L6565小鼠白血病病毒诱发小鼠白血病

为探讨病毒与白血病发生的关系,我们用L6565小鼠白血病病毒（L6565MLV）悬液感染乳鼠,每周观察小鼠的发病情况及病理变化,并用逆转录一聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）动态检测小鼠体内病毒核酸的分布,结果发现：小鼠感染病毒后3－5周,其脾脏和淋巴结呈早期白血病的病理改变,至第10－12周小鼠发生淋巴细胞白血病,表现出耸毛、活动减少、腹膨胀等症状。病毒核酸于感染后第2周首先在小鼠胸腺、脾脏检测到,随时间延长,病毒核酸广泛分布在外周血、胸腺、脾脏、淋巴结等多种脏器组织中。本实验表明L6565小鼠白血病病毒可诱发小鼠白血病,其机制可能与病毒促使淋巴细胞向白血病细胞转化有关。     

L6565小鼠白血病病毒诱发小鼠白血病

为探讨病毒与白血病发生的关系,我们用L6565小鼠白血病病毒(L6565MLV)悬液感染乳鼠,每周观察小鼠的发病情况及病理变化,并用逆转录一聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)动态检测小鼠体内病毒核酸的分布.结果发现小鼠感染病毒后3～5周,其脾脏和淋巴结呈早期白血病的病理改变.至第10～12周小鼠发生淋巴细胞白血病,表现出耸毛、活动减少、腹膨胀等症状.病毒核酸于感染后第2周首先在小鼠胸腺、脾脏检测到,随时间延长,病毒核酸广泛分布在外周血、胸腺、脾脏、淋巴结等多种脏器组织中.本实验表明L6565小鼠白血病病毒可诱发小鼠白血病,其机制可能与病毒促使淋巴细胞向白血病细胞转化有关.     

The Glycosylated Gag Protein of a Murine Leukemia Virus Inhibits the Antiretroviral Function of APOBEC3

APOBEC proteins have evolved as innate defenses against retroviral infections. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encodes the Vif protein to evade human APOBEC3G; however, mouse retroviruses do not encode a Vif homologue, and it has not been understood how they evade mouse APOBEC3. We report here a murine leukemia virus (MuLV) that utilizes its glycosylated Gag protein (gGag) to evade APOBEC3. gGag is critical for infection of in vitro cell lines in the presence of APOBEC3. Furthermore, a gGag-deficient virus restricted for replication in wild-type mice replicates efficiently in APOBEC3 knockout mice, implying a novel role of gGag in circumventing the action of APOBEC3 in vivo.APOBEC3G (hA3G) in humans and its mouse orthologue, APOBEC3 (mA3), act as potent innate defenses against retroviral infection. Both proteins deaminate cytidine in single-stranded DNA, ultimately resulting in hypermutation of newly synthesized proviral DNA (6, 16), although additional deaminase-independent mechanisms of inhibition have been identified (2). Infectious exogenous retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs), have evolved mechanisms to circumvent the action of the APOBEC proteins (3, 6). HIV encodes the Vif protein, which facilitates the rapid proteolysis of hA3G, while the mechanism by which exogenous MuLVs evade the action of mA3 is unknown (6).Exogenous MuLVs, as well as some other gammaretroviruses, encode a glycosylated Gag protein (gGag) originating from an alternate translation start site upstream of the methionine start site of the Gag structural polyproteins (10, 17, 27). gGag is synthesized at similar rates and levels as the structural Gag polyprotein in MuLV-infected cells but is glycosylated and undergoes distinct proteolytic processing (10, 12, 21). A carboxyl fragment of gGag is released from the cell, while an amino fragment is incorporated into the plasma membrane as a type 2 transmembrane protein (12, 25). The functions of gGag remain unclear, but mutations that eliminate its synthesis severely impede in vivo replication of the virus with little, if any, effect on replication in fibroblastic cell lines (7, 19, 26). APOBEC3 proteins are expressed in many tissues in vivo but are poorly expressed in many in vitro cell lines (6), suggesting a possible link between gGag expression and the evasion of mA3 by MuLVs. These studies were undertaken to determine if the expression of the gGag protein facilitated MuLV replication in the presence of mA3 in vitro and in vivo.     

Replication of Radiation-Induced Murine Leukemia Virus in Normal and Transformed Mouse Cells

Autonomous radiation-induced leukemia virus (RadLV) replication could be detected in mouse 3T3 cells by the development of interference with murine sarcoma virus (MSV), the appearance of covert helper activity for defective MSV, and by the induction of cytopathic effect type foci in MSV-transformed, leukemia virus-negative (S+L-) cells. A chronic infection of either 3T3 or S+L- cells with RadLV could be established. Both RadLV infectivity and helper activity were demonstrated in the same peak at a buoyant density of 1.16 g/cm(3). Additionally a soluble inhibitor of MSV focus formation was found which could be separated from infectious RadLV. Examination of cell clones derived from chronically infected 3T3 cells showed that essentially every cell was infected and produced both infectious RadLV and low levels of inhibitor. Quantitative comparisons of autonomously replicating RadLV in normal 3T3 and S+L- cells suggested that RadLV may consist of several populations of virus of varying replicative potential. Apparently 99% of RadLV can be assayed only as helper units in normal cells or as replicative units in S+L- cells. To explain the atypical results, a model for RadLV deficiency is proposed.     

Cell Surface Antigen Induced by Friend Murine Leukemia Virus Is also in the Virion

Intact particles of Friend leukemia virus derived from infectious mouse serum absorb only trace amounts of cytotoxic anti-FMR antibodies, but physical disruption of the virions by freezing and thawing, by ether extraction or by detergent treatment releases large amounts of FMR antigenic activity. Thus this antigen, previously considered to occur mainly as a neo-antigen on the surfaces of virus-infected cells and as a soluble substance in the serum of infected mice, may be primarily a virion component.     

A Chimeric Ty3/Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Integrase Protein Is Active In Vivo

This report describes the results of experiments to determine whether chimeras between a retrovirus and portions of Ty3 are active in vivo. A chimera between Ty3 and a Neo^r-marked Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) was constructed. The C-terminal domain of M-MuLV integrase (IN) was replaced with the C-terminal domain of Ty3 IN. The chimeric retroviruses were expressed from an amphotrophic envelope packaging cell line. The virus generated was used to infect the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, and cells in which integration had occurred were selected by G418 resistance. Three independently integrated viruses were rescued. In each case, the C-terminal Ty3 IN sequences were maintained and short direct repeats of the genomic DNA flanked the integration site. Sequence analysis of the genomic DNA flanking the insertion did not identify a tRNA gene; therefore, these integration events did not have Ty3 position specificity. This study showed that IN sequences from the yeast retrovirus-like element Ty3 can substitute for M-MuLV IN sequences in the C-terminal domain and contribute to IN function in vivo. It is also one of the first in vivo demonstrations of activity of a retrovirus encoding an integrase chimera. Studies of chimeras between IN species with distinctive integration patterns should complement previous work by expanding our understanding of the roles of nonconserved domains.     

Histones Stimulate Polyribonucleotide-Directed Polydeoxyribonucleotide Synthesis by Murine Leukemia Virus

The rate of homoribopolymer-directed DNA synthesis by detergent-disrupted Moloney murine leukemia virus can be stimulated or inhibited by histone, depending on the ratio of histone to template. Of the fractions which can be separated from the whole histone, f1 causes both the greatest stimulation and the greatest inhibition. The effect of histone f1 is qualitatively similar whether the template is polyadenylate (poly A), polycytidylate, or polyuridylate, but the stimulation is greatest with poly A. The pattern of stimulation and inhibition differs, however, for a different polymerase; the DNA polymerase of Micrococcus luteus is inhibited by histone concentrations which stimulate the viral enzyme and stimulated by concentrations which inhibit the viral enzyme. For the viral enzyme, the optimum histone concentration is unaffected by changes in the virus or primer concentration; but it varies in proportion to the template concentration, suggesting that histone acts by combining stoichiometrically with the template. These data raise the possibility that a histone-like protein may participate in the synthesis of the provirus of RNA tumor viruses.     

Analysis of the Fusion of XC Cells Induced by Homogenates of Murine Leukemia Virus-Infected Cells and by Purified Murine Leukemia Virus

The fusion of XC cells induced by murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-infected cells is also induced by homogenates prepared from the infected cells and by purified MuLV. The fusion-inducing factor appears to contain a heat-labile lipoprotein. No synthesis of specific macromolecules by the XC cells is necessary to obtain fusion. The results suggest that specific components of the viral particle are the activators for the fusion process and they may also be present in the membranes of infected cells.     

Studies on Morphological Transformation of BALB/3T3-Derived Clones by Murine Leukemia Virus

We have described a cell line, UC1-B, derived spontaneously from BALB/3T3 mouse embryo cells, which, unlike the standard BALB/3T3, are morphologically transformed and produce bizarre viral forms in response to murine leukemia virus. Although UC1-B and BALB/3T3 are morphologically similar, and both form contact-inhibited monolayers at confluence, the UC1-B cells are partially transformed because: they grow to a slightly higher saturation density than 3T3 cells, they grow in medium lacking serum growth factors, and they produce tumors in mice. Another clone, 12A-3, derived from BALB/3T3, also transforms and produces bizarre viral forms after infection with murine leukemia virus. Unlike UC1-B cells, the 12A3-8 cells are identical in growth properties to BALB/3T3; therefore, a partially altered morphology is not required for the induction of transformation by murine leukemia virus.     

Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Defectiveness of a Temperature-Sensitive Mutant of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Restricted in Assembly

The effect of temperature shiftdown on the assembly of ts3 virions was investigated by both scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Ts3 is a spontaneous temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) which previous studies indicated to be defective in assembly or release of the virions. In the present study, both SEM and TEM revealed the following: (i) there were more cell-associated virions in ts3-infected cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) than either in cells grown at the permissive temperature (34 degrees C) or in wild-type MuLV-infected cells grown at 39 degrees C; (ii) there were more normal single particles than multiploids (virions with two or more pieces of genomic RNA) in ts3-infected cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature; (iii) there were more multiploids in ts3-infected cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature than either in cells grown at the permissive temperature or in wild-type MuLV-infected cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature; (iv) upon temperature shift from 39 to 34 degrees C, about 90% of the cell-associated virions dissociated from the cell surface. TEM studies also indicated that upon temperature shiftdown, virion assembly rapidly occurred. The above observations suggest that faulty assembly, which results in the production of multiploids, may not be the reason why ts3 virions accumulate on the cell surface at the nonpermissive temperature. The relatively higher proportion of multiploids found in ts3-infected cells grown at 39 degrees C compared with those grown at 34 degrees C may be due to the higher density of budding virions at the cell surface at the nonpermissive temperature, which increases the possibility of two or more particles assembling close to one another. The accumulation of ts3 virions in all stages of assembly at the nonpermissive temperature, together with the fact that rapid assembly and release of ts3 virions occurred on temperature shiftdown, indicates that virion assembly is restricted after it has been initiated. The probable role of altered glycoprotein(s) in restricting virion assembly is discussed.     

Structure and Leukemogenic Activity of a Murine Leukemia Virus

Purified Friend viruses obtained from chronically infected tissue cultures were studied under the electron microscope in an effort to correlate the fine structure of the particles to their leukemogenic activity under varied experimental conditions, i.e., temperature treatments and exposure to Tween 80, amyl acetate, or ether. It was observed that an intact viral envelope was a prerequisite to leukemogenic activity as tested by intraperitoneal inoculation of newborn mice. It was also noted that the percentage of C particles was not increased after heating for 1 hr at 45 C (treatment which, however, completely inactivated the viruses). Digestion with ribonuclease indicated the presence of ribonucleic acid within the nucleoids of "enveloped A particles," which shows that these are not immature particles. The significance of the simultaneous presence of "enveloped A" and C particles is discussed.