Most B. pahangi that had first penetrated an Armigeres midgut prior to inoculation into A. subalbatus were able to avoid the immune response, but by day 3 postinoculation, less than 40% of the B. malayi, treated in the same manner, were able to escape the immune response. Genetic susceptibility of mosquitoes to infection by filarial worms and potential mechanisms of immune evasion/suppression are discussed regarding B. malayi and B. pahangi.     

Dirofilaria immitis: effect on hemolymph polypeptide synthesis in Aedes aegypti during melanotic encapsulation reactions against microfilariae

[35S]Methionine-labeled hemolymph polypeptides from adult, female Aedes aegypti Liverpool strain mosquitoes inoculated with the microfilariae of the filarial nematode Dirofilaria immitis were compared with those from saline-inoculated and uninoculated controls by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by fluorography. SDS-PAGE analysis of cell-free hemolymph collected via perfusion at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr postinoculation (PI) detected the enhanced expression of an 84-kDa polypeptide. This polypeptide, expressed constitutively in the hemolymph of all three groups of mosquitoes, increased considerably in inoculated mosquitoes as time progressed as compared with uninoculated controls. Moreover, the 84-kDa polypeptide was expressed at higher levels in D. immitis-inoculated mosquitoes than in saline-inoculated controls. This stimulation of de novo biosynthesis of the 84-kDa polypeptide in inoculated mosquitoes may play a role in the immune response of mosquitoes. Since it is likely that the wound healing response in insects involves many of the same chemical processes as occur in melanotic encapsulation reactions of mosquitoes against filarial worms, the preferential expression of the 84-kDa polypeptide in saline-inoculated mosquitoes seen in this study may reflect a wound healing response. The greater increase in synthesis of this protein in D. immitis-inoculated mosquitoes may reflect production of melanotic material required for parasite destruction as well as for wound healing.     

Defense reaction of mosquitoes to filarial worms: role of the microfilarial sheath in the response of mosquitoes to inoculated Brugia pahangi microfilariae

The melanization response of Aedes trivittatus and A. aegypti (black-eyed Liverpool strain) against intrathoracically inoculated sheathed and chemically exsheathed Brugia pahangi microfilariae (mff) was assessed daily through 5 days postinoculation (PI). Response of A. aegypti against exsheathed mff was significantly reduced on all days compared with the response against sheathed mff, and a significantly greater percentage of exsheathed mff were alive through 4 days PI than were sheathed mff. The melanization response of A. trivittatus was nearly 100% effective against either sheathed or exsheathed mff by Day 2 PI. When mff were allowed to migrate through A. aegypti midguts in vitro before inoculation into intact A. aegypti, nearly 94% ($\text{120}\text{128}$) of the parasites recovered had avoided the response and were developing. Penetration of A. trivittatus midguts in vitro by mff before inoculation into intact A. trivittatus did not prevent a melanization response. Inoculation of mff into A. trivittatus following A. aegypti midgut penetration, however, resulted in almost 60% ($\text{98}\text{171}$) of the mff avoiding the response and developing as normal L₁ larvae after 5 days PI. The possibility of mff acquiring host antigens during midgut penetration and therefore avoiding recognition as nonself by mosquitoes, and (or) the possibility of the midgut environment modifying or stimulating mff to inhibit the response of mosquitoes are discussed.     

Parasite-induced suppression of the immune response in Aedes aegypti by Brugia pahangi

The melanization response against intrathoracically inoculated Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) isolated from vertebrate host blood was evaluated in both uninfected Aedes aegypti black-eyed Liverpool strain and in mosquitoes harboring a developing B. pahangi infection. The immune response against inoculated mff of either species was significantly reduced by 28-47% in infected as compared with uninfected mosquitoes. Attempts to passively transfer this suppression factor(s) by inoculating naive mosquitoes with 0.1-0.2 microliter of hemolymph from B. pahangi-infected mosquitoes produced equivocal results. The role this parasite-induced immune suppression might play in aiding parasite survival in compatible vectors is discussed.     

Defense reactions of mosquitoes to filarial worms: potential mechanism for avoidance of the response by Brugia pahangi microfilariae

The melanization response of Aedes trivittatus and the black-eyed Liverpool (LVP) and Rocke-feller (RKF) strains of Aedes aegypti against intrathoracically inoculated Brugia pahangi microfilariae (mff) that previously had penetrated LVP, RKF, or A. trivittatus midguts in vitro was assessed at 1, 3, and 5 days postinoculation (PI). LVP and RKF midgut-derived mff almost totally avoided the melanization response and developed normally in LVP strain A. aegypti, and although over 90% of these mff died by 5 days PI in RKF mosquitoes, the majority of these were not melanized. A. aegypti midgut-derived mff also were able to avoid the response of A. trivittatus in 33–43% of the cases. Penetration through A. trivittatus midguts, however, did not significantly affect the ability of mff to avoid the melanization response in any of the mosquitoes examined. Allogeneic and xenogeneic tissue inplants were accepted by all three mosquito species examined. Data presented support the hypothesis that mff avoid immune recognition in compatible mosquitoes by coating themselves with midgut material(s) during penetration of the midgut in their migration to the hemocoel.