The evidence of gene duplication for S-form NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase in carp and goldfish

In the present paper, allelic polymorphism for electrophoretic variants of supernatant-form of NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase (S-form IDH) was described in the surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus), the goldfish (Carassium auratus), and the carp (Cyprinus carpio). As in most other vertebrates including mammals, S-form IDH of the smelt was specified by a single gene locus. The goldfish and the carp, on the other hand, were endowed with two separate gene loci for S-form IDH. This apparent gene duplication was attributed to tetraploid origin of the goldfish and carp.This work was supported in part by a grant (CA 05138) from the National Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service.Dr. Antonio Quiroz-Gutierrez is a postdoctorate fellow of the Institute for Biomedical Studies of the City of Hope Medical Center; he has also received support from the Ministry of Work, Mexico.     

Diploid-tetraploid relationship among old-world members of the fish family Cyprinidae

Evidence suggesting that the goldfish and the carp of the family Cyprinidae are tetraploid species in relation to other members of the same family were presented. The two barb species, Barbus tetrazona and Barbus jasciatus, were chosen as representatives of diploid members of the family Cyprinidae. These barbs had the diploid chromosome number of 50 and 52 and the DNA value 20–22% that of placental mammals, while the goldfish (Carassius auratus) and the carp (Cyprinus carpio) had the diploid chromosome number of about 104 and the DNA value 50–52% that of placental mammals.Supported in part by a grant (CA-05138) from the National Cancer Institute, U.S.Public Health Service, and in part by a research fund established in honor of General James H. Doolittle at Duarte, and by the British Empire Cancer Campaign for Research at Northwood. Contribution No. 11-67, Department of Biology, City of Hope Medical Center. Dr. Junichi Muramoto is a fellow of the Institute for Advanced Learning of the City of Hope Medical Center.     

Duplication of the LDH gene loci by polyploidization in the fish order Clupeiformes

Summary Within the order Clupeiformes, chromosome analysis and DNA measurements have indicated a diploid-tetraploid relationship among closely related species. To confirm the presence of polyploidization at single gene loci we studied the LDH isoenzyme system. The results obtained are in agreement with the hypothesis of polyploidization. While the diploid species show two gene loci for LDH, the tetraploid species exhibit four separate gene loci.In Duarte, supported in part by CA-05138 from the National Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service.     

Synchronous activation of both parental alleles at the 6-PGD locus of Japanese quail embryos

The gene locus for the enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase belongs to that part of the genome which is activated at the beginning of embryonic development. The present experiment, utilizing three alleles at this autosomally inherited locus of the Japanese quail, was designed to show whether exhaustion of maternally stored 6-PGD is followed by maternally hemizygous de novo synthesis of the same enzyme. 6-PGD phenotypes of early embryos resulting from the mating between a male homozygous for one allele and a female heterozygous for two other alleles were examined by starch gel electrophoresis. The result showed that the maternally stored 6-PGD is exhausted before the twenty-fourth hour of incubation. This is followed by synchronous activation of both parental alleles. Previous studies on the development of various interspecific crosses have revealed that, at all loci studied, the activation of the maternally derived allele preceded that of the paternally derived allele. The present experiment reveals that preferential activation of maternally derived alleles need not be a rule of development.This work was supported in part by a grant (CA-05138) from the National Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service, and in part by a research fund established in honor of General James H. Doolittle. Contribution No. 6-68, Department of Biology, City of Hope Medical Center.     

On the diploid state of the fish order Ostariophysi

Our previous study on the order Ostariophysi was limited to members of the family Cyprinidae, suborder Cyprinidea. It was shown that the carp and the goldfish with 104 chromosomes and a DNA value of 50% that of mammals are tetraploid, as the diploid species of this family has 50–52 chromosomes and a 25% DNA value. In order to obtain some idea as to how many changes in DNA values and chromosome complements have occurred among diploid members of Ostariophysi, the study was expanded to cover members of the families Cobitidae and Characinidae of the suborder Cyprinidea as well as members of the families Ictarulidae and Loricaridae of the suborder Siluroidea. Diploid chromosome numbers varied from 50 to 98 and DNA values from 27–51% that of mammals. Apparently, diploid members of Ostariophysi underwent extensive chromosomal rearrangements as well as steady increases in DNA contents by regional duplication of chromosomal segments.In Duarte, this work was supported by a grant CA-05138 from the Nationa Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service, and in part by a research fund established in honor of General James H. Doolittle. Contribution No. 21-67, Department of Biology. In Northwood, this project was supported by the British Empire Cancer Campaign.Fellow of the Institute for Advanced Learning of the City of Hope Medical Center.     

Phosphoglucomutase electrophoretic variants in the mouse

The phosphoglucomutase (PGM) electrophoretic phenotype of the mouse (Mus musculus) consists of several distinct components which can be grouped into two major zones designated PGM-1 and PGM-2. Evidence presented here indicates that each zone is controlled by a single genetic locus denoted Pgm-1 and Pgm-2, respectively. Two variant forms segregated at the Pgm-1 locus. They were codominantly expressed and inherited as alleles at an autosomal locus. The alleles were termed Pgm-1 ^a (fast) and Pgm-1 ^b (slow). These alleles were separately fixed in a number of inbred strains of mice. Preliminary evidence based on wild mouse phenotypes indicates that variant forms also exist for PGM-2 which are inherited as alleles at an autosomal locus. Genetic linkage relationships have not been determined for these loci. PGM-1 variants and PGM-2 were expressed in mouse fibroblasts in vitro.Supported by U.S. Public Health Service grants GM-09966 and GM-07249 from General Medical Sciences and 5 F2 HD-35,531 from Child Health and Human Development; and Atomic Energy Commission contract AT(30-1)-3671.Postdoctoral Fellow of the U.S. Public Health Service.     

The predominance of heterozygotes found in wild goldfish of lake Erie at the gene locus for sorbitol dehydrogenase

Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) found in liver, kidney, and gonads of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) appears to be specified by a single autosomally inherited gene locus and, when subjected to electrophoresis, SDH behaves as a tetramer in that a homozygote gives a single band, while a heterozygote shows five bands of SDH. In a population of the wild goldfish inhabiting Lake Erie, two alleles which specify electrophoretic variants S^A and S^B coexist in nearly equal frequency, and there appears to be a slight excess of heterozygotes. Sixty-seven of the 109 wild goldfish were S^A/S^B heterozygotes. In the domesticated goldfish, on the other hand, an allele for the S^B variant appears to be a very rare allele. Only one of the 100 domesticated goldfish studied here and none of the 100 domesticated goldfish studied in Germany was an S^A/S^B heterozygote.Supported in part by a grant (CA 05138) and grant (FR 00433) from the National Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service.On leave from McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.     

Histocompatibility analyses in tetraploids induced from clonal triploid crucian carp and in gynogenetic diploid goldfish

Histocompatibility analyses in goldfish were performed using the tetraploid goldfish-crucian carp hybrid and the first generation of gynogenetic diploid (GD₁) goldfish. Tetraploids were obtained by crossing clonal triploid crucian carp with goldfish. GD₁ goldfish were produced by the suppression of the second meiotic division. Tetraploid scale grafts on triploid clone members evoked an acute rejection in 4–6 days, whereas the reverse transplants were accepted or rejected chronically. Reciprocal grafting between tetraploids showed subacute rejection in 10–12 days, although some fish showed chronic rejection in 20–30 days. On the other hand, scale grafts reciprocally exchanged among triploids were intact even 3 months after grafting, although some of them showed a unidirectional rejection pattern. Furthermore, allograft rejection among gynogens occurred between 5 and 20 days, whereas all the scale allografts between members of control siblings were rejected within 9 days. In addition, neither accelerated acute rejection nor acceptance of allografts was observed in grafts exchanged among GD₁ goldfish. These results suggest that single doses of histocompatibility alleles are effective in eliciting acute rejection, and each of the fourth haploid set of chromosomes originating from paternal goldfish might share the same histocompatibility antigens to a large extent. This experiment also indicates that the genecentromere recombination rate is quite high with respect to the histocompatibility loci in this species.     

Linkage of genes for PHI,halothane sensitivity,A-O inhibition,H red blood cell antigens and 6-PGD variants in pigs*

Data from one apparent crossover between S and H, two between PHI and HAL on one side and S on the other, and one between PHI on one side and HAL, S and H on the other, indicate a gene order in pigs of Phi-Hal-S-H-Pgd for genes for PHI, halothane sensitivity, inhibition of expression of A and O, H red blood cell antigens and 6-PGD types. Rasmusen et al. (1980) provided data for a gene order in pigs ofPhi-Hal-H-Pgd for genes for phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) isozyme variants, halothane sensitivity (HAL), H red cell antigens and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) variants, and suggested that there might be a locus for a gene for inhibition of expression of A and O separate from the locus for H. This is contrary to an earlier proposal by Rasmusen (1972) that the H-system genotype directly influences expression of A and O. Imlah (1980) suggested that the recessive gene for halothane sensitivity has a suppressant effect on the expression of A and O. Andresen (1981) proposed that the locus for inhibition of A and O (for which Rasmusen, 1964, proposed the symbol S) was between the loci for HAL and H types. Data presented in Table 1, which includes haplotypes for three recombinant offspring described by Rasmusen et al. (1980) (883-1, 233-3 and 3864-1) as well as one other recombinant (296-2) provide evidence for the gene order for five genes proposed by Andresen. Types for 6-PGD are listed for all pigs, although they do not provide evidence for gene order in these cases. Male 883-1 (Table 1, and Rasmusen et al., 1980, Table 5) provided the original evidence for recombination between S and H. His phenotype, as well as his genotype as revealed by progeny test (Rasmusen et al., 1980, Table 6) indicated that recombination had occurred between the genes for PHI, HAL and S and the gene for H type in his dam, so that the S locus mapped between H and the loci for the other three traits. The phenotype of one of his sons (233-3, Table 1, and Rasmusen et al., 1980, Table 6) indicated that there had been a recombination between genes for PHI and HAL types on one side and S and H types on the other, providing evidence that the S locus was separate from PHI and HAL as well as H. Another pig listed in Table 1,3864-1, was also described by Rasmusen et al. (1980, Table 9) as a recombinant. This pig provides evidence for recombination between PHI on one side and HAL, S and H on the other, establishing a gene order of Phi-Hal-S-H-Pgd. The last pig listed in Table 1,296-2, is a recombinant comparable to 233-3. The H type of his dam provides markers indicating the recombination was between PHI and HAL on one side and S and H on the other, although the unusual expression of HAL phenotype in both parents of 296-2 makes her haplotypes somewhat uncertain. (Recombination may have been between PHI and HAL rather than as indicated in Table 1.) In spite of incomplete penetrance for HAL (Ollivier et al., 1975; Smith & Bampton, 1977) which makes haplotypes for HAL questionable in some cases, the other genetic markers available are useful to show that recombination has taken place. Without considering the results of halothane testing, if the apparent recombinants are accepted as being as indicated, the order of the genes at the other four loci seems established. Alleles for S types appear to be separable by recombination from those for PHI and H, and the S locus appears to be between the loci for PHI and H. For the five loci, data obtained thus far are cohsistent with a gene order of Phi-Hal-S-H-Pgd.     

金鱼同工酶的发生遗传学研究——Ⅲ.金鱼同工酶基因座位的加倍与多倍性

以鲫鱼和金鱼为材料,用葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)同工酶体系作为基因标志,从检测同工酶的多重组合形式来研究基因的加倍与演化。对彩鲫与金鱼G6PD和LDH同工酶的分析结果表明,它们均具有与四倍体鱼类相应的谱带。因而说明了金鱼的G6PD和LDH同工酶基因座位的加倍与染色体的多倍性有关,为金鱼是四倍体的假说提供了证据。而对MDH同工酶的分析却得到了与二倍体鱼类相同的谱带数。这可能与加倍基因发生突变而不表达有关。     

Polyploidization in the fish family Cyprinidae,order Cypriniformes

Summary According to their chromosome sets, various members of the fish family Cyprinidae can be classified into two groups, one of which has about 50 chromosomes, the other about 100. In the species endowed with 50 chromosomes, the DNA content per cell ranges from 20 to 38% of that of mammals; this variability is attributed to regionally confined duplications. In the group having about 100 chromosomes, the DNA values comprise about 50% of that of mammals; these species apparently are tetraploid as compared to the former group.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.Supported by a grant from the British Empire Cancer Campaign for Research.Supported in part by a grant from the U. S. Public Health Service (CA 05138).     

Electrophoretic variation in human serum ceruloplasmin: A new genetic polymorphism

Through the application of a specific oxidase stain to results of starch gel electrophoresis of human serum, three different electrophoretic forms of ceruloplasmin—denoted CpA (fast), CpB (intermediate), and CpC (slow)—have been defined. The electrophoretic differences are small and were first recognized through a rare variant individual who had only the fast and slow forms. Five phenotypes displaying different combinations of the three electrophoretic forms have been defined in American Negroes; these are called CpA, CpAB, CpB, CpAC, and CpBC. Twin, family, and population studies have yielded evidence indicating that the A and B electrophoretic forms are controlled by a pair of autosomal codominant alleles, designated Cp ^A and Cp ^B , and suggesting that the C form may be determined by a third allele, Cp ^C , at the same locus. The variants constitute a genetic polymorphism in American Negroes, but occur only rarely in Caucasians.Supported by U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract AT(11-1)-1552, by U.S. Public Health Service Research Grants AM 09381 and HD 02083, and by U.S. Public Health Service Career Development Awards 6-K3-HE-24, 980 (DCS) and 1-K3-A-7959 (GJB).     

Genetic control of two electrophoretic variants of glucosephosphate isomerase in the mouse (Mus musculus)

The autosomal variation and the genetic control of GPI has been determined by a comparison of electrophoretic patterns of F₁ and backcross progeny of three inbred strains of mice. The locus controlling the production of GPI in the mouse has been designated Gpi-1. Two alleles at this locus have been described and designated Gpi-1 ^a and Gpi-1 ^b, which represent, respectively, the slow and fast electrophoretic forms. Twenty-seven inbred strains of mice have been classified for these two alleles. The absence of close linkage of Gpi-1 to seven other genetic loci has been determined. It has been demonstrated that the polymorphism of Gpi-1 is widely distributed in feral mice. GPI was expressed in vitro and in four types of malignant tumors.Supported by U.S. Public Health Service Grants GM-09966, from General Medical Sciences, and GY 4193.     

Quantitative cytophotometric studies on polyploid liver cell nuclei of frog and rat

Summary Nuclei were isolated from fixed liver tissue of diploid and triploid Rana pipiens and of rat. While the frog liver nuclei present a single ploidy class on the basis of Feulgen absorption measurements, rat liver contained diploid, tetraploid, and some octoploid nuclei. Nuclear areas within single ploidy classes varied over wide ranges, especially in the frog material. The mode of this variation was dependent on ploidy. Microspectrophotometric measurements of several protein components were compared to ploidy and nuclear volume. General protein methods indicated a linear relationship to nuclear volume. Protein-bound sulfhydryl and disulfide groups were not related to nuclear volume, but could be related to ploidy. Protein tyrosine values showed a partial dependence on both factors.This investigation was supported by a grant from the U.S. Public Health Service, GM-10003-03.Post-Doctoral Trainee under U.S. Public Health Training Grant to the Department of Pathology, University of Florida, 5T1 GM 1142-03.Supported by a Career Development award from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, K3-DH-6176-03.     

Genetic variation in the carbonic anhydrase isozymes of macaque monkeys. I. The radioimmunosorbent assay

A radioimmunosorbent technique is described which is capable of independently detecting both isozymes of carbonic anhydrase, CA I and CA II, in concentrations as low as 1 ng/ml. The technique is used to quantitate the different electrophoretic variants of red cell CA I as well as levels of CA II in the pig-tailed macaque, Macaca nemestrina.Supported by U.S. Public Health Service research grant GM-15419.U.S. Public Health Service Predoctoral Trainee (GM-71-14).     

The genetics of melezitose fermentation in Saccharomyces

Summary A multiple series of alleles of the gene MZ exist inSaccharomyces. The members of this series are differentiated from one another by their adaptive response to maltose, turanose, sucrose, melezitose and alpha-methyl glucoside. The more capable members of the series can ferment all five sugars while various multiple alleles are characterized by loss of ability to act on alpha-methyl glucoside, melezitose or sucrose. MZ is linked to the gene MA which controls the production of a specific maltase and to the gene MG which controls the production of a specific alpha-methyl glucosidase. All members of the series of multiple alleles produce the same enzyme showing that the gene and the enzyme are not identical. The enzyme is produced in three different steps, the initial one being a specific reaction of gene with substrate and the final one being a non-specific elicitation of enzyme.This work has been supported by research grants from The National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service and Anheuser-Busch, Inc.     

Linkage conservation of homologous esterase loci in fish (Cyprinodontoidei: Poeciliidae)

Homologies among esterase isozymes in fish in the poeciliid genera Poeciliopsis and Xiphophorus are proposed. Esterase homologies are based on their tissue distributions and inhibition and substrate properties. The five esterases include two carboxylesterases, one eserine sulfate-sensitive esterase, and two esterases resistant to inhibition, one of which reacts only with acetate esters. Linkage studies in Poeciliopsis monacha indicate that the loci encoding the two carboxylesterases are linked to each other and to the locus for eye-specific lactate dehydrogenase. Comparisons of the linkage reported here with earlier studies in Xiphophorus suggest that there is a large region of linkage homology in the genetic maps of Poeciliopsis and Xiphophorus.This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (DEB76-19285) to R. C. Vrijenhoek and the Charles and Johanna Busch Fund to R. C. Vrijenhoek and N. H. Hart. J. F. L. and P. J. P. were supported by U.S. Public Health Service Genetics Training Grant GM07129-04.     

Cytological localization of the maternal effect gene, tuh-1, in Drosophila melanogaster

Summary The sex-linked gene, tuh-1, produces a maternal effect that is associated with the tumorous head abnormality in Drosophila melanogaster. With the aid of various known deletions, tuh-1 has been localized to band 20A1-2 on the salivary chromosome map of the X.Work supported by grant GM 18664-01 from the National Institute of Health, U.S. Public Health Service     

Halothane sensitivity and linkage of genes for H red blood cell antigens,phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) variants in pigs*

Data from matings appropriate to test linkage in pigs of genes for halothane sensitivity (HAL), H red cell antigens, phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) red cell isoenzyme variants were consistent with a gene order of Phi-Hal-H-Pgd. There was no unequivocal evidence for a Hal locus separate from Phi, although the phenotype of one pig not tested for halothane sensitivity suggested recombination between Hal and Phi. Breeding tests confirmed that in two cases there had been recombination between Hal and H. Offspring of one of these recombinant types provided evidence for a locus for a gene for inhibition of expression of A and O separate from the locus for H.     

Ribosomal RNA genes in soybean and common bean: chromosomal organization, expression, and evolution

Ribosomal RNA (5S and 45S) genes were investigated by FISH in two related legumes: soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and common bean (Phaseolis vulgaris L.). These species are both members of the same tribe (Phaseoleae), but common bean is diploid while soybean is a tetraploid which has undergone diploidization. In contrast to ploidy expectations, soybean had only one 5S and one 45S rDNA locus whereas common bean had more than two 5S rDNA loci and two 45S rDNA loci. Double hybridization experiments with differentially labelled probes indicated that the soybean 45S and 5S rDNA loci are located on different chromosomes and in their distal regions. Likewise, the common bean 45S and 5S rDNA loci were on unique chromosomes, though two of the 5S rDNA loci were on the same chromosome. FISH analysis of interphase nuclei revealed the spatial arrangement of rDNA loci and suggested expression patterns. In both species, we observed one or more 5S rDNA hybridization sites and two 45S rDNA hybridization sites associated with the nucleolar periphery. The 45S rDNA hybridization patterns frequently exhibited gene puffs as de-condensed chromatin strings within the nucleoli. The other condensed rDNA sites (both 5S and 45S) were spatially distant from the nucleolus in nucleoplasmic regions containing heterochromatin. The distribution of rDNA between the nucleoplasm and the nucleoli is consistent with differential gene expression between homologous alleles and among homoeologous loci.