The diversity of chloroplast microsatellite loci in Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) and two Far East fir species A. nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim. and A. sachalinensis Fr. Schmidt

The genetic variability in 29 populations of Abies sibirica, three of A. nephrolepis, and seven of A. sachalinensis was studied using SSR markers of chloroplast DNA. Among ten primer pairs examined, pairs Pt71936 and Pt30204 gave stable amplification and polymorphic products (with nine and fourteen alleles, respectively). Totally, 70 haplotypes were found, 43 in A. sibirica, 49 in A. sachalinensis, and 31 in A. nephrolepis. The highest values of genetic diversity parameters were observed in A. sachalinensis, and the lowest in A. sibirica. The Siberian fir differs from Far East species by the uneven multimodal frequency distributions of allele length in both cpSSR loci, which is explained by the presence of few separated from each other dominating haplotypes. This fact indicates that A. sibirica and the Far East species have different demographic histories. In A. sibirica, the proportion of diversity between populations in the total genetic diversity, calculated taking into account the differences between haplotypes (R _ST) was 8.34 and 4.42% without accounting for haplotypes differences (R _ST > G _ST, P = 0.01). The pairwise G _ST correlate significantly with geographic distances between the populations A. sibirica and with genetic distances D calculated from allozyme data. No such correlations were found with the R _ST parameter. The results of cpSSR variability analysis strongly support the conclusions inferred from allozyme data: several geographic groups of comparatively genetically close populations are identified, which may be explained by the history of colonization of the present-day Siberian fir range. Original Russian Text ? S.A. Semerikova, V.L. Semerikov, 2007, published in Genetika, 2007, Vol. 43, No. 12, pp. 1637–1646.     

Post‐glacial history and introgression in Abies (Pinaceae) species of the Russian Far East inferred from both nuclear and cytoplasmic markers

Aim The main aim of the present study is to infer the post‐glacial history of Abies species from north‐east Asia and to test the hypotheses that coastal Abies populations suffered less from climatic fluctuations during Pleistocene glacial periods than their more continental counterparts, and that Sakhalin was a major area of introgression. Location Natural ranges of the fir species Abies nephrolepis, Abies sachalinensis and Abies holophylla in the Russian Far East, and of Abies gracilis, which is endemic to the Kamchatka Peninsula. Methods Nineteen populations were sampled for allozyme analysis. Seventeen of these populations were also screened for variation at two paternally inherited chloroplast DNA microsatellite loci (cpSSR) and variation at one maternally inherited mitochondrial marker (nad4‐3/4). Finally a subset of 11 populations was analysed with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Comparisons were made with already available Abies sibirica data. For all sets of markers, we estimated genetic diversity and differentiation using an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Population clustering was assessed with a Bayesian approach implemented in structure v.2.3. Results Among the three major species, A. sibirica, A. nephrolepis and A. sachalinensis, A. sachalinensis demonstrated the highest cytoplasmic and nuclear diversity and the most continental species, A. sibirica, the lowest. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers revealed the presence of a transitional zone on Sakhalin Island between A. nephrolepis and A. sachalinensis of south Sakhalin. The structure analysis delivered very clear results confirming the admixed origin of A. sachalinensis, with a genetic contribution from A. nephrolepis. No variation in cytoplasmic markers was found in A. gracilis, suggesting the occurrence of a recent bottleneck. Main conclusions There is a clear reduction of genetic diversity in Abies species from the Pacific coast into the continent. The higher diversity in A. sachalinensis could have two causes: a larger effective population size in the islands due to relatively stable climatic conditions and consequently less pronounced demographic fluctuations in population size and/or hybridization with continental and Japanese populations. Sakhalin Island is a major transitional zone for conifer species. Finally, the fir from Kamchatka, A. gracilis, should be regarded as a separate species closely related to the A. nephrolepis–A. sachalinensis complex.     

珍稀濒危植物长白松(Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis)天然种群生存压力

为了揭示珍稀濒危植物长白松（Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis）天然种群生存压力状况,在全面调查长白山国家级自然保护区长白松分布的基础上,基于邻体干扰模型,引入树高、冠幅、方位等因子,提出3种生存压力指数：个体生存压力指数、种群生存压力指数和群落生存压力指数,分析天然长白松所处6种群落类型中的生存压力。结果表明：长白松承受群落生存压力（PI）从大到小依次为：白桦-臭冷杉群落（PI=21.532）、红松-长白松群落（PI=14.185）、白桦群落（PI=13.262）、臭冷杉-长白松群落（PI=8.752）、长白落叶松-鱼鳞云杉群落（PI=7.780）和蒙古栎群落（PI=5.440）。多重比较单向方差分析表明,6种群落类型中长白松生存压力总体上差异明显,白桦-臭冷杉群落中长白松生存压力最大,显著高于其他5种群落;竞争树种主要为长白落叶松、红松、长白松、山杨和白桦,这5个树种生存压力大小占群落生存压力的87%;红松-长白松群落和白桦群落中长白松生存压力无明显差异,但显著高于臭冷杉-长白松群落、长白落叶松-鱼鳞云杉群落和蒙古栎群落;臭冷杉-长白松群落、长白落叶松-鱼鳞云杉群落和蒙古栎群落中长白松生存压力相对较小,彼此无明显差异。长白松生存压力与其所处植物群落演替阶段及其龄级结构有关。目前,保护区采取严格保护和管理方式不完全有利于长白松种群的稳定发展。根据长白松种群所处的植物群落生境特点、种群生存压力状况并结合种群年龄结构特征,针对不同群落类型提出相应抚育措施建议以期为长白松天然种群的保护提供参考。     

Secondary metabolite profiling of Alternaria dauci, A. porri, A. solani, and A. tomatophila

Chemotaxonomy (secondary metabolite profiling) has been shown to be of great value in the classification and differentiation in Ascomycota. However, few studies have investigated the use of metabolite production for classification and identification purposes of plant pathogenic Alternaria species. The purpose of the present study was to describe the methodology behind metabolite profiling in chemotaxonomy using A. dauci, A. porri, A. solani, and A. tomatophila strains as examples of the group. The results confirmed that A. dauci, A. solani, and A. tomatophila are three distinct species each with their own specific metabolite profiles, and that A. solani and A. tomatophila both produce altersolanol A, altertoxin I, and macrosporin. By using automated chemical image analysis and other multivariate statistic analyses, three sets of species-specific metabolites could be selected, one each for A. dauci, A. solani, and A. tomatophila.     

Morphological and molecular confirmation of Albugo resedae (Albuginales; Oomycota) as a distinct species from A. candida

The genus Albugo s.str. causes white blister rust on four families of the Brassicales, Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Cleomaceae, and Resedaceae. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed that several host specific lineages are present within Albugo on Brassicales, while it was also confirmed that Albugo candida has an exceptionally wide host range which extends from Brassicaceae to Cleomaceae and Capparaceae. The Albugo species infecting the Resedaceae was attributed in monographic studies as well as local floras to either A. resedae or, applying a broader species concept, to A. candida. In the present study, A. resedae specimens were morphologically and molecularly compared to the five Albugo species so far confirmed from Brassicales, A. candida, A. koreana, A. laibachii, A. lepidii, and A. voglmayrii. Both morphological differences of oospore ornamentation and phylogenetic analysis of cox2 mtDNA sequences provided evidence that A. resedae is distinct from A. candida and from the additional four species so far described from Brassicaceae. It thus seems possible that so far unknown factors restrict Albugo candida to Brassicaceae and its sister families, Cleomaceae and Capparaceae.     

The type species of Apiognomonia, A. veneta, with its Discula anamorph is distinct from A. errabunda

Species of Apiognomonia with their Discula anamorphic states in the Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, are known throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere and cause diseases such as sycamore or plane tree anthracnose. The genus Apiognomonia was described based on A. veneta as the type species; however, there has been disagreement about whether or not A. veneta is a synonym of A. errabunda. Using morphological, ecological, and DNA sequence data we conclude that A. errabunda and A. veneta are different species, although very closely related; thus, A. veneta is the correct name for the type species of Apiognomonia. This conclusion is based on a combined analysis of sequences from the ITS regions of nuclear rDNA for 51 isolates from host plants of eight genera and intron regions from actin, calmodulin and translation elongation factor 1-alpha for over 25 isolates. The type species of the genus Discula is D. nervisequa, the earliest available epithet for D. platani, the lectotype of Discula. D. nervisequa is the anamorph of A. veneta. Based on an examination of the type specimen, we determined that the commonly used name for the anamorph of A. errabunda, D. umbrinella, refers to another species. A. veneta and A. errabunda including their anamorphs are described and illustrated. An account of all synonyms and excluded synonyms is presented.     

豚草和三裂叶豚草不同植株部位种子萌发与入侵扩散关系

豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifoliaLinn.)和三裂叶豚草(A. trifidaLinn.)是我国恶性入侵物种,分布常呈高密度单一种群,且结实量庞大。探讨二者不同植株部位种子萌发(休眠)与扩散特点,对了解二者入侵机制具有重要意义。以新疆伊犁新源县发生的豚草和三裂叶豚草为材料,在种子成熟期,根据植株高度、枝条长度,按比例从上到下分为9个部位,对不同植株部位种子的形态特征、数量和萌发特性进行比较,分析这两种植物不同植株部位种子萌发与扩散的共性和差异性,研究二者种群密度调节和入侵的关系。结果表明:1)两个物种内不同植株部位间种子的长、宽、百粒重无显著差异,但三裂叶豚草种子的长度和宽度分别是豚草的2—3倍,百粒重高7倍。结合两个物种在伊犁地区分布差异,认为种子大小是两个物种分布区域性差异的原因之一。2)豚草和三裂叶豚草植株外部的上顶、中顶、上中部位种子数占植株总种子数量的50%,中中、下顶占比约23%,而下部的上基、中基、下中、下基的种子数占比约27%,表明当年生产的种子有近73%的比例具有远距离扩散的潜力。3)豚草和三裂叶豚草不同植株部位种子的萌发率具有上端中端下端的趋势;初始萌发时间为下端中端上端;萌发持续时间为上端中端下端。这种萌发方式避免了同一生长季大批种子同时萌发有可能导致高密度死亡的风险。基于上述研究分析,认为豚草和三裂叶豚草不同植株部位种子具有不同的适应功能。其中,上部所产生的种子具较强的扩散能力和低休眠性,有利于两物种快速占据新生境并扩大种群;而中、下部位的种子在母株周围就近扩散,翌年萌发率低,缓解了种群竞争。豚草和三裂叶豚草不同植株部位生产的种子特性和萌发差异是两个物种进行种群密度调节和扩散入侵的重要原因。     

Comparative studies on morphology, ITS sequence and protein profile of Alexandrium tamarense and A. catenella isolated from the China Sea

The Alexandrium tamarense species complex is a closely related cosmopolitan toxigenic group of morphology-based species, including A. tamarense, A. catenella and A. fundyense. This study investigated the morphology, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence and protein profile of A. tamarense and A. catenella grown in the same culture conditions using a combination of scanning electronic microscope (SEM), molecular and proteomic approaches. The results showed that all Alexandrium strains had the plate formula of Po, 4′, 6″, 6C, 8S, 5″′, 2″″. The ventral pore, a key conventional morphological feature to discriminate A. tamarense and A. catenella, was usually present in the first apical plate of ten A. tamarense strains, however, it was found to be absent in some cells of one Alexandrium strain, ATGX01. A. tamarense and A. catenella shared an identical ITS sequence with a minor variation at intraspecific level. Protein profiles of A. catenella DH01 and A. tamarense DH01, isolated from the same region of the East China Sea, showed no significant difference, the similarity of protein profiles of the two species reached 99% with a few proteins unique to one or the other. The present results suggest that the ventral pore is not a consistent morphological feature in the Alexandrium genus, and that A. tamarense and A. catenella are conspecific and should be redesignated to one species.     

白马雪山云南黄芪与灰毛康定黄芪根际微生物物种多样性及抗生物膜活性菌株筛选

【背景】细菌生物膜是造成病原菌耐药性增强和持续感染的主要因素,但目前尚无针对抗菌膜的特效药物。特境植物根际微生物可产生大量具有提高宿主免疫功能的活性成分,极具抗生物膜药源开发潜力。【目的】了解滇西北高寒特境白马雪山分布的云南黄芪与灰毛康定黄芪植物根际微生物的物种多样性,并对可培养菌株进行抑菌与抗生物膜活性筛选。【方法】采用宏基因组技术结合传统微生物培养方法,对采自我国云南迪庆藏族自治州德钦县白马雪山的云南黄芪与灰毛康定黄芪的根际微生物进行物种多样性研究,并通过“孔板法”测定其可培养菌株发酵液乙酸乙酯粗浸膏的抗菌、抗生物膜活性。【结果】宏基因组测序结果显示,云南黄芪根际土壤样本中的微生物来自6门7纲8目8科9属10种,其中栖热菌属为优势菌群;灰毛康定黄芪根际土壤样本中的微生物来自6门8纲10目11科14属15种,其中慢生根瘤菌属为优势菌群。通过纯培养共获得145株可培养菌株,包括112株细菌和33株真菌。其中,云南黄芪根际细菌59株,共计16属35种,优势属为假单胞菌属和链霉菌属;根际真菌19株,共计4属5种,优势属为曲霉属;灰毛康定黄芪根际细菌53株,归属于16属29种,优势属为芽孢杆菌属与寡养单胞菌属;根际真菌14株,归属于3属4种,优势属为曲霉属。从不同种水平上选择51株细菌和7株真菌为代表菌株进行抗生素药源评估,发现5株细菌及1株真菌发酵液的乙酸乙酯粗浸膏具有中等至较强的抗革兰阳性菌活性,而且其中4株具有抗MRSA生物膜活性,最终确定了链霉属放线菌Streptomyces fulvissimus KTA1和曲霉属真菌Aspergillus fumigatus YNF5为潜力活性菌株。【结论】首次报道了滇西北地区高寒特境黄芪属植物根际微生物具有较好的物种多样性,而且具有一定的抗生素药用资源开发潜力。本研究对滇西北高寒特境特色植物来源的微生物资源开发利用与保护具有重要的借鉴意义。     

杜鹃花属植物种间可交配性及其特点

该研究以杜鹃花属5亚属3组17亚组38种和共计91个可育组合及109个不育组合的杂交结果为依据,通过杂交可育指标频度分析,初步揭示该属植物种间可交配性的分布规律。结果表明:(1)根据育性等级频度的研究,可得到种间可交配性排序结果,即亚属级:常绿杜鹃亚属内杂交杜鹃亚属内杂交常绿杜鹃亚属×杜鹃亚属杜鹃亚属×映山红亚属常绿杜鹃亚属×映山红亚属常绿杜鹃亚属×羊踯躅亚属常绿杜鹃亚属×马银花亚属杜鹃亚属×羊踯躅亚属;亚组级:银叶杜鹃亚组×同亚属的其他亚组云锦杜鹃亚组内杂交云锦杜鹃亚组×银叶杜鹃亚组银叶杜鹃亚组×杜鹃亚属各组三花杜鹃亚组内杂交云锦杜鹃亚组×同亚属其他亚组云锦杜鹃亚组×杜鹃亚属各组常绿杜鹃亚属的其他亚组×杜鹃亚属各组。(2)种间可交配性与亲本间的亲缘关系及染色体倍性有明显的关联,与分类系统中所反映的类群亲缘关系契合,原始的杜鹃花属植物类群如常绿杜鹃亚属可能比较进化类群具有更广泛的可交配性。(3)坐果率、绿苗率、绿苗系数和单位可育种子数量及其等级频度能从不同的侧面反映杜鹃花属植物杂交可育性数量特征,但也分别存在某些局限性,建立综合评价方案和可育性等级频度指标十分重要。     

梵净山冷杉和元宝山冷杉的叶绿体微卫星遗传多样性分析

梵净山冷杉和元宝山冷杉是极度濒危的国家一级重点保护植物.应用叶绿体微卫星标记(cpSSR)研究它们的遗传多样性,并与同属的广布种岷江冷杉的一个种群进行比较.结果表明：3对 cpSSR 引物(Pt63718、Pt30204和Pt71936)在这3种冷杉的249个个体中共检测到21个等位基因,组成35种单倍型;它们的单倍型数和有效单倍型数分别为梵净山冷杉(No＝12,Ne＝3．92),元宝山冷杉(No＝9,Ne＝3．28),两者均低于广布种岷江冷杉(No＝14,Ne＝11．57);梵净山冷杉和元宝山冷杉的稀有单倍型较少,其频率最高的单倍型分别出现在该种群的46．0％和44．1％的个体中;梵净山冷杉(He＝0．75)和元宝山冷杉(He＝0．70)的单倍型多样性也低于岷江冷杉(He＝0．97).梵净山冷杉和元宝山冷杉的叶绿体微卫星遗传多样性水平低.     

Two highly diverged New World Artemia species, A. franciscana and A. persimilis, from contrasting hypersaline habitats express a conserved stress protein complement

The brine shrimp Artemia is a well known animal extremophile adapted to survive in very harsh hypersaline environments. We compared the small stress proteins artemin and p26, and the chaperone hsc70 in encysted embryos (cysts) of the New World species, A. franciscana and A. persimilis. Cysts of the former, from San Francisco Bay, USA (SFB), were used essentially as a reference for these proteins, while both species were from locations in Chile where they occur in habitats at latitudinal extremes, the Atacama desert and Patagonia. These two species are phylogenetically distant, A. persimilis being closer to the Old World species, whilst A. franciscana is considered younger and undergoing evolutionary expansion. Using western blotting we found all three stress proteins in cysts from these five populations in substantial although variable amounts. The protein profiles revealed by Coomassie staining after electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were similar qualitatively, in spite of marked differences in the habitats from which these populations originated, and the long time since they diverged. We interpret these findings as further evidence for the adaptive importance of these three conserved proteins in coping with the variable, but severe stresses these encysted embryos endure.     

川西亚高山林线岷江冷杉和红杉对气候变化的响应

为揭示川西亚高山林线优势树种岷江冷杉（Abies fargesii var.faxoniana）和红杉（Larix potaninii）径向生长对气候变化的响应差异。通过树木年轮生态学的方法,研究了岷江冷杉和红杉径向生长与年均温的分异现象、生长衰退以及应对严重干旱事件的抵抗力和恢复力稳定性,并结合限制岷江冷杉和红杉径向生长的主要气候因素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）温度是限制林线岷江冷杉径向生长的主要气候因素,而限制红杉径向生长的主要气候因素是降水;（2）岷江冷杉的径向生长与年平均温度的变化趋势一致,红杉在20世纪90年代后径向生长呈现出下降的趋势,与年均温的升高出现分异;（3）1800-2019年间,岷江冷杉出现生长衰退2次,红杉出现生长衰退5次,相同的时间内,红杉的衰退频率高于岷江冷杉;（4）岷江冷杉对严重干旱事件的恢复力相比升温前有所增强,抵抗力相比升温前下降明显,红杉对严重干旱事件的抵抗力和恢复力相比升温前均呈现出下降的趋势。可为川西亚高山林线的植被动态变化预测和历史区域气候重建提供参考。     

应恢复赤车属头序赤车组和头序赤车

头序赤车的特征在于其具花序托和总苞的雌头状花序,根据此一特征即可将它与赤车属的其它所有种区别开。因此,在2002年被错误归并为异名的此赤车属进化种,以及根据其建立的单种进化组头序赤车组在该文中予以恢复。     

Community structure of Korean fir (Abies koreana) snag‐dwelling arthropods on Hallasan National Park,Jeju Island,Korea

We executed this research to understand the importance of decaying woods as the diverse arthropods' habitat in Abies koreana forests of Mt. Hallasan, Korea, from 2013 April to 2014 July. We discriminated the Abies koreana forests into one live stage and three decay stages in three blocks (Sungpanak, Yeongsil, Donnaeko) with three replicates and collected arthropods using an emergence trap per tree. We also used the different slope, altitude, decay stage and characteristics of dead wood as statistical variables. As A result, a total of six classes 23 orders 99 families 224 species (69,674 individuals) were collected from 282 emergence traps. We found that there were significant differences in abundance among decay stages and study sites. Our research results would be relevant for developing the ecologically sustainable forest management strategies and we expect these results would be used as the basic data for the forest management plans of Abies koreana.     

红松天然林种内和种间竞争关系的研究

基于穆棱林业局3块红松天然林标准地调查数据,采用竞争区域动态半径的概念确定了林分中有效竞争木,并利用Hegyi竞争指数对红松天然林的种内、种间竞争强度进行了定量分析。研究结果表明：红松的种内和种间竞争强度分别占总竞争强度的18.0%和82.0%,说明红松天然林种内竞争小,主要竞争来自种间。色木、云杉、冷杉林木个体高大,数量较多,在群落中占据一定优势,对红松的竞争压力较大。红松对象木胸径与竞争指数之间呈幂函数关系,随着红松胸径的增大,受到的竞争强度逐渐减小。当红松胸径小于25 cm时,所受到的竞争压力较大;当胸径大于25 cm时,竞争指数较小,并维持稳定。     

IMI与K标本室中生于大戟科植物上链格孢属的种Ⅱ.大戟属,铁苋菜属和守宫木属上的种

本文系作者继大戟属(Euphorbia L.)、守宫木属(Sauropus B1.)和铁苋菜属(Acalypha L.)植物上链格孢属(Alternaria Nees)真菌研究(Zhang, 1995)之后,对生于大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)其它属植物上一些链格孢真菌种级分类单位评鉴结果的后续报道.内容包括:一个新种,巴豆生链格孢(A. croronicola T. Y.Zhang & J. C. David), Macrosporium compactum Cooke:对其模式标本(holotype)进行T订正、巴豆链格孢[A.crotonis kamal,Singh & Kumar]:提出关于新模式(neotype)标本的建议;对蓖麻链格孢[A. ricini(yoshii)Hansford]典型性状作了补充描述.此外,还在大戟科其它一些植物上检查到长极链格孢[A. longissima Deighton et MacGarvie]和细极链格孢[A. tenuissima(Nees ez Fr.) Wiltshire]。     

Seasonal Changes in Soil Respiration with An Elevation Gradient in <i>Abies nephrolepis</i> (Trautv.) Maxim. Forests in North China

Soil respiration (Rs) plays an important role in regulating carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems and presents temporal and spatial heterogeneity. Abies nephrolepis is a tree species that prefers the cold and wet environment and is mainly distributed in Northeast Asia and East Asia. The Rs variations of Abies nephrolepis forests communities are generally environmental-sensitive and can effectively reflect the adaptive responses of forest ecosystems to climate change. In this study, the growing-seasonal variations of Rs, soil temperature, soil water content and soil properties of Abies nephrolepis forests were analyzed along an altitude gradient (2000, 2100, 2200 and 2300 m) over two years on Wutai Mountain in North China. As the main results showed, soil respiration keeps the same change trend as soil temperature and reached peaks in July at 2000 m in 2019 and 2020. During 26^th July to 25^th October in 2019 and 27^th May to 23^rd October in 2020, on the whole, the soil temperature independently explained 76.2% of Rs variations while the soil water content independently explained 26.8%. Soil temperature and soil water content jointly explained 81.8% of Rs variations. Soil properties explained 61.8% and 69.6% of Rs variation in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Soil organic carbon content and soil enzyme activity had the signifi- cant (P < 0.01) negative and positive relationships, respectively, with Rs variation. With altitudes evaluated from 2000 to 2300 m, soil respiration temperature sensitivity (Q₁0) and the soil organic carbon content increased by 12.4% and 10.4%, respectively, while invertase activity, cellulase activity and urease activity dropped by 41.2%, 29.45% and 38.19%, respectively. The results demonstrate that (1) soil temperature is the major factor affecting Rs variations in Abies nephrolepis forests; (2) weakened microbial carbon metabolism in high-altitude areas results in the accumulation of soil organic carbon; (3) with a higher Q₁, forest ecosystems in high-altitude areas might be more easily affected by climate change; (4) climate warming might accelerate the consumption of soil organic carbon sink in forest ecosystems, especially in high-altitude areas.