生物芯片研发现状及展望

生物芯片技术作为新一代生物技术,已引起国际国内广泛关注及重视,在许多领域将得到越来越广泛的应用,本文就生物芯片的类型,研发状况及其应用作简要介绍。     

DNA芯片与应用

DNA芯片就是利用光导原位化学合成或液相合成自动化点样,将数以万计的寡核苷酸固定于固相支持物硅片、尼龙膜上,与荧光素或同位素标记的特检样本DNA/cDNA杂交,通过对杂交信号分析反映样本中的DNA序列信息。它广泛应用基因表达、DNA测序、基因分型、基因突变与多态性检测和遗传作图等生物医学研究领域。     

Perspective: Microfluidic applications in microbiology

The application of microfluidics technology to microbiology research is an excellent platform for the analysis of microorganisms and their nucleic acids. This technology combines engineering, physics, chemistry, biology and computing to control the devices. In this perspective we discuss how microfluidics can be applied to microbiological research and used in diagnostic applications. We also summarize advantages and limitations of this technology, as well as highlight some recent microbiological applications.     

Microfluidic biolector—microfluidic bioprocess control in microtiter plates

In industrial‐scale biotechnological processes, the active control of the pH‐value combined with the controlled feeding of substrate solutions (fed‐batch) is the standard strategy to cultivate both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. On the contrary, for small‐scale cultivations, much simpler batch experiments with no process control are performed. This lack of process control often hinders researchers to scale‐up and scale‐down fermentation experiments, because the microbial metabolism and thereby the growth and production kinetics drastically changes depending on the cultivation strategy applied. While small‐scale batches are typically performed highly parallel and in high throughput, large‐scale cultivations demand sophisticated equipment for process control which is in most cases costly and difficult to handle. Currently, there is no technical system on the market that realizes simple process control in high throughput. The novel concept of a microfermentation system described in this work combines a fiber‐optic online‐monitoring device for microtiter plates (MTPs)—the BioLector technology—together with microfluidic control of cultivation processes in volumes below 1 mL. In the microfluidic chip, a micropump is integrated to realize distinct substrate flow rates during fed‐batch cultivation in microscale. Hence, a cultivation system with several distinct advantages could be established: (1) high information output on a microscale; (2) many experiments can be performed in parallel and be automated using MTPs; (3) this system is user‐friendly and can easily be transferred to a disposable single‐use system. This article elucidates this new concept and illustrates applications in fermentations of Escherichia coli under pH‐controlled and fed‐batch conditions in shaken MTPs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 497–505. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A Microfluidic Platform for Precision Small-volume Sample Processing and Its Use to Size Separate Biological Particles with an Acoustic Microdevice

A major advantage of microfluidic devices is the ability to manipulate small sample volumes, thus reducing reagent waste and preserving precious sample. However, to achieve robust sample manipulation it is necessary to address device integration with the macroscale environment. To realize repeatable, sensitive particle separation with microfluidic devices, this protocol presents a complete automated and integrated microfluidic platform that enables precise processing of 0.15–1.5 ml samples using microfluidic devices. Important aspects of this system include modular device layout and robust fixtures resulting in reliable and flexible world to chip connections, and fully-automated fluid handling which accomplishes closed-loop sample collection, system cleaning and priming steps to ensure repeatable operation. Different microfluidic devices can be used interchangeably with this architecture. Here we incorporate an acoustofluidic device, detail its characterization, performance optimization, and demonstrate its use for size-separation of biological samples. By using real-time feedback during separation experiments, sample collection is optimized to conserve and concentrate sample. Although requiring the integration of multiple pieces of equipment, advantages of this architecture include the ability to process unknown samples with no additional system optimization, ease of device replacement, and precise, robust sample processing.     

微流控芯片用于卵母细胞冷冻保存的实验研究

低温保存对卵母细胞造成渗透损伤、毒性损伤和冰晶损伤,使得细胞冻后质量难以提高.本文首次提出将微流控法添加-去除保护剂分别与三种冷冻载体(OPS、QC及Cryotop)搭配使用,对猪卵母细胞进行冷冻保存,并与传统冷冻法进行比较;然后,首次选用透明陶瓷和玻璃制作集成一体化芯片,对猪卵母细胞进行冷冻保存,以冷冻保存后的细胞存活率和发育率为判断依据,筛选出较好的方案;最后,对冻后卵母细胞的早期凋亡情况、胞内活性氧水平和线粒体膜电位水平进行分析.结果表明,微流控添加-去除保护剂组卵母细胞冻后存活率以及卵裂率都显著高于传统冷冻组,可以有效降低卵母细胞的早期凋亡率和胞内活性氧水平,减小线粒体损伤,提高细胞的冻后质量.透明陶瓷一体化芯片保存卵母细胞得到的存活率和卵裂率与传统OPS冷冻的保存结果无显著差异.微流控芯片技术为卵母细胞的低温保存提供新的思路,有较好的应用前景.     

用于药物筛选的微流控细胞阵列芯片

细胞区域分布培养以及如何有效地对微流体进行操控是微流控阵列芯片在细胞药物研究中的关键技术。本研究介绍了一种利用SU-8负性光刻胶模具和PDMS制作双层结构的微流控细胞阵列芯片的方法,该芯片通过C型的坝结构将进样细胞拦截在芯片的细胞培养的固定区域,键合双层PDMS构成阀控制层,阀网络的开关作用成功实现了芯片通道内微流体的操控,同时芯片设计了药物浓度梯度网络,产生6个不同浓度的药物刺激细胞。通过对芯片3种共培养细胞活性的检测和药物伊立替康(CTP-11)对肝癌细胞的浓度梯度刺激等实验结果验证该芯片在细胞研究和药物筛选等方面的可行性。     

微流控芯片技术在循环肿瘤细胞分离中的研究进展

循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)是指从原发肿瘤或转移灶脱落、发生上皮-间质转化进入患者外周血血液循环的恶性肿瘤细胞.CTCs在肿瘤研究和临床诊断上的作用逐渐得到认可,外周血中CTCs存在与否以及数量多少不但可以用于肿瘤的早期诊断,还可以用于评估肿瘤预后、监测肿瘤的转移和复发.微流控芯片作为一个高通量、小型化的细胞实验平台,已被应用于CTCs的分选当中.本文综述了用于CTCs捕获的微流控芯片系统的最新研究进展,着重介绍各类芯片的捕获原理、芯片结构和捕获效率,最后对微流控芯片技术在CTCs分选中的应用前景进行了展望.     

微流控芯片在干细胞研究中的应用

干细胞以其多潜能性和自我更新能力成为人类早期胚胎研究、干细胞治疗和组织工程修复中的主要细胞来源和种子细胞。但传统细胞研究方法难以提供干细胞生长和分化所需的复杂多层次的微环境,使研究结果与体内真实情况相差甚远,尽可能模拟和精确调控干细胞培养微环境,进而控制干细胞自我更新或分化命运,成干细胞研究的难点。微流控芯片可以更真实地模拟干细胞小生境(niche);实时可控的对单个干细胞加载剪切力和生长因子;其透明的装置可对细胞行为进行跟踪观察等研究细胞微环境中占有优势,从而受到越来越多干细胞研究者的关注。结合对微流控技术研究经验,对干细胞微环境构建所需条件进行了综述,总结了微流控在干细胞研究中所取得的成果,并展望了微流控技术在干细胞研究中的应用前景。     

Nanoscale fabrication of biomolecular layer and its application to biodevices

Biodevices composed of biomolecular layer have been developed in various fields such as medical diagnosis, pharmaceutical screening, electronic device, photonic device, environmental pollution detection device, and etc. The biomolecules such as protein, DNA and pigment, and cells have been used to construct the biodevices such as biomolecular diode, biostorage device, bioelectroluminescence device, protein chip, DNA chip, and cell chip. Substantial interest has focused upon thin film fabrication or the formation of biomaterials mono- or multi-layers on the solid surfaces to construct the biodevices. Based on the development of nanotechnology, nanoscale fabrication technology for biofilm has been emerged and applied to biodevices due to the various advantages such as high density immobilization and orientation control of immobilized biomolecules. This review described the nanoscale fabrication of biomolecular film and its application to bioelectronic devices and biochips.     

On the energy transfer between the electromagnetic field and nanomachines for biological applications

The article presents a simple expression of the power transferred from the electromagnetic field (EMF) to a biological nanomachine (NM) embedded in a background medium (BM). The expression is useful to analyse the interaction mechanism and test the hypothesis on its nature. Furthermore, it should represent a helpful tool to design remotely controlled NMs for bio-medical applications and the relative electromagnetic control apparatuses. Finally, to show its practical usefulness, we used it to discuss the hypothesis on the energy transfer mechanism proposed in the literature to explain intriguing experimental phenomena referring to the remotely controlled dehybridization of DNA molecules attached to gold nanocrystals.     

基于微流控技术的微生物细胞梯度稀释分离方法

随着微流控分析技术的快速发展,集成化的微流控芯片在满足实验高通量的同时,还在微生物细胞分离领域呈现出独特的优势。本研究基于微流控技术,制备了以聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)、玻片为材料的细菌细胞梯度稀释分离芯片。该芯片的核心是通过一系列复杂的梯度网络来实现对细菌悬液的连续稀释,最终被分离的细菌细胞进入通道末端的存储孔内。结果显示,该方法能分离出的最少细菌细胞数低于10个。此芯片平台操作简单、耗时短、成本低,为微生物单细胞研究提供了新的途径。     

Thermal microdevices for biological and biomedical applications

Temperature strongly influences the form and function of biologically important macromolecules and cells. Advances in microfabrication technology have enabled highly localized and accurate temperature control and manipulation, allowing the investigation of thermal effects on biological microsystems. This paper reviews progress in this field, with emphasis on techniques and microdevices with biomedical applications. Recent advances in the study of thermal effects on cellular behavior, enabled by MEMS-based structures are reported. These studies focus on investigating thermal interactions between the cell and its microenvironment. Thermal-based tools for concentration and purification of biologically important macromolecules like DNA and proteins are summarized. These tools address common issues in protein/DNA research, like concentration, separation and purification of samples. With the increasing research focus on the integration of biomedicine with engineering technologies and the several incentives of miniaturization, MEMS-based devices are likely to become increasingly prevalent in biology and medicine. Thermal engineering is expected to continue to play an important role in the improvement of current microdevices and the development of new ones.     

硅-玻璃聚合酶链式反应微芯片对β-葡糖苷酸酶基因的扩增

聚合酶链式反应（PCR）微芯片是基于微机电系统（MEMS）制作,在微芯片上进行PCR反应,实现生物样品扩增的一项新技术.介绍了硅-玻璃PCR微芯片的设计和制作、微反应腔的清洗和表面处理、借助外置温度控制系统进行PCR扩增反应以及扩增产物在琼脂糖凝胶电泳下的检测分析,实现了对β-葡糖苷酸酶（GUS）基因的有效扩增,扩增时间由原来的90 min缩短到现在的37 min.     

New, miniaturized breath analyser for applications on Earth and in space

The present article deals with the development and application of an innovative breath analyser for metabolic stress testing and cardio respiratory measurements. The system is based on new, miniaturized ceramic gas sensors, which have the unique ability to measure simultaneously oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations as well as flow rates. The small size of just a few millimetres allows the operation of the sensor directly in a breathing mask, minimizing dead space and breath resistance. Due to these properties and the fast response time of the measurement, it will be possible to perform a breath-by-breath analysis, in both stationary and mobile mode, with low environmental and psychological influences of the experimental circumstances to the tested person. The current development status and the most interesting technical data, experimental results, and benefits of the new breath analyser are described in the article.     

3D printing in biotechnology—An insight into miniaturized and microfluidic systems for applications from cell culture to bioanalytics

Since its invention in the 1980s, 3D printing has evolved into a versatile technique for the additive manufacturing of diverse objects and tools, using various materials. The relative flexibility, straightforwardness, and ability to enable rapid prototyping are tremendous advantages offered by this technique compared to conventional methods for miniaturized and microfluidic systems fabrication (such as soft lithography). The development of 3D printers exhibiting high printer resolution has enabled the fabrication of accurate miniaturized and microfluidic systems—which have, in turn, substantially reduced both device sizes and required sample volumes. Moreover, the continuing development of translucent, heat resistant, and biocompatible materials will make 3D printing more and more useful for applications in biotechnology in the coming years. Today, a wide variety of 3D‐printed objects in biotechnology—ranging from miniaturized cultivation chambers to microfluidic lab‐on‐a‐chip devices for diagnostics—are already being deployed in labs across the world. This review explains the 3D printing technologies that are currently used to fabricate such miniaturized microfluidic devices, and also seeks to offer some insight into recent developments demonstrating the use of these tools for biotechnological applications such as cell culture, separation techniques, and biosensors.     

超大表面积自驱动微流控芯片的设计与制备

目的:利用新型纳米森林材料,构建一种操作简单、检测快速、灵敏度高的用于现场检测的自驱动微流控芯片。方法:利用MEMS加工技术制备出具有优良光学性能和大表面积的石英纳米森林结构微流道,对该纳米森林结构的高度、宽度/横向尺寸、密度、表面积、光学性能、毛细驱动效果、荧光增敏效果做出评价,利用双抗体夹心的方法进行蓖麻毒素的检测。结果:纳米纤维锥底直径200～300nm,高度约1. 0μm,纳米森林的密度约为10个/μm~2,估测表面积比底面积达5∶1以上。其在波长为680nm处的透光率达89. 5%,驱动流速约5mm/s,与平面结构相比,其饱和荧光显色成倍提高。蓖麻毒素的检测限低于10pg/ml,在10～6 250pg/ml范围内具有较好线性关系。结论:基于纳米森林结构,成功构建了一种具有超大表面积和高灵敏度的毛细自驱动微流控芯片。     

微流控芯片细胞捕获分离方法概述

细胞捕获分离是免疫学、诊断检测、病理研究等学科经常用到的生物学实验方法.近年来,微流控芯片平台的细胞捕获分离方式花样繁多,层出不穷,它具有可快速检测、所需样本量少、节约试剂、成本低廉等优势.本文主要对近年来多种微流控细胞捕获分离的方法,以免疫捕获分离和无标签细胞分离两类对其进行介绍.免疫捕获分离是较为传统的细胞捕获分离方式,它的特异性好、捕获分离后的细胞纯度较高.无标签细胞分离是近几年热门发展的技术手段,它采用物理学与生物学相结合的方式,能较好地保持细胞的完整性和生物活性.细胞捕获分离在微流控平台的应用虽然发展迅速,但其在工业化生产和微型化整合等方面还存在一些问题,只有解决生产问题,细胞捕获分离在微流控平台的应用才真正具有实际价值,可以真正作为一种技术手段用于日常的实验操作和医学检测中.就目前而言,细胞捕获分离在微流控芯片中仍具有很大的发展前景.     

空化微流体在生物医学方面的应用

空化效应是发生在液体内部的一种极其复杂的流体物理现象,能产生极高的中心能量密度,并伴随发光、发热、冲击波、高速射流等极端物理现象,它的存在能使一些极端的反应得以实现。空化效应发生时形成的空化微流体在破坏细胞形貌、微操控、微混合等方面有广泛地应用。本文综述了空化微流体及其产生的强烈冲击波在生物医学方面的应用,包含空化微流体在破坏细胞形貌、微小元件的操控以及加快液体混合等三个方面。     

Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip for microbial identification on a DNA microarray

A lab-on-a-chip for the rapid identification of microbial species has been developed for a water monitoring system. We employed highly parallel DNA microarrays for the direct profiling of microbial populations in a sample. For the integration and minimization of the DNA microarray protocols for bacterial identification, rRNA was selected as a target nucleotide for probe:target hybridization. In order to hybridize target rRNA onto the probe oligonucleotide, intact rRNA extracted fromE. coli rRNA was fragmented via chemical techniques in the lab-on-a-chip platform. The size of fragmented rRNA was less than 400 base pairs, which was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The fragmented rRNA was also labeled using fluorescent chemicals. The lab-on-a-chip for fragmentation and labeling includes a PDMS chaotic mixer for efficient mixing, operated by flow pressure. In addition, the fragmented rRNA was hybridized successfully on a DNA microarray with sample recirculation on a microfluidic platform. Our fragmentation and labeling technique will have far-reaching applications, which require rapid but complicated chemical genetic material processing on a lab-on-a-chip platform.