稻田蜘蛛混合种群空间分布模式动态分析(英文)

结果表明,在东方红农场稻田中总共有11科29属43种蜘蛛,其中早稻田中有8科19属43种,晚稻田中有10科27属36种。在水稻的不同发育阶段蜘蛛混合种群的空间分布模式存在差异。在早稻发育的前期、中期和后期,稻田蜘蛛混合种群的空间分布模式分别是聚集的、随机的和聚集的;在晚稻发育的前期、中期和后期,其空间分布模式依次是均匀的、聚集的和均匀的。同时,对其空间分布模式动态进行了初步分析。     

巴基斯坦旁遮普中部横斑腹小鸮的食性

横斑腹小鸮(Athene brama)是巴基斯坦旁遮普中部农业生态系统中最常见但研究匮乏的猛禽。我们通过分析吐弃块(n=498)以了解其季节性和地域性食性变化。结果显示:小型哺乳类占所有食物生物量的98.4%,而昆虫类在数量上占据绝对优势(56.4%)。在小型哺乳类食物中,鼠类(38.8%)是稳定的食物成分。而在昆虫食物中,甲虫最多(42.8%)。横斑腹小亦捕食鼩鼱类(2.3%)和鸟类(1.7%)。昆虫类食物还有蟑螂(6.4%)、臭虫(3.3%)、蝗虫(6.7%)和蚂蚁(3.2%)。小家鼠(Mus musculus)和柔毛鼠(Rattus meltada)在鼠类食物中出现频次最多。不同地区中,Hafizabad的食物多样性最高(2.07),而秋季的食物多样性最高(1.99)。     

稻田蜘蛛消长动态及其对稻飞虱的控制作用

蜘蛛是水稻害虫的主要天敌种群,对水稻害虫尤其对稻飞虱的发生具有一定的抑制作用。研究稻田蜘蛛的发生规律,分析其对稻飞虱的控制效应,并加以合理保护和利用,是稻飞虱综合治理工作的重要内容［１,２］。１９９１～１９９６年,作者对盐城市的稻田蜘蛛种群的消长动态。控虫效应进行了系统调查研究。现将结果报告如下。１材料与方法１９９１～１９９６年,每年选择肥力上等、长势均匀的杂交稻（组合为汕优６３）田２块,为系统观察圃（不使用杀虫剂）。从７月１日至９月底,每５天１次,采用平行跳跃式取样盆拍法,每次抽查１００穴水稻…     

贵州省稻田蜘蛛多样性调查及优势种分析

[目的]调查贵州稻田蜘蛛的多样性及优势种,为利用稻田蜘蛛防治水稻害虫的绿色防控技术奠定基础.[方法]采用五点取样法对贵州省水稻种植区内的黔东南州丙妹镇(A)、黔东南州凤城镇(B)、遵义市官仓镇(C)、黔南州毛尖镇(D)、贵阳市禾丰乡(E)、安顺市双堡镇(F)、盘州市新民镇(G)的水稻分蘖盛期和灌浆期的蜘蛛多样性进行调查...     

巴基斯坦旁遮普中部仓鸮食性的季节性变化

在巴基斯坦对仓鸮食性的季节变化进行了研究。通过分析连续3年在6个地区搜集的2 360个仓鸮回吐食物团,发现其食物主要是小型哺乳动物(95.6 %)。其中,家(Suncus murinus)有最高的比例,达65.6%(冬季最多78%,夏季最少27%)。就生物量而言,小型哺乳动物占仓鸮食物总生物量的99% 。     

洞庭湖平原不同稻田生境越冬蜘蛛群落多样性研究

洞庭湖平原越冬稻田蜘蛛共有8科16属21种,其中拟水狼蛛和食虫沟瘤蛛为优势种.异质性大的越冬稻田及田埂蜘蛛群落的多样性指数、丰富度和个体总数均大于异质性小的越冬稻田和三光田埂,越冬稻田蜘蛛群落的多样性指数大小主要由群落物种丰富度和个体总数决定,与均匀度大小无关.     

辽宁东部地区飞航蜘蛛的群落组成及特征

为了解辽宁东部地区飞航蜘蛛的群落组成及特点,于2009年5-9月,采用吸虫塔对辽宁岫岩地区的飞航蜘蛛进行了调查.共采集蜘蛛标本549头,隶属于14科.对飞航蜘蛛的群落组成、时间动态、体型大小、发育阶段及性别比例等进行了分析.结果表明:辽宁东部地区飞航蜘蛛多样性丰富,皿蛛科(58.29%)和园蛛科(11.84%)是该地区...     

基于GIS的稻田蜘蛛混合种群发生分析

在地理信息系统的支持下 ,对中国稻区 117个样点蜘蛛物种数与个体数进行空间插值 ,获得稻田蜘蛛混合种群数量专题地图和个体数量发生专题地图 .根据所得专题地图 ,分析了不同水稻种植区蜘蛛种群发生以及不同稻区的生态特征 .研究结果如下 :在北纬 35 .5°以南的水稻种植区域 ,蜘蛛种群与个体发生量较高 ,种群一般在 13种以上 ,个体数一般在每 10 0丛禾 10 0头以上 ;在北纬 35 .5°以北的水稻种植区域种群一般在 11种以下 ,个体数一般在每 10 0丛禾 47头以下 ;在北纬 35 .5°以南的水稻种植区域的年降雨量、年无霜期和 7月平均温度要高于在北纬 35 .5°以北的水稻种植区域 .在北纬 35 .5°以南的水稻种植区域的年日照时数要低于在北纬 35 .5°以北的水稻种植区域 .     

稻菜轮作对稻田褐飞虱和蜘蛛数量的影响

在广东省广州市花都区和白云区系统调查了稻菜轮作田、水稻连作田的水稻害虫褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)及其捕食性天敌蜘蛛的数量,结果表明:与水稻连作相比,花都区稻菜轮作模式总体上降低了褐飞虱数量,同期最高降低66.6%,对田间蜘蛛数量影响不明显;白云区的稻菜轮作模式也显著降低了褐飞虱的数量,同期最高降低56.3%,对蜘蛛数量的影响也不明显。稻菜轮作模式能有效降低田间褐飞虱数量,有利于水稻生产。     

岫岩地区大豆田地表蜘蛛边缘效应及优势种群动态分析

为了研究农田地表蜘蛛的边缘效应及优势种群动态特征,本文采用陷阱法对辽宁省岫岩地区大豆田地表蜘蛛进行了系统的调查和分析.共采集成熟蜘蛛3312头,属于11科23属38种.其中狼蛛科和皿蛛科为优势科,白纹舞蛛、晨豹蛛、赫氏豹蛛、草间钻头蛛、锯胸微蛛为优势种.清种大豆田边缘样带与内部样带的蜘蛛物种数和优势种均存在差异.多样性分析的结果表明,从大豆田边缘到内部,地表蜘蛛的物种数量、丰富度指数D、多样性指数H'有逐渐降低的趋势,说明大豆田地表蜘蛛存在着明显的边缘效应.群落相似性分析的结果也证明了边缘效应的存在.大豆与玉米间作可以显著提高地表蜘蛛的均匀度指数,对蜘蛛多样性和丰度的影响很小.通过优势种的动态分析发现,地表蜘蛛优势种的时间动态变化明显.     

The ingestion in wolf spiders I. Capacity of gut ofLycosa pseudoannulata

An wolf spider, Lycosa pseudoannulata, collected from the field were reared in test tubes supplied with fruit flies as the food, and the number and weight of fruit flies killed per unit time and the weight of residuum of killed flies were recorded. When the cumulative number of flies killed by a spider was plotted against time after the beginning of food supply, the angle of the curve obtained decreased gradually until a constant value. In this time, it seems that the gut of spider had saturated with food and the increase rate of number of flies killed reflects the rate of food disappeared from gut by assimilation and egestion. The amount of ingestion was obtained by subtracting the weight of residuum and the gain of live weight of the spider from the weight of killed flies. After the gut has saturated, the amount of food remained in the gut is considered to be equal to the capacity of gut, which is an essential factor in the study of predation. The amount of food disappearance from gut was also estimated. There was a linear relationship between the log body weight of spiders and the log capacity of gut. The linear relationship was also seen between the log total amount of ingestion and the log total amount of food disappeared from gut.     

Quantitative speciation of heavy metals in soil and crops of agricultural fields of Islamabad,Pakistan

Abstract

Two root crops: carrot (Daucus carota) and spring onion (Allium fistulosum) and soil samples were selected from the agricultural fields located near Islamabad, Pakistan to determine their elemental content. Field soil speciation of the two crops was also carried out to analyse the correlation of the elements in field crop and soil. Concentrations of selected elements were evaluated in the leaf, stem, root and flowering part of the crops using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that elements are mostly concentrated in soil rather than crop parts following the sequence Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Cd. Furthermore, soil speciation showed that Ni and Cr are more prevalent in the Fe–Mn oxide fraction, Zn and Cd as the carbonate bound fraction and Cu is found in the organic bound form. However, concentrations of Pb are similar across the carbonate, Fe–Mn oxide and organic bound fractions. The highest average concentration of Zn is found as the carbonate bound fraction (2.09 ± 0.005 mg kg^?1) and Cu as the organic bound (1.51 ± 0.029 mg kg^?1) in soil samples taken from the agricultural field of Daucus carota.     

广东潮州凤凰山茶区蜘蛛名录及其地理分布

2010年3-10月,对广东潮州凤凰山茶园的蜘蛛进行采样调查。经鉴定统计,凤凰山茶园蜘蛛共计23科,67属,79种,另待定种27种。在前人调查研究广东茶区蜘蛛的基础上新增了61种,均为广东省茶区蜘蛛的新纪录。     

Breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in irrigated areas of South Punjab, Pakistan

As part of investigations on potential linkages between irrigation and malaria transmission, all surface water bodies in and around three villages along an irrigation distributary in South Punjab, Pakistan, were surveyed for anopheline mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) from April 1999 to March 2000. Samples were characterized according to exposure to sunlight, substratum, presence of vegetation, fauna, inorganic matter and physical water condition (clear/turbid/foul). Also water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), electroconductivity (EC) and pH of sites were recorded. A total of 37982 Anopheles larvae of six morphological types were collected from 2992 samples taken from irrigation/agricultural and village/domestic aquatic habitats. Anopheles subpictus Grassi sensu lato was by far the most abundant (74.3%), followed by An. culicifacies Giles s.l. (4.1%), An. stephensi Liston s.l. (2.6%), An. pulcherrimus Theobald (1.8%), An. peditaeniatus Leicester (0.3%) and An. nigerrimus Giles (0.1%). The four most abundant species were significantly associated with waterlogged fields and communal village drinking-water tanks. Habitat characteristics most correlated with occurrence of anophelines were the physical water condition and the absence/presence of fauna, particularly predators. Occurrence and abundance of Anopheles immatures were not significantly correlated with water temperature, DO, EC or pH. Malaria vectors of the Anopheles culicifacies complex occurred at relatively low densities, mainly in irrigated and waterlogged fields. In South Punjab, where rainfall is very low, it should be possible to reduce anopheline breeding through water management, as larvae develop mainly in water bodies that are directly or indirectly related to the extensive canal-irrigation system.     

Insect pollinator diversity in four forested ecosystems of southern Punjab,Pakistan

This study investigated pollinator assemblage diversity and richness in four forested ecosystems of southern Punjab, Pakistan, with different landscape types. Pirowal is situated in the plains of irrigated Punjab, Lal Suhanra is part of a sandy desert ecosystem, Ghazi Ghat is part of the Indus River delta, and Fort Munro is located in dry hilly mountains. A yearlong survey of pollinator populations was carried out in these four forested ecosystems from January to December of 2010. Fortnightly hand netting was performed for collecting flower-visiting insects whereas, pan traps of three colors (white, blue, and yellow) were deployed for collecting the data. A total of 8,812 individuals from two orders (Lepidoptera and Diptera) were observed, including 22 families and 154 species. Bees were the most abundant, with 4,502 individuals, and the most species-rich taxa, with 70 species in five families, followed by flies having 2,509 individuals and 51species in 10 families. Wasps were the least abundant with 1,801 individuals and 33 species in seven families. The assemblage structure of pollinator communities as visualized through rank abundance curves showed that there were many species with low abundance and only a few species with a much higher abundance. The most abundant species among the bees, in order, were Nomia sp.3, Megachile bicolor, and Colletes sp.3; among flies, Syrphus sp.2, Calliphoridae sp.1, and Empididae sp.4; and among wasps, Tiphiidae sp.1, Myzininae sp.2, and Scelionidae sp.1.     

Molecular diversity of internal transcribed spacer among the monoconidial isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae isolated from rice in Southern Karnataka,India

Blast disease of rice plant is caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (anamorph Pyricularia oryzae). This disease is recognized to be one of the most serious diseases of rice crop around the world. A total of 72 monoconidial isolates of M. oryzae obtained from blast disease samples collected around Southern Karnataka were characterized using internal transcribed spacers of the ribosomal DNA sequences. These were analyzed by comparing with already deposited sequences in GenBank database. It helped in diagnosing the invasive pathogen in all locations. Variability of rDNA sequences was found to be highly polymorphic with 0.068962 nucleotide diversity showing 6 distinct clades. 33 haplotype groups were identified with haplotype diversity of 0.8881 and Tajima's neutrality test with a D value of ?1.96827 with P?<?0.05 showing the presence of variations among the sequences of pathogen isolates. The Tajima’s D value of less than one indicates the presence of a high number of rare alleles. Our study indicates that the pathogen might have undergone recent selection pressure because of the exposure to a large number of cultivars resulting in the evolution of rare alleles. This shows the importance of characterizing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) to know pathogen diversity and its fitness which has potential to contribute to the field of breeding for blast disease resistance.     

生物防治稻田与普通稻田水体中浮游植物的生态特征研究

通过对大沙镇生物防治稻田及普能稻田水体中浮游植物的调查研究,共检出藻类112种,其中生物防治稻田中82种,普通稻田中89种,稻田水体中的浮游植物以硅藻、裸藻和绿藻占优势,在普通稻田中,硅藻种类数超过生物防治稻田,其优势度最高的5种藻类中除双对栅藻外,其余4种均为硅藻;而在生物防治稻田中,裸藻种类数高于普通稻田,且其优势度最高的5种藻类中有两种为裸藻,通过比较发现,生物防治稻田不体中浮游生物的密度明显高于普通稻田,对水体浮游植物多样性及均匀度的分析表明,稻田水体中的浮游植物自秧苗插上至干田期间,多样性指数略有上升（上要是由于种类数的增加引起的）,而均匀度呈下降趋势。     

Studies on the spatial distribution pattern of larvae of the mosquito,Anopheles sinensis,in rice fields

The spatial distribution patterns of the population of Anopheles sinensis larvae were studied in the rice field area in the suburb of Urawa city in Japan, during the summer seasons in 1973 and 1974. The distribution pattern of the larval population within the field, analysed by the m−m regression method, indicated that the basic component of larval distribution was not a group of individuals but a single individual and such components were distributed contagiously over the field. This basic pattern did not change significantly according to developmental stage, census date or field. Therefore, we could describe the distribution pattern of the population in a rice field by the single linear regression, x=0.021+1.339x(r²−0.912). Also, the relation for the whole population in the field area including the five fields could be shown by the linear regression, x=0.049+1.749x(r²−0.959). The value of α remained to be nearly equal to zero, but the value of β became larger than the value for the single-field relation. Such a change in distribution pattern seemed to reflect the greater heterogeneity in conditions among the fields than within individual field. Using the information on the distribution patterns mentioned above, some considerations were given on the sampling plans for mosquito larvae, including samplesize determination and application of sequential methods to estimate population size as well as to classify population level.     

Host-associated genetic differentiation in rice grasshopper, Oxya japonica, on wild vs. cultivated rice

Rice grasshopper, Oxya japonica, is one of the most important pests in south China, mainly inhabiting fields of wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) and cultivated rice (Oryza sativa). In this study, we used AFLP marker to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of rice grasshoppers collected from south China, with emphasis on testing the hypothesis that there was significant genetic differentiation among grasshopper populations associated with different hosts (i.e. wild vs. cultivated rice). Seven populations consisting of 104 individuals were sampled from Hainan Island and the mainland of south China. Eight primer combinations produced 564 reliable bands, of which 563 were polymorphic. O. japonica showed considerable genetic variation at population level, with gene diversity (H_E) ranging from 0.1103 to 0.2035. Genetic diversity were studied on seven populations, and generally three populations from wild rice had higher levels of genetic diversity (H_E = 0.1635) than the other four populations feeding on cultivated rice (H_E = 0.1327). We observed high population differentiation, with F_st ranging from 0.4172 to 0.7652 among the seven populations. However, Mantel test detected no significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance (r = 0.3541; p = 0.0689). By contrast, we found significant genetic differentiation between groups collected from different hosts. These data suggested that the anthropogenic activity in cultivated rice fields (i.e. pesticides, fertilization and cultivation) could have played an important role in shaping the genetic structure of O. japonica.