中药提取物对酵母菌抗真菌活性研究

目的探讨6味中药2种方法提取成分对酵母菌的抑菌和杀菌作用。方法采用药基琼脂稀释法,测定6味中药水提和醇提成分对白念珠菌和糠秕马拉色菌的MIC和MFC。结果对白念珠菌：水提黄连、醇提黄柏、醇提土槿皮MIC范围分别为0．625—1．25mg／mL、0．625～1．25mg/mL、0．313—0．625mg／mL;均值均为0．625mg／mL;对糠秕马拉色菌：水提和醇提黄连MIC范围分别为0．625～1．25mg／mL和1．25mg／mL,均值均为1．25mg／mL。对白念珠菌：醇提土槿皮MFC范围0．625～2．5mg/mL,均值0．625rag／mL。结论水提黄连、醇提黄柏和土槿皮对白念珠菌有较强抑菌作用,其中醇提土槿皮有较强杀菌作用。水提和醇提黄连对糠秕马拉色菌有较强抑菌作用。     

特康唑对常见念珠菌的体外敏感性试验

目的：研究特康唑对重度念珠菌性阴道炎常见念珠菌的体外敏感性。方法菌株分离自上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院、上海市第六人民医院、上海市第一妇婴保健院妇科门诊外阴阴道念珠菌病（ VVC）患者的阴道分泌物。所有菌株均经念珠菌显色培养基（ CHROMagar Candida）、API 20C AUX鉴定,并采用CLSIM27?A3肉汤微量稀释法对213株临床分离念珠菌作了特康唑、克霉唑、咪康唑3种抗真菌药物敏感性测定。结果213株菌株经鉴定为白念珠菌192株（90．14％）,光滑念珠菌21株（9．86％）。特康唑对192株白念珠菌的MIC范围：0．024～12．5μg／mL,MIC50：0．39μg／mL,MIC90：1．56μg／mL,GM：0．248μg／mL;特康唑对19株光滑念珠菌的MIC范围：0．024～1．56μg／mL,MIC50：0．049μg／mL,MIC90：1．56μg／mL,GM：0．107μg／mL。结论目前阴道念珠菌病的病原菌仍以白念珠菌为主,并提示特康唑与克霉唑、咪康唑3种药物对213株念珠菌均具有良好的敏感性,特康唑对白念珠菌及光滑念珠菌有较强的抑制作用并未发现有耐药现象。     

棘白菌素对氟康唑耐药的念珠菌体外药物敏感性的研究

目的评价3种棘白菌素类药物（卡泊芬净、米卡芬净、阿尼多芬净）体外对氟康唑耐药念珠菌的药物敏感性。方法采用微量液体稀释法和琼脂稀释法测定最小抑制浓度（MIC）。结果微量液体稀释法：59株耐药白念珠菌3种药物MIC50均为0.06μg/mL,米卡芬净、阿尼多芬净的MIC范围均为0.015～0.125μg/mL,卡泊芬净为0.015～0.25μg/mL;8株耐药光滑念珠菌MIC值均为0.063μg/mL。琼脂稀释法：59株耐药白念珠菌和8株耐药光滑念珠菌3种药物MIC值均为0.063μg/mL。结论3种棘白菌素类药物可能具有治疗氟康唑耐药的念珠菌感染的临床价值。     

地塞米松影响念珠菌对抗真菌药物敏感性的实验研究

目的 探讨地塞米松在体外试验中是否影响念珠菌对抗真菌药物的敏感性,以了解糖皮质激素与抗真菌药物直接作用于念珠菌时是否存在相互作用。方法 用微量液体培养基稀释法分别测定26株白念珠菌与地塞米松（0．2mg／ml）共同孵育前、孵育24～48h及7d时氟康唑、伊曲康唑、两性霉素B的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）值,并作对照。结果 白念珠菌与地塞米松孵育24～48h后、孵育后第7d氟康唑和伊曲康唑的MIC值升高,分别与孵育前的MIC值存在统计学差异,但孵育24～48h后的MIC与孵育后第7d的MIC无统计学差异;白念珠菌与地塞米松共同孵育24～48h后两性霉素B的MIC值也较孵育前升高,但第7d的MIC值与孵育前无差异。结论 地塞米松可增加三种抗真菌药物对于白念珠菌的MIC,但三种抗真菌药物间存在差异,表明地塞米松对于氟康唑和伊曲康唑体外抗白念珠菌的活性有拮抗作用,但没有时间依赖性,地塞米松对于两性霉素B的影响较氟康唑和伊曲康唑小,且影响时间较短。     

消痰平喘胶囊体外抑菌效果研究

目的探讨消痰平喘胶囊对引起上呼吸道感染的致病菌抑菌效果。方法按照新药临床指导原则的要求,采用2倍稀释法测定消痰平喘胶囊对试验菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果消痰平喘胶囊对金黄色葡萄球菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、肺炎球菌和流感嗜血杆菌MIC50和MIC50分别为0．375～1．5mg／ml、0．75～3.0mg／ml。结论消痰平喘胶囊对引起呼吸道感染的常见致病菌具有较强的抑制作用。     

5种中药对产酶菌的抑菌作用

目的探讨5种中药对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）及持续高产AmpC酶菌株的抑菌作用。方法采用琼脂对倍稀释法分别检测5种中药对产ESBLs和AmpC酶菌株的最低抑菌作用。结果5种中药对产ESBLs和AmpC酶菌株均有不同程度的抑菌作用,其中黄芩抑菌效果较好,对产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌（46／80）的最低抑菌浓度为31．25mg／ml,产AmpC酶的肺炎克雷伯菌（19／30）其最低抑菌浓度为31．25mg／ml,其次为黄连和千里光等。结论部分中药对产ESBLs和AmpC酶菌株有不同程度的抑菌作用。     

万古霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌体外抗菌活性研究

目的调查万古霉索对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性。方法收集温州医学院附属第一医院2005年2～7月从临床各种标本分离的金黄色葡萄球菌112株,PCR检测mecA基因确定MRSA,采用琼脂稀释法和全自动微生物分析仪检测金黄色葡萄球菌万古霉素MIC值,使用4mg／L万古霉索脑心浸液琼脂（BHIA）筛选异质性耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌（hVRSA）。结果MRSA的检出率为64．3％,万古霉素的MIC大多数≤2mg／L,MIC。为2mg／L,有2株菌在4mg／L万古霉素BHIA平皿上生长,经菌群分析法证实非hVRSA。仪器法检测的万古霉素MIC值与琼脂稀释法的符合率只有35．7％,琼脂稀释法万古霉索MIC高于仪器法,仪器法检测的2株万古霉素中介耐药的菌株经琼脂稀释法和K-B法证实为敏感株。有6株对万古霉索的MIC为4mg／L,按美国NCCLS／CLSI2006年的标准被确定为万古霉素中介耐药株。结论万古霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的体外抗菌活性,未发现耐药株,但MIC值较大。仪器法检测金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素的敏感性结果不可靠。按NCCLS／CLSI2006年的标准临床上能检测到对万古霉素中介耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株。     

羧甲基壳聚糖对5株口腔颌面部感染细菌的抑菌性能的评价

目的 研究羧甲基壳聚糖对5株口腔颌面部感染细菌的抑菌性能,为在临床应用提供相关资料。方法 采用液体梯度稀释法分别测定羧甲基壳聚糖对牙龈卟啉菌、中间普氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果 羧甲基壳聚糖对5株菌的MIC分别为：20、5、2.5、5、10 g/L。结论 羧甲基壳聚糖对口腔颌面部感染重要相关细菌具有抑菌作用。     

大青叶和板蓝根提取物的抑菌作用研究

目的：探讨中药大青叶和板兰根的逐级提取物的抑菌作用。方法：采用试管稀释法测定大表吉和板兰根的各级提取物－总浸液、乙醇提取液、正丁醇萃取液对各实验菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果：各级提取物对实验菌分别有不同程度的抑菌作用,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最为明显;各提取物的抑菌强度依次为：正丁醇萃取液（对三种实验菌均明显抑制：MIC≤62mg/ml)、乙醇提取液（金黄色葡萄球菌：MIC≤62mg/ml、肠炎杆菌：MIC≤125mg/ml、大肠埃希菌MIC≤500mg/ml)、总浸液（仅对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制明显：MIC＝62mg/ml）。结论：大青叶和板蓝根具有广谱抗菌作用,其逐级提取物富集的抑菌活性逐级增强。     

2种中药单体对念珠菌的体外药敏研究

目的探讨人参茎叶皂甙、三七总皂甙、氟康唑、伊曲康唑体外抗念珠菌的敏感性。方法采用CLSI公布的M-27A方案微量液体稀释法分别测定氟康唑、伊曲康唑、人参茎叶皂甙、三七总皂甙对60株临床分离念珠菌的体外敏感性。结果氟康唑、伊曲康唑、人参茎叶皂甙、三七总皂甙对受试菌的MIC50分别为0.25、0.25、7.812和15.625 mg/L,MIC90分别为64、16、250和250 mg/L。60株念珠菌临床分离株中有10株对伊曲康唑、人参茎叶皂甙、三七总皂甙交叉耐药。结论人参茎叶皂甙、三七总皂甙在体外对念珠菌均有不同程度抑制作用,CLSI M27-A方案可用于对中药抗念珠菌活性的评价。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.