儿童社区获得性肺炎的致病菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨我院儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)细菌感染情况及药敏情况,为抗生素的合理使用提供依据。方法以本院2010年1月至2013年12月儿科收治的CAP患儿为研究对象,回顾性分析CAP的病原菌分布和耐药情况。菌株鉴定使用法国梅里埃VITEK32分析仪,用纸片扩散法做药敏试验。结果病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,前四位分别为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、流感嗜血杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌;革兰阳性菌次之,主要为肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。药敏结果显示,主要革兰阴性菌对头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和亚胺培南耐药率较低;主要革兰阳性菌对左氧氟沙星、莫昔沙星和万古霉素耐药率较低。结论了解CAP患儿病原菌分布,有利于在儿童CAP经验性治疗时制定正确的治疗方案。     

宁波地区成人社区获得性肺炎病原学调查

目的 研究宁波地区成人社区获得性肺炎病原微生物的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供必要的病原学依据.方法 对慈溪市红十字医院2010年1月至2011年12月期间住院的233例成年CAP患者临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 233例CAP患者中,134例病原学检查阳性,病原菌102株,其中主要为流感嗜血杆菌42株,肺炎链球菌36株,肺炎克雷伯杆菌16株.非典型病原阳性32例,主要为肺炎支原体27例.流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林耐药率为15.6％;肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药率为35.1％,对阿齐霉素耐药率为62.4％;肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)率为11.8％.结论 宁波地区CAP患者以革兰阴性菌为主要病原菌,对喹诺酮类和第三代头孢菌素具有不同程度的耐药性,可以选择含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复合抗生素和碳青酶烯类抗生素.非典型病原体感染的CVP不容忽视.     

闽南地区5 869例儿童社区获得性肺炎患者病原学特点分析

目的 通过对闽南地区社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患儿病原特点进行分析,为CAP早期预警、预防和早期经验治疗提供指导和依据。方法 收集我院2015年1月至2017年5月5 869例CAP患儿静脉血、呼吸道分泌物及痰标本分别进行肺炎支原体（MP）、呼吸道病毒检测以及细菌培养和鉴定。结果 5 869例CAP患儿中明确病原体感染4 931例,其中单纯细菌感染3 054例,单纯病毒感染966例,单纯MP感染620例,混合感染291例,未检出病原体938例。细菌性病原主要以肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌为主,在各季节检出率不同且男性多于女性,主要在低龄儿童中检出。病毒感染者主要分布于低龄儿童,夏季检出率最高,病原以呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）为主,占68.22%。该类患者在性别上比较差异无统计学意义。MP感染者中女性多于男性,主要分布于大龄儿童,冬季检出率最高。结论 本地区CAP患儿病原检出率由高到低分别为细菌、病毒和MP。细菌和MP检出率在患儿中具有性别差异,各种病原在不同年龄段儿童及季节中检出率不同。     

241 例儿童社区获得性肺炎支原体感染的临床分析

目的：总结2011-2012 年黄岛地区儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患儿中支原体的感染情况,以指导临床诊断和治疗。方法：选取 2011-2012 年间因CAP住院的患儿241 例,所有CAP 患儿均于住院第2 天采集空腹血行9 项呼吸道感染病原体IgM检查,包括 肺炎支原体、嗜肺军团菌、Q热立克次体、肺炎衣原体、腺病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、副流感病毒。结 果：241 例社区获得性肺炎患儿中支原体感染阳性74 例(30.7%),其中132例男性CAP患儿中支原体感染38 例(28.8%),109 例女 性CAP 患儿中支原体感染36 例;＞3 岁患儿的感染率为41.2%,1-3 岁患儿感染率26.2%,＜1 岁婴幼儿感染率为5.4%;2011 年 CAP患儿支原体感染率为19.4%,而2012 年为34.6%;74 例支原体阳性患儿合并其他感染者6 例。结论：黄岛地区儿童社区获得 性肺炎中支原体感染占重要地位,且有升高趋势,应重视婴幼儿支原体感染及难治性支原体肺炎的诊治。     

241例儿童社区获得性肺炎支原体感染的临床分析

目的：总结2011-2012年黄岛地区儿童社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患儿中支原体的感染情况,以指导临床诊断和治疗。方法：选取2011-2012年间因CAP住院的患儿241例,所有CAP患儿均于住院第2天采集空腹血行9项呼吸道感染病原体IgM检查,包括肺炎支原体、嗜肺军团菌、Q热立克次体、肺炎衣原体、腺病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、副流感病毒。结果：241例社区获得性肺炎患儿中支原体感染阳性74例（30.7%）,其中132例男性CAP患儿中支原体感染38例（28.8%）,109例女性CAP患儿中支原体感染36例;〉3岁患儿的感染率为41.2%,1-3岁患儿感染率26.2%,〈1岁婴幼儿感染率为5.4%;2011年CAP患儿支原体感染率为19.4%,而2012年为34.6%;74例支原体阳性患儿合并其他感染者6例。结论：黄岛地区儿童社区获得性肺炎中支原体感染占重要地位,且有升高趋势,应重视婴幼儿支原体感染及难治性支原体肺炎的诊治。     

头孢曲松钠联合阿奇霉素治疗儿童重症社区获得性肺炎临床观察

目的观察头孢曲松钠联合阿奇霉素治疗儿童重症社区获得性肺炎的疗效。方法92例重症社区获得性肺炎患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组,各46例。对照组给予头孢曲松钠50～80mg／（kg·d）静脉滴注治疗;治疗组在对照组基础上加用阿奇霉素10mg/（kg·d）静脉滴注治疗,连用5～7d。结果治疗组在退热、肺部哕音及咳嗽消失时间、平均住院时间均较对照组短,差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论头孢曲松钠联合阿奇霉素治疗儿童重症社区获得性肺炎效果明显,不良反应少,值得临床推广。     

老年医院获得性肺炎病原学、耐药性以及预后危险因素分析

目的:探讨老年医院获得性肺炎病原学、耐药性以及预后危险因素.方法:对我院2007年1月-2012年12月收治的老年HAP患者进行病原学、药敏分析以及对预后的危险因素进行分析.结果:在G-杆菌中铜绿假单胞菌以及大肠埃希菌是检出率最高的致病菌,G+球菌中金黄色葡萄球菌以及肺炎链球菌检出率最高;所有致病菌均对常规抗生素均有一定的耐药性,对患者的预后的Logistic分析其中合并基础疾病、年龄、外市人口、接触肺炎患者以及吸烟、饮酒是影响HAP患者预后的危险因素.结论:对于老年HAP中进行检测病原菌以及耐药性进行分析,继而合理选择抗菌药物,提高患者的预后.     

我国社区获得性肺炎的致病原的构成、耐药特点及治疗策略

下呼吸道感染是临床常见病,也是导致死亡的主要原因之一.随着致病原构成谱的不断变化以及致病菌耐药性的快速发展,下呼吸道感染的诊疗难度日益增大,其治疗策略也需适时调整.由于不同国家和地区间致病原的构成情况和耐药性存在明显差异,而这两项是制定感染性疾病治疗指南的主要依据,因此,必须参考本国或本地区的有关流行病学调查资料,遵循循症医学的原则,并根据定期的流行病学调查对这些指南进行再评价和修正.本文主要对社区获得性肺炎展开讨论.     

医院获得性肺炎病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的了解医院获得性肺炎(HAP)患者病原菌分布及其耐药性分析。方法236例被诊断为医院获得性肺炎(HAP)患者的痰及下呼吸道分泌物进行常规细菌培养鉴定,用NCCIS推荐的K-B法测定病原菌的耐药性。结果236例HAP患者检出病原菌276株,病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌占56.52%,以铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌为主,构成比为24.64%和10.14%,最敏感的药物是碳青霉烯类药物亚胺培南,耐药率均在13.3%以下。革兰阳性球菌占30.44%,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,构成比为21.02%,在药敏感试验方面除对万古霉素100%敏感外,对其他药物都表现出不同程度的耐药。真菌的检出率为13.04%,以白色念珠菌为主,构成比为9.42%。结论医院获得性肺炎患者应及时送检病原标本做细菌培养,按药敏结果合理选用抗生素。     

社区获得性肺炎患者病原微生物特征CSCD

目的研究社区获得性肺炎患者病原微生物分布情况。方法选择2017年1月至2018年1月在本院急诊科治疗的确诊为社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的患者257例,采用自行设计的调查表研究患者基本资料,收集患者痰标本和血液标本进行微生物检测。结果入选患者中年龄≥60岁者比例明显高于18~44岁及45~59岁患者。年龄≥60岁的患者中高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、COPD、肾功能不全、入院前抗生素使用、BMI≤18.5,CURB-65≥2的比例明显高于18~44岁及45~59岁患者。嗜肺军团菌(11.28%)是患者最常见的病原体,其次为流感病毒(10.51%)。其余检出病原体为铜绿假单胞菌(9.34%)、大肠埃希菌(8.95%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(8.56%)、支原体(5.84%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(5.06%)、肺炎衣原体(5.06%)、阴沟肠杆菌(2.72%)、克雷伯杆菌(2.72%)、肺炎链球菌(2.72%),嗜麦芽假单胞菌(2.33%)、产气肠杆菌(1.17%)、流感嗜血杆菌(0.78%)、溶血链球菌(0.39%)。≥60岁患者中嗜肺军团菌、流感病毒、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌感染的比例明显高于18~44岁及45~59岁患者。结论 CAP主要发病于60岁以上的患者,糖尿病、高血压、肾功能不全等合并症可能是CAP的危险因素。嗜肺军团菌、流感病毒、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、支原体、鲍曼不动杆菌等是CAP的主要病原微生物。     

Current management of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia across Europe: outcomes from REACH

Background

Data describing real-life management and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Europe are limited. REACH (http://{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01293435","term_id":"NCT01293435"}}NCT01293435) was a retrospective, observational study collecting data on the management of EU patients hospitalized with CAP.The purpose of this study was to understand patient and disease characteristics in patients hospitalized with CAP and to review current clinical practices and outcomes.

Methods

Patients were aged ≥18 years, hospitalized with CAP between March 2010 and February 2011, and requiring in-hospital treatment with intravenous antibiotics. An electronic Case Report Form was used to collect patient, disease and treatment variables, including type of CAP, medical history, treatment setting, antibiotics administered and clinical outcomes.

Results

Patients (N = 2,039) were recruited from 128 centres in ten EU countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK). The majority of patients were aged ≥65 years (56.4%) and had CAP only (78.8%). Initial antibiotic treatment modification occurred in 28.9% of patients and was more likely in certain groups (patients with comorbidities; more severely ill patients; patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia, immunosuppression or recurrent episodes of CAP). Streamlining (de-escalation) of therapy occurred in 5.1% of patients. Mean length of hospital stay was 12.6 days and overall mortality was 7.2%.

Conclusion

These data provide a current overview of clinical practice in patients with CAP in EU hospitals, revealing high rates of initial antibiotic treatment modification. The findings may precipitate reassessment of optimal management regimens for hospitalized CAP patients.     

淋病奈瑟球菌的耐药性检测

目的了解淋病奈瑟球菌对临床常见药物的耐药性。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定13种抗菌药物对35株淋病奈瑟球菌的MICs;Nitrocefin(头孢硝噻酚)纸片检测β-内酰胺酶,并采用PCR测定其基因型。结果淋病奈瑟球菌对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星与头孢呋辛的耐药率分别为65．7％、60．0％、88．6％与14．3％,对第3、4代头孢菌素、大观霉素非常敏感,耐药率均为0％;42．9％的菌株产生TEM型β-内酰胺酶。结论淋病奈瑟球菌对青霉素、四环素类和氟喹诺酮类的耐药性高,治疗宜选用第3、4代头孢菌素和大观霉素等,同时加强耐药性监测。     

Relationship between plasma copeptin levels and complications of community-acquired pneumonia in preschool children

High plasma copeptin level has been associated with clinical outcomes after acute illness. The present study was undertaken to investigate the plasma copeptin concentrations in preschool children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and to analyze the correlations of copeptin with CAP-related complications and pleural effusion. Plasma copeptin concentrations of 100 healthy children and 165 preschool children with CAP were measured. 35 children (21.2%) presented with complicated CAP and 28 children (17.0%) presented with pleural effusion. The admission copeptin levels were significantly increased in all patients (49.7 ± 21.4 pmol/L), children with complicated CAP (73.0 ± 16.9 pmol/L), those with uncomplicated CAP (43.4 ± 17.8 pmol/L), those with pleural effusion (70.9 ± 17.4 pmol/L) and those without pleural effusion (45.3 ± 19.5 pmol/L) compared with healthy control individuals (9.0 ± 2.7 pmol/L, all P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that plasma copeptin levels were independently related to CAP-related complications (odds ratio 1.214, 95% confidence interval 1.104–1.872, P < 0.001) and pleural effusion (odds ratio 1.226, 95% confidence interval 1.109–1.917, P < 0.001). A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed plasma copeptin level better predicted CAP-related complications (area under curve 0.876, 95% confidence interval 0.815–0.922) and pleural effusion (area under curve 0.831, 95% confidence interval 0.765–0.885). Thus, plasma copeptin level may represent a novel biomarker for predicting CAP-related complications in preschool children.     

注射用阿齐霉素治疗儿童肺炎的疗效及安全性观察

目的　探讨注射用阿齐霉素治疗儿童细菌性肺炎的疗效及安全性。方法　2 0 0 3年1月～2 0 0 3年9月,应用注射用阿齐霉素治疗10 0例细菌性肺炎患者,阿齐霉素剂量按10 mg/ ( kg·d)加入葡萄糖溶液,每天1次静滴,疗程5～7d,观察治疗前后症状体征的变化以及外周血象、肝肾功能及X线胸片变化,并取咽部或上呼吸道分泌物做细菌培养及阿齐霉素药敏试验。结果　注射用阿齐霉素临床总有效率为93.0 % ,不良反应发生率为11.0 % ,不良反应症状轻微。结论　注射用阿齐霉素治疗儿童细菌性肺炎疗效满意,安全性高     

女性泌尿道感染常见细菌菌群分布及耐药性分析

目的了解中山大学第一附属医院近5年住院及门诊女性尿路感染致病菌菌群分布及耐药性情况,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法选择2002年1月至2006年4月门诊及住院女性尿培养阳性的尿路感染患者,分析其细菌培养结果及对抗生素的耐药性。结果共分离出876株病原细菌,革兰阴性菌占76.7%(672株),其中大肠埃希菌占49.2%(431株),肺炎克雷伯菌占7.9%(70株);革兰阳性菌占23.3%(204株),其中粪肠球菌占7.5%(66株),屎肠球菌占5.4%(47株)。主要的革兰阴性菌及革兰阳性菌对喹诺酮类的耐药性均高达50%~80%以上,革兰阴性菌敏感的抗菌药包括亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢他啶、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;革兰阳性菌敏感的抗菌药包括万古霉素、替考拉宁。结论女性泌尿道感染仍以大肠埃希菌为主,耐药菌株不断增多,临床治疗应参考药敏结果合理选用抗菌药。     

7岁以下儿童细菌感染耐药分析

目的观察大连地区5家医院（大连医科大学附属一院、大连医科大学附属二院、大连儿童医院、大连市第六人民医院、大连开发区医院）2012年7岁以下儿童感染病原菌分布及其耐药情况。方法临床分离菌株,采用细菌分离鉴定方法（API、VITEK、Microsean系统）进行目标细菌的鉴定,药物敏感性试验用K—B纸片扩散法测定药物的敏感性。结果共收集细菌1235株,其中革兰阴性菌725株占58．7％,革兰阳性菌510株占41．3％;分离细菌前5位依次为大肠埃希菌占14．9％、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占13．6％、金黄色葡萄球菌占11．7％、肺炎克雷伯菌占10．8％、铜绿假单胞菌占7．4％。结论7岁以下儿童感染致病菌对抗生素均存在不同程度耐药情况,期望在临床治疗感染时有所帮助。     

Early versus later response to treatment in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: analysis of the REACH study

Background

Key goals in the treatment of CAP include early response to treatment and achievement of clinical stability. The US FDA recommends early response endpoints (72 hours after initiation of treatment) in clinical trials for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. REACH (REtrospective Study to Assess the Clinical Management of Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections [cSSTI] or CAP in the Hospital Setting) was a retrospective observational study, providing current data on the clinical management and resource burden of CAP in real-life settings in European hospitals. This analysis reviews the characteristics and outcomes of patients showing early positive response to treatment (time to clinical stability [TCS] ≤4 days, as assessed by Halm’s criteria) compared with patients with later positive response (TCS >4 days).

Methods

Patients were adults, hospitalized with CAP (2010–2011) and requiring in-hospital treatment with intravenous antibiotics.

Results

Of the 2039 patients included in REACH, 585 (28.7%) had TCS assessed by Halm’s criteria: 332 (56.8%) showed early response (median 3.0 days), and 253 (43.2%) showed later response to treatment (median 7.0 days). Use of Halm’s criteria varied across participating countries, ranging from 0% (Belgium) to 49.1% (UK). Patient characteristics and relevant medical history were similar between the two groups. There were no notable differences in initial antibiotic therapy between groups, except that more early responders had been treated with amoxicillin–clavulanate and amoxicillin monotherapy (22.6%; 7.5%, respectively) than later responders (5.9%; 1.2%, respectively). Initial treatment modification and re-infection or recurrences were less frequent in early responders compared with later responders (14.2% and 3.3% vs. 34.8% and 5.9%, respectively). Early responders had a shorter duration of hospitalization (mean 9.4 ± SD 7.0; median 8.0 days vs. mean 15.6 ± SD 10.5; median 12.0 days, respectively), lower rate of ICU admission (3.3% vs. 21.3%) and shorter duration of ICU stay (mean 6.2 ± SD 5.7; median 4.0 days vs. mean 10.4 ± SD 10.1; median 8.0 days, respectively) compared with later responders. Mortality was low in both groups.

Conclusions

Achieving early clinical stabilization in CAP (≤4 days) is associated with improved outcomes, lower requirement for initial treatment modification or readmission and lower resource use, compared with a later response.

Trial registration

{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01293435","term_id":"NCT01293435"}}NCT01293435