不同生态恢复模式对黄土残塬沟壑区深层土壤有机碳的影响

黄土高原退耕还林近20年来,大量生态恢复工程的实施,势必对土壤碳库产生影响。为评估生态恢复的土壤碳汇效益,本研究以黄土残塬沟壑区天然次生林、人工生态林和人工经济林等3种生态恢复模式为对象,研究其4 m土壤有机碳(SOC)储量。结果表明:(1)三种生态恢复模式具有明显的碳汇效益。天然次生林4 m SOC储量为(166.40±42.90) t/hm~2比坡中农地((58.73±4.73) t/hm~2显著增加了183.33%;人工生态林和人工经济林分别为(111.32±13.30) t/hm~2、(104.60±7.10) t/hm~2比坡中农地高89.54%、78.11%;(2)0—60 cm SOC含量随深度的增加显著降低(P0.05),由表层的(11.03±7.51) g/kg减少到(2.40±0.93) g/kg,降幅达78.22%,表现出明显的表聚性;60—400 cm SOC含量变化较为稳定,含量较低为(1.81±0.88) g/kg;(3)三种恢复模式深层(1—4 m)SOC储量与坡中农地相比分别提高109.43%、76.43%、65.06%;深层SOC储量天然次生林((77.81±8.40) t/hm~2)、人工生态林((65.55±7.71) t/hm~2)、人工经济林((61.32±3.16) t/hm~2)分别占4 m剖面有机碳储量的46.76%、58.89%、58.62%。结果表明天然次生林和人工混交林是黄土高原残塬沟壑区良好的生态恢复模式,且深层SOC在土壤碳库中不可忽视。     

巨牡蛎对长江口环境的净化功能及其生态服务价值

牡蛎礁生态系统是河口环境的天然污染处理厂.本文分析了长江口导堤巨牡蛎对重金属的生物富集作用,并评估了其对河口环境的净化功能和生态服务价值.结果表明：巨牡蛎对Cu、Zn和Cd的富集能力较强,其生物富集系数BCFs (bio-concentration factors)分别为(14.28±2.41)×10³、(12.75±2.02)×10³和(14.51±3.71)×10³,Cu、Zn和Cd的沉积物生物富集系数BSAFs (biota-sediment accumulation factors)分别为26.78±4.53、23.24±3.69和16.62±4.25,巨牡蛎对6种重金属富集能力的大小顺序为Cu>Zn>Cd>As>Pb>Hg.整个长江口导堤巨牡蛎的现存量约为1.07×10⁶ t,鲜肉约为1.75×10⁵ t,其对养分和重金属的总累积量分别为：N 1.462×10⁶ kg、P 1×10⁵ kg、Cu 24 745 kg、Zn 58 257 kg、Pb 609 kg、Cd 254 kg、Hg 0.18 kg和As 329 kg.长江口导堤巨牡蛎去除营养盐和重金属所产生的环境效益价值约为每年317万元,等同于每年净化合流污水7.31×10⁶ t,相当于一个日处理能力约为2×10⁴ t的大型城市污水处理厂;巨牡蛎提供的栖息地价值约为每年510万元,合计生态服务价值约为每年827万元.     

HPLC-UV测定大鼠血浆中氧化槐定碱含量及其药代动力学研究

建立测定大鼠血浆中氧化槐定碱的体内分析方法,并考察其药代动力学参数。血浆样品以甲醇溶液沉淀,采用ZORBAX XDB-C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,4.0μm)色谱柱分离,流动相为乙腈-磷酸缓冲溶液(0.01 mol/L KH2PO4,H3PO4调p H 3.30)=4∶96(V/V),检测波长210 nm。血浆中氧化槐定碱在2.50~500.00μg/m L内线性较好(r=0.9971),提取回收率为77.3%~89.9%,日内、日间精密度RSD均小于10%。大鼠静脉注射50mg/kg和100 mg/kg氧化槐定碱后,其消除半衰期t1/2分别为(37.24±9.27)和(34.25±8.82)min,AUC分别为(1998.76±178.35)和(5130.62±1450.86)mg/L/min,Cmax分别为(89.53±10.47)和(247.35±112.02)mg/L。本文建立的方法简便、经济,可用于氧化槐定碱体内药代动力学分析。     

速度增量及持续时间对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼临界游泳速度的影响

为了考查速度增量(△v)和持续时间(△t)2个参数变化对鱼类临界游泳速度(critical swimming speed,Ucrit)的影响,于25℃条件下,首先以15%临界游泳速度作为△v,设置不同的持续时间(△t:5,10,15,30,60min);再以20min作为△t,设置不同的速度增量(△v:5%,10%,15%,20%,30%Ucrit),测定瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobag vachelli)幼鱼的临界游泳速度。结果表明:随△t的增加Ucrit整体呈下降趋势,△t由5min增加至60min,绝对游泳速度(absolute swimming speed,Ua)由(47.4±0.7)cm.s-1下降至(39.1±1.5)cm.s-1(P<0.05),除15和30min无显著差异外,其余各组间均存在显著差异(P<0.05);而△v由5%提高至10%Ucrit,Ua由(44.1±0.6)cm.s-1显著增加至(47.0±0.4)cm.s-1(P<0.05),15%和20%Ucrit的Ua分别为(45.2±0.2)cm.s-1和(46.3±0.8)cm.s-1,与10%Ucrit组之间均无显著差异,但△v增...     

虚拟现实技术下运动游戏模式对小学生能量消耗与心率变异性的影响

为探讨虚拟现实技术下游戏运动模式对小学生能量消耗与心率变异性的影响,本研究以无固定运动习惯的12位小学男生为受试对象。受试者年龄(9.75±0.45)岁,身高(135.91±7.63) cm,体重(38.25±13.00) kg,身体质量指数(20.41±5.40) kg/m~2。在熟悉器材与环境后,进行3次每次20 min的虚拟现实游戏(棒球,网球,拳击),实验过程配带CosMed K4b 2可携式气体分析仪与Polar表,采集能量消耗与心率变异度指标。将实验数据分别以单因素方差和多因素方差分析,检验受试者进行3种游戏各变量间差异情况,显著水平定为p0.05。研究发现,拳击在VO_2 ((18.46±6.50) mL·min~(-1)·kg~(-1))、HR ((136.74±25.4) beats/min)、VE ((23.80±7.33) L/min)、做功((378.24±147.51)kJ·kg~(-1)·min~(-1))、总能量消耗((60.52±14.66)Kcal)与METs(5.26±1.85)等变量,皆显著高于网球(V0_2:(14.18±4.36)mL·min~(-1)·kg~(-1),VE:(16.15±3.18)L/min,HR:(113.09±11.71)次/min,做功数:(298.87±87.45)kJ·kg~(-1)·min~(-1),总能量消耗:(49.10±12.66) Kcal与METs (4.04±1.24))与棒球(V0_2:(11.39±2.90) mL·min~(-1)·kg~(-1),VE:(13.75±5.17)L/min,HR:(104.73±9.83)次/min,做功数:(240.08±68.22) kJ·kg~(-1)·min~(-1),总能量消耗:(40.86±16.5) Kcal与METs:(3.25±0.83))。而拳击在心率变异度的指标(LF,HF与LF/HF,Mean HR,Mean RR与rMSSD)上则明显高于棒球与网球(p0.05)。10 min恢复期与安静期比较发现,棒球与网球的副交感神经活性无显著差异(p0.05),而拳击项目则在恢复期明显高于安静值(P0.05)。本研究结果说明,以虚拟现实拳击游戏能量消耗较接近中等强度运动效果,在对于消耗热量、运动健身与体适能方面则有明显的效果,另也可作为体重控制的工具之一。     

川中丘陵区人工柏木防护林适宜林分结构及水文效应

川中丘陵区是长江上游水土流失最严重地区之一,该区大面积柏木防护林林分结构不合理、天然更新不良、林分稳定性差、产品产量和水土保持功能低,急需进行结构调整。通过48个典型柏木纯林样地林分郁闭度与灌木、草本及枯落物盖度和生物量分析,提出了该区人工柏木防护林适宜林分郁闭度为0.6—0.7。根据林分结构,将柏木纯林林分结构划分为5种类型。对比分析结果表明:(1)5种林分类型枯落物最大持水量取决于林分枯落物存贮量,适宜结构型林分与其它4种林分类型枯落物最大持水量存在显著差异,排序结果为适宜结构型(4.038±0.497)t/hm2>中低密度型(3.583±0.521)t/hm2>中高密度型(3.243±0.455)t/hm2>低密度型(2.841±0.656)t/hm2>过密型(2.272±0.580)t/hm2。(2)土壤饱和贮水量排序为适宜结构型(180.59±14.83)mm>中低密度型(173.84±18.06)mm>中高密度型(169.27±13.20)mm>低密度型(162.57±8.79)mm>过密型(150.77±5.08)mm,适宜结构型林分与其余4种林分之间均存在显著差异。(3)6次典型降雨产沙量排序为适宜结构型(360.07 kg/hm2)<中低密度型(577.08 kg/hm2)<中高密度型(625.98 kg/hm2)<低密度型(878.51 kg/hm2)<过密型(1026.74 kg/hm2),5种柏木林分类型产沙量之间均存在显著或极显著差异。     

元谋干热河谷三种植被恢复模式土壤贮水及入渗特性

采用双环法及主成分分析法、Pearson相关分析法,对云南省元谋干热河谷小跨山流域3种植被恢复类型(以裸地为对照)的土壤入渗与贮水特征进行了研究。结果表明：1）3种植被类型与裸地的饱和贮水量表现为、最大滞留贮水量和最大吸持贮水量均表现为罗望子 百喜草(1317.0 t?hm-2; 118.5 t?hm-2; 1198.5 t?hm-2)>银合欢林(1152.0 t?hm-2; 99.0 t?hm-2; 1053.0 t?hm-2)>扭黄茅(1108.5 t?hm-2; 89.5 t?hm-2; 1029.0 t?hm-2)>裸地(954.0 t?hm-2; 66.0 t?hm-2; 888.0 t?hm-2),且植被对土壤滞留贮存功能的改善作用大于土壤吸持贮存功能。2）3种植被类型与裸地间土壤入渗特征值均表现出初渗率(罗望子 百喜草: 7mm/min;银合欢林: 8.37mm/min;扭黄茅:6.01mm/min;裸地:0.62mm/min)>平均入渗率(5.93mm/min;5.06mm/min; 3.94mm/min;0.53mm/min)>稳渗率(4.94mm/min;2.88mm/min;3.29mm/min;0.27mm/min)的规律。不论旱季还是雨季,根据主成分分析法,得出土壤渗透性能综合判断值（F）的综合方程,综合评价3种植被类型与裸地土壤渗透性优劣,表现为：罗望子 百喜草(F值：1.2271)>扭黄茅(F值：0.5365)>银合欢林(F值：0.2688)>裸地(F值：-2.0323)。3）Pearson相关分析法表明,3种植被类型与裸地的土壤渗透性与总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤有机质含量呈极显著(P＜0.01)或者显著正相关(P＜0.05),与土壤容重呈极显著(P＜0.01)或显著负相关(P＜0.05),并在此基础上建立了主导因子方程。4）对土壤入渗过程模拟得出通用经验方程是用于描述该流域土壤入渗过程的最优模型。     

绒盖牛肝菌酸HPLC检测方法的建立及在大鼠体内的药代动力学

为建立绒盖牛肝菌酸血药浓度和各主要组织的HPLC检测方法,考察绒盖牛肝菌酸在大鼠体内的药代动力学和组织分布特点。采用Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 column色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,0.5μm)分离,以V(甲醇)∶V(水)=75∶25为流动相,流速1.0 m L/min,柱温25℃,检测波长243 nm。研究结果表明大鼠血浆及肝组织中的内源性物质均不干扰样品的测定,线性关系良好,大鼠灌胃绒盖牛肝菌酸符合一室模型,主要药代动力学参数Tmax为(0.76±0.21)h,Cmax为(8.76±0.81)μg/m L,t1/2为(0.18±0.28)h,AUC0-inf为(102.95±0.78)μg/(m L·h),大鼠尾静脉注射绒盖牛肝菌酸符合二室模型,主要药代动力学参数t1/2为(0.33±0.71)h,AUC_(0-inf)为(34.14±2.38)μg/(m L·h)。该方法简单快速,准确可靠,符合生物样品的测定要求,并明确了绒盖牛肝菌酸在大鼠体内的药代动力学和组织分布特征。     

tBHQ和SFN在创伤性脑损伤小鼠中的疗效比较性分析

目的:探讨叔丁基对苯二酚(t BHQ)和莱菔硫烷(SFN)在患有创伤性脑损伤大鼠的疗效差异性。方法:80只健康成年的雄性SD大鼠分为假手术组、常规损伤组、t BHQ治疗组和SFN治疗组,使用电子颅脑损伤仪(e CCI)制备TBI模型。其中t BHQ治疗组在伤前24 h大鼠腹腔注射三次t BHQ(50 mg/kg),每8 h一次;SFN治疗组在伤后15 min给予腹腔注射SFN(5 mg/kg)。给药24 h后,采用m NSS方法评价各组大鼠神经功能缺损状况,利用干湿称量法计算脑含水量,Western blot和ELISA方法分别测定大鼠脑组织的NOX2和Nrf2的表达水平。结果:损伤发生后第24 h,t BHQ治疗组和SFN治疗组在m NSS评分((4.5±0.71)vs(9.2±0.79),(6.0±0.82)vs(9.2±0.79))、脑水肿(79.4%vs 85.6%,80.3%vs 85.6%)、NOX2和Nrf2(0.93 ng/m L vs 0.81 ng/m L,0.87 ng/m L vs 0.81 ng/m L)表达上与常规损伤组差异明显,而t BHQ治疗组和SFN治疗组间在m NSS评分((4.5±0.71)vs(6.0±0.82))、NOX2和Nrf2(0.93 ng/m L vs 0.87 ng/m L)表达上差异显著。结论:在大鼠TBI模型中,t BHQ和SFN均可以有效的降低机体自身的氧化应激作用,并改善神经功能,但t BHQ的疗效要好于SFN。     

RP-HPLC法测定阿托伐他汀在新西兰兔体内的药代动力学

目的:研究阿托伐他汀片在新西兰兔体内的药代动力学.方法:18只成年健康雄性新西兰兔.随机分为正常对照组、10mg/kg·d阿托伐他汀片组与15 mg/kg·d阿托伐他汀片组,每组6只,采用RP-HPLC法测定血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数.结果:10mg/kg·d组与15 mg/kg·d组的主要药代动力学参数分别为:AUC0～t/μ g·L-1·h为(619.58±215.45)与(1138.34±422.32)、AUC0～∞/μ g·L-1·h为(655.68±242.83)与(1216.57±353.64)、Cmax/μ g·L-1为(455.81±168.52)和(896.53±168.5.8)、MRT0～t/h为(3.68±0.75)与(5.73±0.56)、MRT0～∞/h为(3.83±0.91)与(5.25±0.48)、Tmax/h为(2.51±0.82)与(3.68±0.33)、T1/2/h为(4.22±0.55)与(9.51±0.67).结论:RP-HPLC法适用于阿托伐他汀片动物药代动力学的研究.     

Cardiorespiratory and lactate responses to a 1-hour submaximal running at the lactate threshold

Cardiorespiratory and blood lactate (La) responses to prolonged submaximal running at an intensity relative to lactate threshold (LT) were examined in 15 recreational runners, aged 19 to 32. In test 1 where treadmill speed was progressively incremented by 10-20m/min until exhaustion, oxygen uptake at the LT (VO2 @ LT: 2.34 +/- 0.331/min or 41.6 +/- 5.7 ml/kg/min) and VO2max (3.58 +/- 0.341/min or 63.6 +/- 5.5 ml/kg/min) were measured. In test 2, the subject was required to run on the treadmill for 1 hour at a fixed velocity (Vt) which corresponded to his Vt @ LT. As expected, mean VO2 ranged during the 1-h submaximal running from 2.31 +/- 0.411/min or 63.0 +/- 7.8% VO2max at min 10-20 to 2.52 +/- 0.351/min or 69.2 +/- 6.2% VO2max at min 50-60, both of which were close to VO2 @ LT (65.2 +/- 4.4% VO2max). The slight decrease in blood La was found from min 20 to min 60, and this was accompanied by a parallel decline in respiratory exchange ratio. Shifts in the energy substrate toward a reliance on fat oxidation may occur during the course of 1-h running at Vt @t LT. The small oxygen debt observed after the 1-h running may confirm the assumption that prolonged running at Vt at LT would be performed in an almost fully aerobic steady state. We conclude that prolonged running at Vt @ LT may possibly maximize health-related benefits in the healthy adult.     

Evidence that the rat osteopetrotic mutation toothless (tl) is not in the TNFSF11 (TRANCE, RANKL, ODF, OPGL) gene.

The toothless (tl) osteopetrotic mutation in the rat affects an osteoblast-derived factor that is required for normal osteoclast differentiation. Although the genetic locus remains unknown, the phenotypic impact of the tl mutation on multiple systems has been well characterized. Some of its actions are similar to tumornecrosis factor superfamily member 11(TNFSF11; also called TRANCE, RANKL, ODF and OPGL) null mice. TNFSF11 is a recently described member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily which, when expressed by activated T cells, enhances the survival of antigen-presenting dendritic cells, and when expressed by osteoblasts, promotes the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. The skeletal similarities between tl rats and TNFSF11(-/-) mice include 1) profound osteoclastopenia (TNFSF11-null mice, 0% and tl rats 0-1% of normal); 2) persistent, non-resolving osteopetrosis that results from 3) a defect not in the osteoclast lineage itself, but in an osteoblast-derived, osteoclastogenic signal; and 4) a severe chondrodysplasia of the growth plates of long bones not seen in other osteopetrotic mutations. The latter includes thickening of the growth plate with age, disorganization of chondrocyte columns, and disturbances of chondrocyte maturation. These striking similarities prompted us to undertake studies to rule in or out a TNFSF11 mutation in the tl rat. We looked for expression of TNFSF11 mRNA in tl long bones and found it to be over-expressed and of the correct size. We also tested TNFSF11 protein function in the tl rat. This was shown to be normal by flow cytometry experiments in which activated, spleen-derived T-cells from tl rats exhibited normal receptor binding competence, as measured by a recombinant receptor assay. We also found that tl rats develop histologically normal mesenteric and peripheral lymph nodes, which are absent from TNFSF11-null mice. Next, we found that injections of recombinant TNFSF11, which restores bone resorption in null mice, had no therapeutic effect in tl rats. Finally, gene mapping studies using co-segregation of polymorphic markers excluded the chromosomal region containing the TNFSF11 gene as harboring the mutation responsible for the tl phenotype. We conclude that, despite substantial phenotypic similarities to TNFSF11(-/-) mice, the tl rat mutation is not in the TNFSF11 locus, and that its identification must await the results of further studies.     

Na+/Ca2+ countertransport in plasma membrane of rat pancreatic acinar cells

Summary The presence of a coupled Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange system has been demonstrated in plasma membrane vesicles from rat pancreatic acinar cells. Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange was investigated by measuring⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake and⁴⁵Ca²⁺ efflux in the presence of sodium gradients and at different electrical potential differences across the membrane (=) in the presence of sodium. Plasma membranes were prepared by a MgCl₂ precipitation method and characterized by marker enzyme distribution. When compared to the total homogenate, the typical marker for the plasma membrane, (Na⁺+K⁺)-ATPase was enriched by 23-fold. Markers for the endoplasmic reticulum, such as RNA and NADPH cytochromec reductase, as well as for mitochondria, the cytochromec oxidase, were reduced by twofold, threefold and 10-fold, respectively. For the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ countertransport system, the Ca²⁺ uptake after 1 min of incubation was half-maximal at 0.62 mol/liter Ca²⁺ and at 20 mmol/liter Na⁺ concentration and maximal at 10 mol/liter Ca²⁺ and 150 mmol/liter Na⁺ concentration, respecitively. When Na⁺ was replaced by Li⁺, maximal Ca²⁺ uptake was 75% as compared to that in the presence of Na⁺. Amiloride (10^–3 mol/liter) at 200 mmol/liter Na⁺ did not inhibit Na⁺/Ca²⁺ countertransport, whereas at low Na⁺ concentration (25 mmol/liter) amiloride exhibited dose-dependent inhibition to be 62% at 10^–2 mol/liter. CFCCP (10^–5 mol/liter) did not influence Na⁺/Ca²⁺ countertransport. Monensin inhibited dose dependently; at a concentration of 5×10^–6 mol/liter inhibition was 80%. A SCN^– or K⁺ diffusion potential (=), being positive at the vesicle inside, stimulated calcium uptake in the presence of sodium suggesting that Na⁺/Ca²⁺ countertransport operates electrogenically, i.e. with a stoichiometry higher than 2 Na⁺ for 1 Ca²⁺. In the absence of Na⁺, did not promote Ca²⁺ uptake. We conclude that in addition to ATP-dependent Ca²⁺ outward transport as characterized previously (E. Bayerdörffer, L. Eckhardt, W. Haase & 1. Schulz, 1985,J. Membrane Biol. 84:45–60) the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ countertransport system, as characterized in this study, represents a second transport system for the extrusion of calcium from the cell. Furthermore, the high affinity for calcium suggests that this system might participate in the regulation of the cytosolic free Ca²⁺ level.     

β-Adrenoceptors in the Tree Shrew Brain. I. Distribution and Characterization of [125I]Iodocyanopindolol Binding Sites

1. The number and distribution pattern of -adrenergic receptors in the brain have been reported to be species specific. The aim of the present study was to describe binding of the -adrenoceptor ligand [¹²⁵I]iodocyanopindolol in the brain of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), a species which provides an appropriate model for studies of psychosocial stress and its consequences on central nervous processes.2. ¹²⁵I-Iodocyanopindolol (¹²⁵ICYP) labeling revealed a high degree of nonspecific binding, which was due mainly to interactions of this ligand with serotonin binding sites. For a quantitative evaluation of ₁- and ₂-adrenoceptors, serotonin binding sites had to be blocked by 100 M 5HT.3. Binding of the radioligand to ₁- and ₂-adrenoceptors was characterized using the ₁-specific antagonist CGP20712A and the ₂-specific antagonist ICI118.551. ₁-adrenoceptor binding is present in the whole brain, revealing low receptor numbers in most brain regions (up to 1.5 to 2.7 fmol/mg). A slight enrichment was observed in cortical areas (lateral orbital cortex: 4.0±0.7 fmol/mg) and in the cerebellar molecular layer (8.7±1.0 fmol/mg).4. Competition experiments demonstrated high- and low-affinity binding sites with considerable variations in K _i values for CGP20712A, showing that various affinity states of ₁-adrenoceptors are present in the brain (K _i: 0.61 nM to 67.1 M). In the hippocampus, only low-affinity ₁-adrenoceptors were detected (K _i: 1.3±0.2 M). Since it is known that ¹²⁵ICYP labels not only membrane bound but also internalized -adrenoceptors, it can be assumed that the large population of the low-affinity sites represents internalized receptors which may be abundant due to a high sequestration rate.5. High numbers of ₂-adrenoceptors are present in only a few brain structures of tree shrews (external layer of the olfactory bulb, 15.8±2.0 fmol/mg; claustrum, 19.3±1.5 fmol/mg; anteroventral thalamic nucleus, 19.4±1.5 fmol/mg; cerebellar molecular layer, 55.0±4.3 fmol/mg). Also for this class of -adrenoceptors, high- and low-affinity binding sites for the ₂-selective antagonist ICI118.551 were observed, indicating that ¹²⁵ICYP labels membrane bound and internalized ₂-adrenoceptors. Only in the cerebellar molecular layer was a high percentage of high-affinity ₂-adrenoceptors detected (K _i for ICI118.551 was 1.8±0.3 nM for 90% of the receptors).6. In conclusion, ₁- and ₂-adrenoceptor binding can be localized and quantified by in vitro receptor autoradiography in the brains of tree shrews when serotonergic binding sites are blocked. Modulatory effects of long-term psychosocial conflict on the central nervous -adrenoceptor system in male tree shrews are described in the following paper.     

Microbial transformation of α-pinene

Summary A bacterium capable of utilizing -pinene as a sole carbon and energy source was isolated from soil. This strain, named strain S201-1, which was identified as Pseudomonas maltophilia on the basis of its taxonomical properties, accumulated limonene, borneol, camphor, perillic acid, and 2-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexenylidene) propionic acid from -pinene in the culture broth. It was demonstrated that -pinene, -pinene, borneol, camphor, and a number of p-menthane derivatives were oxidized by this strain. Relations between the protonation of -pinene and the formation of the products by the microbe are discussed.     

Pi Mheerlen,a Pi M allele resulting in very low a 1-antitrypsin serum levels

Summary A patient with pulmonary emphysema is described, who had a very low ₁-antitrypsin serum concentration (2% of normal). After isoelectric focusing and staining, the patient's serum revealed no visible ₁-antitrypsin bands. Immunofixation, following isoelectric focusing, gave a banding pattern identical to that of a normal M type. The existence of this deficient M-allele was confirmed by family studies. Low ₁-antitrypsin concentrations, due to the presence of the deficient allele, were coupled with low serum antitrypsin activities.     

Expression of fungal thermotolerant endo-1,4-β-glucanase in transgenic barley seeds during germination

The malting quality of two barley cultivars, Kymppi and Golden Promise, was modified to better meet the requirements of the brewing process. The egl1 gene, coding for fungal thermotolerant endo-1,4--glucanase (EGI, cellulase), was transferred to the cultivars using particle bombardment, and transgenic plants were regenerated on bialaphos selection. Integration of the egl1 gene was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. The transgenic seeds were screened for the expression of the heterologous EGI. Under the high-pI -amylase promoter, the egl1 gene was expressed during germination. The heterologous enzyme was thermotolerant at 65 °C for 2 h, thus being suitable for mashing conditions. The amount of heterologous EGI produced by the seeds (ca. 0.025% of soluble seed protein), has been shown to be sufficient to reduce wort viscosity by decreasing the soluble -glucan content. A decrease in the soluble -glucan content in the wort improves the filtration rate of beer.     

Detection of minimal amounts of DNA by electron microscopy using simplified spreading procedures

Electron microscopic examination of nucleic acids requires the use of special spreading techniques. The classical method was developed by Kleinschmidt and Zahn in 1959. Modifications of this method increased sensitivity to allow detection of a total amount of about 1×10^-3 g of single-stranded DNA and 1×10^-5 g of double-stranded DNA. Here we describe two rapid and simple procedures increasing sensitivity by 1–2 orders of magnitude to visualize at least 1×10^-5 g of single- and/or double-stranded DNA.     

Process of penicillin G hydrolysis catalyzed by penicillin acylase immobilized on acylic carrier

The usefulness of penicillin acylase immobilized onto butyl acrylate — ethyl glycol dimethacrylate (called in this paper acrylic carrier) in penicillin G hydrolysis performed in a stirred tank reactor is shown. The enzyme-acrylic carrier preparation does not deteriorate its own properties in the mixing condition of slurry reactor. The experiments were carried out in a batch and a continuous stirred tank reactor as well as continuous stirred tank reactors in series. It was found to be a satisfactory agreement between experimental and predicted results. It also indicated the optimal substrate concentration range which provides the most effective enzyme operation. A superiority of the three reactors in series over the batch reactor is shown.List of Symbols C_E g/m³ equivalent enzyme concentration - C_SO mol/m³ initial penicillin G concentration - K_A mol/m³ substrate affinity constant - K_iS mol/m³ substrate inhibitory constant - K_iP mol/m³ PhAA inhibitory constant - K_iQ mol/m³ 6-APA inhibitory constant - k₃ mol/g min constant rate of dissotiation of the active complex - r mol/m³ rate of reaction - t min. reaction time - t_j min. maintenance time - degree of conversion - _B, _F dimensionless time - min. residence time - PA penicillin acylase - PG penicillin G - PhAA phenylacetic acid - 6-APA 6-aminopenicillanic acid     

Center for barr body condensation. A case of Turner's syndrome with 45,X/46,X,dic(X) (Xqter→ p22::p22→qter)

Summary An 11-year-old girl with karyotype 45,X/46,X,dic(X) (Xqterp22::p22qter) is presented. The abnormal X is always found to be the inactive and late replicating X, and according to previous investigations by Therman et al. (1974) part of the cells are seen to have bipartite Barr bodies.