甘精胰岛素联合门冬胰岛素对2型糖尿病患者脂糖代谢及生存质量的影响

目的:探讨甘精胰岛素联合门冬胰岛素对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者脂糖代谢及生存质量的影响。方法:选取T2DM患者97例,根据随机数字表法将患者分为对照组(n=48)与研究组(n=49),对照组给予门冬胰岛素治疗,研究组在对照组基础上联合甘精胰岛素治疗,比较两组治疗前后血糖指标、血脂指标、生存质量情况,记录两组治疗期间不良反应情况。结果:两组患者治疗后空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)以及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平均较治疗前下降,研究组低于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者治疗后心理评分、生理评分、社会关系评分、治疗依从性评分均较治疗前升高,且研究组高于对照组(P0.05)。研究组不良反应总发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:甘精胰岛素联合门冬胰岛素可有效改善T2DM患者血糖、血脂水平,安全性较好,可提高患者生存质量。     

短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对2型糖尿病患者血脂血糖水平的影响

目的:探讨短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对2型糖尿病患者血脂血糖代谢的影响。方法:选取76例2型糖尿病患者,按给药方式不同分为两组,对照组(38例)给予门冬胰岛素常规治疗,观察组(38例)给予胰岛素泵强化治疗,依据两组治疗前后的血糖、血脂指标变化及治疗前、治疗后1周、2周的ADL量表评分评价短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对2型糖尿病患者血脂血糖代谢的影响。结果:治疗后,两组患者的空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb Alc)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平均较治疗前显著降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平均明显升高,且观察组FPG、Hb Alc、TC、TG、LDL-C水平均明显低于对照组,HDL-C水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后1周、2周,两组ADL评分均较治疗前明显提高,且观察组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:短期胰岛素泵强化治疗能显著改善2型糖尿病患者的血糖血脂代谢紊乱,并提高患者的日常生活能力。     

120例肝源性糖尿病患者临床特点分析

目的:探讨肝源性糖尿病的临床特点及其治疗,以提高对该病的诊疗水平.方法:120例肝源性糖尿病(HD)患者,其中46例行OGTT试验,检测了血糖、胰岛素、C肽、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI),HOMA-IR及空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素(FPG/FINS)评估胰岛素抵抗,并与50例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者进行对比分析.结果:21例(17.5％)HD患者有三多一少糖尿病典型症状.OGTT结果显示HD组空腹血糖低于T2DM组(P＜0.05);胰岛素+C肽释放试验显示T2DM组和HD组胰岛素分泌呈高峰延迟型,HD患者各时段胰岛素及C肽水平高于T2DM患者(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).HD组的FPG/FINS及HOMA-IR低于HD组,ISI高于HD组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).经治疗后血糖大部分控制在正常或接近正常水平,9例病例均死于肝病并发症.结论:胰岛素抵抗可能是肝源性糖尿病重要的发病机制.肝源性糖尿病以餐后高血糖为特征,临床症状不典型,短期不良预后主要与原发慢性肝病有关.     

2 型糖尿病患者血浆成纤维细胞生长因子-21 水平的变化及意义

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者血浆成纤维细胞生长因子-21(fibroblast growth factor 21,FGF-21)水平变化以及观察短期胰岛素强化治疗对FGF-21水平的影响。方法:选择我院2013年1月至2015年1月收治的T2DM患者64例,其中初诊T2DM患者32例(T2DM组),T2DM合并大血管病变患者32例(合并大血管病变组),并选择同期体检健康者30例(对照组)。采用酶联免疫法测定三组血浆FGF-21水平以及胰岛素强化治疗前后的变化,分析血浆FGF-21水平与体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、血脂、血糖、空腹血浆胰岛素(FINS)和糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1C)等水平的关系。结果:T2DM组及T2DM合并大血管病变组患者空腹血浆FGF-21水平明显高于对照组(P0.05),T2DM合并大血管病变组患者空腹血浆FGF-21水平明显高于T2DM组和对照组(P0.05)。空腹血浆FGF-21水平与T2DM患者FPG、Hb A1C水平呈明显正相关,WHR、舒张压、Hb A1C是影响血浆FGF-21水平的独立相关因素。经胰岛素强化治疗后,血浆FGF-21水平较治疗前明显下降(P0.05)。结论:T2DM患者血浆FGF-21水平明显升高,可能参与了T2DM及其大血管病变的发生和发展,胰岛素强化治疗可明显降低T2DM患者血浆FGF-21水平,血浆FGF-21可能作为T2DM病情和疗效评估的参考指标。     

中西医结合治疗对T2DM合并CHD患者血糖、血脂及血管内皮功能的影响

目的:探讨中西医结合治疗对2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并冠心病(CHD)患者血糖、血脂及血管内皮功能的影响。方法:将120例T2DM合并CHD患者上随机分为研究组与对照组各60例,在原饮食、运动疗法及降压、降糖治疗方案不变的条件下,对照组加用阿托伐他汀钙片治疗,研究组加用阿托伐他汀钙片与降脂通脉胶囊治疗。检测和比较两组治疗前后总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(2h PBG)、一氧化氮(NO)及内皮素(CE)-1水平的变化。结果:两组治疗后FBG、2h PBG水平均较治疗前明显下降(P0.05),而组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组治疗后TG、TC、LDL-C水平均较治疗前明显下降(P0.05),HDL-C水平均较治疗前明显升高(P0.05),且研究组TG、TC、LDL-C水平显著低于对照组(P0.05),HDL-C水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。两组治疗后血清NO水平均较治疗前明显升高(P0.05),血清CE水平均较治疗前明显下降(P0.05),且研究组血清NO水平明显高于对照组(P0.05),血清CE水平明显低于对照组(P0.05)。两组治疗过程中均未见明显不良反应。结论:降脂通脉胶囊联合阿托伐他汀可显著改善T2DM合并CHD患者的血脂和血管内皮功能,但不会进一步降低血糖。     

胰岛素持续皮下输注对2型糖尿病微血管病变影响的研究

目的:观察持续皮下胰岛素输注(CSⅡ)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)微血管病变的影响.方法:80例T2DM微血管病变患者应用4周CSⅡ强化治疗,比较治疗前后患者血清炎症因子:C-反应蛋白(CRP)、高敏C-反应蛋白(hSCRP);血清Ⅳ型胶原(CⅣ);纤溶因子:组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)、组织型纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物(PAI-1)浓度的变化.结果:①T2DM微血管病变组患者CRP、hsCRP、CⅣ、PAI-1水平显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01),t-PA水平显著低于正常对照组(P＜0.01).②CSⅡ治疗4周后空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖显著降低(P＜0.01);糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数、CRP、hsCRP、CⅣ均降低(P＜0.05);PAI-1显著降低(P＜0.0l),t-PA显著升高(P＜0.01).结论:T2DM微血管病变与血清炎症因子;CⅣ;纤溶因子有关,CSⅡ治疗除能降血糖外,还能显著降低血清炎症因子、CⅣ水平,改善纤溶因子功能,减轻胰岛素抵抗.     

西格列汀、罗格列酮分别联合二甲双胍治疗老年2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的:观察并对比二肽基肽酶-Ⅳ抑制剂西格列汀、胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮分别联合降糖药物二甲双胍治疗老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)的临床疗效.方法:入选2010年4月-2012年10月间我科收治的老年T2DM患者70例,并随机单盲分为A(n=36)、B(n=34)两组,A组患者予西格列汀+二甲双胍方案,B组予罗格列酮+二甲双胍方案,服药12周后对比两组血糖水平、临床疗效并药物不良反应.结果:①两组患者服药12周后,血糖指标均较治疗前明显下降(P＜0.05),A组患者2hPG水平明显低于B组水平(P＜0.05).②A组患者显效率(50.0％)、总体有效率(91.7％)略高于B组(38.2％、85.3％),差异不具有统计学意义(P＞0.05).③两组患者均未出现严重药物不良反应,两组不良反应发生率(19.4％vs.26.5％)无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:两种用药方案均是治疗老年T2DM的有效方案,西格列酮+二甲双胍方案较之罗格列酮+二甲双胍方案在临床疗效中具备比较优势,尤其是对降低餐后血糖优势明显.     

辛伐他汀对Ⅱ型糖尿病合并肾病葡萄糖代谢的研究

目的:探讨辛伐他汀治疗对Ⅱ型糖尿病(T2DM)合并肾病患者糖代谢水平的影响.方法:选取新乡医学院第一附属医院60名T2DM合并肾病患者行辛伐他汀治疗3个月.比较治疗前后空腹血糖(FBG)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、脂联素(ANP)、C肽、HOMA-IR、胰岛素/葡萄糖比率(IGR)、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)、空腹胰岛素水平(FINS)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、糖基化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平等变化,以评价辛伐他汀对T2DM病合并肾病患者的治疗效果.结果:在辛伐他汀治疗3个月后的葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)中,对比治疗前,各时点血糖水平均显著下降(P＜0.05),而C肽与胰岛素在0 min和30 min时显著下降(P＜0.05).在辛伐他汀治疗后,HO-MA-IR、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、ISI、FINS、胰岛素AUC、血糖曲线下面积(AUC)、CRP、HbA1c、FBG与治疗前相比均显著下降(P＜0.05),尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)也明显下降(P＜0.01),但是APN(P＜0.01)以及C肽AUC(P ＜0.05)均显著上升,而校正胰岛素反应(CIR)及IGR无显著变化(P＞0.05).结论:辛伐他汀治疗可以改善胰岛素抵抗,提高患者对胰岛素的敏感性,并显著降低血糖,从而改善T2DM合并肾病患者的糖代谢.     

厄贝沙坦联合氨氯地平治疗老年2型糖尿病并高血压患者治疗效果观察和安全性评价

目的:评价厄贝沙坦联合氨氯地平治疗老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)并高血压的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选取2011年9月~2014年8月我院收治的T2DM并高血压老年患者240例,根据治疗方法不同分为对照组和观察组,每组120例,两组患者均给予厄贝沙坦治疗,观察组加服氨氯地平。比较两组的治疗效果及不良反应。结果:治疗后,两组患者的SBP、DBP、FPG和FINS均较治疗前明显改善(P0.05),而观察组改善幅度更大,与对照组差异显著(P0.05);观察组治疗总有效率显著高于对照组(88.33%vs 69.17%,P0.05)。结论:厄贝沙坦联合氨氯地平可有效提高老年T2DM并高血压临床疗效,控制血压和血糖,且无明显用药反应,是一种安全高效的治疗方案。     

口服双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊制剂对 2型糖尿病患者的辅助治疗作用

目的探讨双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊制剂辅助治疗对新诊断2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者肠道双歧杆菌及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法 86例新诊断T2DM患者随机分为两组。两组均给予饮食调整和适量运动等基础治疗。对照组给予阿卡波糖联合甘精胰岛素控制血糖;观察组在对照组基础上加用双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊制剂630mg/次,2次/d,温水口服,连用12周。观察两组患者治疗前与治疗12周后血糖达标情况、肠道双歧杆菌数量及胰岛素抵抗的变化。结果治疗12周后,观察组患者空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)的达标率较对照组更高(P0.05);两组患者肠道双歧杆菌数量与胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)水平分别较前明显上升和下降,且观察组变化更显著(P0.05)。结论双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊制剂辅助治疗新诊断T2DM不仅能增加患者肠道双歧杆菌的数量,而且能改善胰岛素抵抗,有利于血糖和糖化血红蛋白达标。     

Continuous monitoring of blood glucose

Continuous blood glucose monitoring aims to: better evaluate glycaemic variations; better detect hypoglycaemia; and, ultimately, automatize insulin delivery (artificial beta cell). The sensors can be fully implantable, with the challenge of constructing durable systems to avoid repeated implantations. In-dwelling needle-like electrodes and microdialysis fibres with a pump that brings the dialysate to the glucose sensor are inserted in the subcutaneous tissue through the skin. The GlucoWatch is an almost non-invasive technique that extracts the extracellular fluid by iontophoresis. In these systems, the glucose oxidase generates the electrical signal, proportional to the glucose concentration. Non-invasive techniques aim at measuring the glucose concentration without breaching the skin, using absorption of light in the infrared spectrum. These techniques have not reached the necessary reliability for use as glycaemic alarms, and even less as artificial beta cells. Currently, glucose sensors are mainly used as glycaemic holters to help in the management of insulin therapy.     

Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fasting blood glucose.

Changes in insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism were studied in young and aged subjects, subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, and patients with NIDDM by means of the glucose clamp technique. The diabetic group includes obese and non-obese patients treated without insulin and non-obese patients treated with insulin. The glucose disposal rate (GDR) was decreased in aged subjects (5.8 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/min) compared with young controls (7.4 +/- 0.3 mg/kg/min). In patients with IGT, it was further decreased to 3.6 +/- 0.5 mg/kg/min, which was comparable to the rate in NIDDM without insulin treatment (3.3 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/min). There were no differences in the GDR between obese (3.0 +/- 0.3 mg/kg/min) and non-obese (3.4 +/- 0.6 mg/kg/min) diabetic patients. In insulin-treated diabetic patients, GDR ranged widely, but the mean value was partially normalized (5.2 +/- 0.9 mg/kg/min). In the diabetic group, no correlation was observed between fasting blood glucose and GDR. These results suggest that in the course of developing NIDDM, a decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake precedes a rise in fasting blood glucose. Thus, as previously reported for Caucasian NIDDM patients, resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake may be one of the basic defects in Japanese patients with NIDDM. The degree of glycemia, however, is not directly related to the magnitude of the defect in insulin action.     

Fermentation glucose assay using the Exactech blood glucose biosensor

Summary The Exactech blood glucose biosensor has been used successfully to measure glucose concentrations in fermentation broths. A highly sensitive linear calibration was obtained between the glucose concentration and the biosensor reading, which correlated well with a Reducing Sugar Assay.     

Effect of increased blood glucose availability on glucose kinetics during exercise

This studyexamined the effect of increased blood glucose availability on glucosekinetics during exercise. Five trained men cycled for 40 min at 77 ± 1% peak oxygen uptake on two occasions. During the second trial(Glu), glucose was infused at a rate equal to the average hepaticglucose production (HGP) measured during exercise in the control trial(Con). Glucose kinetics were measured by a primed continuous infusionofD-[3-³H]glucose.Plasma glucose increased during exercise in both trials and wassignificantly higher in Glu. HGP was similar at rest (Con, 11.4 ± 1.2; Glu, 10.6 ± 0.6µmol · kg¹ · min¹).After 40 min of exercise, HGP reached a peak of 40.2 ± 5.5 µmol · kg¹ · min¹in Con; however, in Glu, there was complete inhibition of the increasein HGP during exercise that never rose above the preexercise level. Therate of glucose disappearance was greater(P < 0.05) during the last 15 min ofexercise in Glu. These results indicate that an increase in glucoseavailability inhibits the rise in HGP during exercise, suggesting thatmetabolic feedback signals can override feed-forward activation of HGPduring strenuous exercise.

     

Liposome encapsulated tetracaine lowers blood glucose

Tetracaine, a local anesthetic, was previously shown to block hormonal stimulation of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis ( Friedmann , N. and Rasmussen, H. (1970) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 222, 41-52). In the present studies tetracaine incorporated into liposomes (phospholipid vesicles) was injected into intact rats and epinephrine was administered an hour later. Liposomal tetracaine blocked 50% of the hyperglycemic response. When tetracaine, incorporated into liposomes, was injected into diabetic rats it reduced transiently, but significantly, blood glucose levels. Equivalent doses of free tetracaine were toxic. These studies indicate that liposomal drug administration might be developed into a tool to influence hepatic metabolism and, consequently, blood glucose levels.