共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
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达尔文进化论为生物分类学提供了坚实的理论基础。为探讨生物之间的亲缘关系,30—40年代分类学界首先形成了进化分类学(Evolutionary Taxonomy);50年代初形成了另一分类学理论:数值分类学(NunericalTaxonomy);到了60年代分类学领域中又出现了另一新理论:分支分类学(CladisticTaxonomy),或称系统发育系统学(Phylogenetic systematics),分(?)分类学的出现随即在分类学界引起了极大反响。 相似文献
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研究运用分支分析方法研究了16种独活属植物的系统发育关系。采用最简约性分析的分支与界限法Branch—and—Bound(bandh)的严格一致树(thestrict consensus cladogram)和非加权配对算术平均法up weighted pair group method using arithmetic average method(UPGMA)对其进行分支分析。研究结果表明：两种方法均支持将独活属分为4个组,即多裂叶组Sect．Millefolia、多毛组Sect．Villosa、多管组Sect．Plurivittata、独活组Sect．Heracleum。《中国植物志》中少管组Sect．Wendia的法落海Heracleum apaense没有独立成组,它的系统位置还需要进一步研究。根据PAUP软件分析中的不同处理方法,探讨了中国独活属植物的系统进化及其起源问题。 相似文献
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中国紫金牛属的分支分类学研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于60个形态学性状,对中国广义报春花科（Primulaceae s.l.）紫金牛属（Ardisia）90个分类群的系统发育关系运用分支分析方法进行了分析。采用最简约性分析得到了100个同等简约树。50%多数规则一致树的分支结构与以前建立的紫金牛亚属划分系统基本一致。外类群酸藤子属、铁仔属、密花树属聚在分支树的最基部,紫金牛属为一单系类群。形态分支树的一致性指数和保持性指数和各分支内部支持率均较低,只在种与变种或亚种之间获得较高的支持率。高木亚属、腋序亚属、短序亚属、顶序亚属处于分支树较为基部的位置,推测这四个亚属的类群在紫金牛属中较为原始;圆齿亚属和锯齿亚属共同组成一大支,二者亲缘关系紧密,推测这两个亚属为该属中最为进化的类群。结合形态学对属内系统发育关系进行了讨论和推测了一些性状的演化趋势,以期为分类修订提供依据。 相似文献
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分支分类学的一种计算方法——最小平行进化法 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文是“分支分类的一种计算方法—最大同步法”一文的姐妹篇。两种方法运算过程基本相同,不同之处乃是最小平行进化法利用平行进化的概念,首先确立两个分支单位相结合时产生平行进化的步数,即平行进化系数的计算公式,对所有待结合分支单位间计算平行进化系数。然后根据俭约性原理,要获得最俭约演化树谱图,应该尽可能减少平行进化,也就是说在选择结合的分支单位时,选择平行进化系数最小者优先结合。于是建立起一种新的分支分类运算方法。两种方法的思路完全不同,从原理上讲对某些数据,最小平行进化法优于最大同步法,但后者运算量较大。如果将两种思路兼顾,可以得出由这两种方法相结合而产生平行同步综合法．桔梗科6个种的数据作为例子进行运算说明。 相似文献
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分支系统学评述 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
本文论述了分支分类学说的主要内容及有关问题。全文包括7方面的内容：(1)分支分类学说 的哲学原理为波普尔的证伪主义科学哲学;(2)分支分析的三个基本原则是近裔共性原则、严格单系 原则及简约性原则;(3)分支分析的工作步骤包括：单系类群的确立、性状分析、分支分析运算、分支图与分类系统的建立及分支图与性状再分析;(4)本文讨论厂分支分类学派、表型分类学派与演化 分类学派;(5)由于板块构造理论及分支分析的兴起,生物地理学发生了重大变化,出现了传统的演化生物地理学、系统发育生物地理学及替代生物地理学争鸣的局面;(6)由于杂交导致性状矛盾,因 此可以由分支分析识别杂种;(7)由科学理论的三条标准来看,分支系统学属于严格意义的科学理论。 相似文献
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从生物演化的逆方向考虑,提出一种聚合的分支分类运算方法,称为演化极端结合分支分类法。文章阐明其设计思路、演算步骤,并以实例具体说明其演算过程。最后以演化长度系数、合理解与合理方法等概念,对演化极端结合法进行评价。 相似文献
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木兰科植物的分支分析 总被引：18，自引：3，他引：18
本文以形态学为依据,参考其它学科的研究成果,用分支分析的方法探讨了木兰科研下系统的演化关系,并提出了一些设想和建议。在分支分析中,番荔枝科原始的紫玉盘属被和在群。主要根据外类群比较原则,化石原则和一般演化规律,确定了性状的祖征和衍征,共选取２７个性状,采用ＰＡＵＰ３．１．１和Ｈｅｎｎｉｎｇ８６ｖ．１．５分别在Ｍａｃｉｎｔｏｃｈ和ＩＢＭ微机上运行,以前才以启发法搜索,后者以ＢＢ命令运算,经严格一致化 相似文献
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中值淘汰分支分析法的应用研究周志钦（西南农业大学园艺系,重庆６３０７１６）ＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＡＰＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＭＥＤＩＡＮＥＬＩＭＩＮＡＴＩＯＮＳＥＲＩＥＳＺｈｏｕＺｈｉ－ｑｉｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＨｏｒｔｉｃｕｌｔｕｅ,Ｓｏｕ... 相似文献
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WILLIAM R. PHILIPSON F.L.S. MELVA N. PHILIPSON 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1988,98(1):27-36
PHILIPSON, W. R. & PHILIPSON, M. N., 1988. A classification of the genus Nothofagus (Fagaceae). The genus Nothofagus is subdivided into two subgenera, two sections and three subsections, employing characters of the pollen, cupule and vernation, together with the incidence of leaf-fall. The subdivision into subgenera also agrees with present geographical distribution and with characters of the secondary xylem. One subgeneric and one subsectional name are new. Reasons are given for departures from previous classifications. 相似文献
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PAULA RUDALL F.L.S. PETER GOLDBLATT 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1993,111(3):379-397
Leaf anatomy is described in a range of species of the Old World subtribe Homeriinae, including species from all of the eight genera: Barnardiella, Galaxia, Gynandriris, Hexaglottis, Homeria, Moraea, Rheome and Roggeveldia. Homeriinae have bifacial leaves, otherwise unusual among Iridaceae, and an apomorphy for this group. Leaf anatomy also shows some unusual features, notably an 'extra' row of (inverted) vascular bundles in some specieS. A cladistic analysis using a broad range of data demonstrates that Moraea, the largest genus of the subtribe, is paraphyletic. The smaller genera are consistently clustered within Moraea. Subgenus Moraea is heterogeneous and requires redefinition. Although there are insufficient existing data for satisfactory resolution of the relationships of Homeriinae, information from leaf anatomy provides some useful indicators. 相似文献
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蜡梅科植物的分支分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
蜡梅科是一个仅有４属,１０种的小科,将蜡梅科的生物信息数字化,利用徐克学的和谐性分析程序,剔除了不合理的性状安排,判别关系含糊的性状极性,利用最大同步法,最小平行演化法及最大离散量分支分类法,对由性状再分析后获得的数值矩阵进行运算,推导分支图,明确各属之间的发生、发展和演化的关系。结果表明：椅子树亚科（Ｉｄｉｏｓｐｅｒｍｏｉｄｅａｅ）的椅子树属（Ｉｄｉｏｓｐｅｒｍｕｍ Ｂｌａｋｅ）在整个蜡梅科（Ｃ 相似文献
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H.P. LINDER H. KURZWEIL 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1990,102(3):287-302
Previous classification of the Disinae has been based almost entirely on floral morphological data. These data are critically assessed by various methods to determine to what extent they support a classification resolved to sectional level. The variation in the characters relative to the sections and genera is mapped, homologies are established by careful morphological observation and ontogenetic studies, and finally hypotheses of homology are tested by congruence in several cladistic analyseS. It is found that although floral morphology allows the recognition of some groups, for others the results are ambiguouS. Floral morphological data are clearly inadequate to establish the taxonomy of the Disinae on a sound footing. 相似文献
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双星藻科是1933年由Smith建立的,隶属于绿藻门(Chlorophyta),接合藻纲(Conjugatophyceae),双星藻目(Zygenematales)。此科包含的属的多少,依不同观点而有不同。饶钦止认为应该包含下列11属,即1)双星藻属(Zygnema),2)拟双星藻属(Zygnemopsis),3)膝接藻属(Zygogonium),4)转板藻属(Mongeotia),5)拟转板藻属(Mongeotiopsis),6)单极藻属(DebaFya),7)切胞藻属(Temnogametum),8)水绵属(spirogyra),9)链枝藻属(Sirocladium),10)双盘藻属(Pleurodiscus),11)链膝藻属(Sirogonium). 相似文献
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Li Gang 《植物分类学报：英文版》1993,31(1):80-99
The theoretical bases and approaches of cladistics and some specificproblems that, directly or indirectly, rely on cladistic analysis for their revolution, are outlined and discussed. Seven sections comprise this paper: a ) the philosophical foundation of cladistics; b) the theoretical tenets of cladistics; c) theoperational procedure of cladisties; d) three schools of classification; e) cladisticsand biogeography; f) cladistics and hybrid recognition; and g) is cladistic systematics a scientific theory ? Considerations of scientific methodology involve philosophical questions.From this point, Popper'falsificationism serves a good foundation. Popperemphasizes that all scientific knowledge is hypothetical-deductive, consisting ofgeneral statements (theories) that can never be confirmed or verified but onlyfalsified. The theories, that can be tested most effectively, are preferable.Cladistics, aiming at generating accurately expressed and strictly testable systematichypotheses, is well compatible with this requirement. The principles central to the cladistic theory and methodology are: thePrinciple of Synapomorphy; the Principle of Strict Monophyly; and the Principleof Strict Parsimony. The first requires forming nested groups by nestingstatements about shared evolutionary novelties (synapomorphy) postulated fromobserved similarities and is the primary one. The second is mainlymethodological, subject to modification and compromise. The principle of strictparsimony specifies the most preferable hypothesis (namely the one exhibitingthe most congruence in the synapomorphy pattern). The operational procedure that might be followed in formulating and testinghypotheses of the synapomorphy pattern (the cladogram itself) consists of fivesteps. The erections of monophyletic groups, to a greater or lesser extent, relyon the hypothesis of the previous systematic studies and is the starting point forcladistic analysis. Character analysis, which focuses on character distribution anddetermination of the polarities, decides the reconstructed phylogeny. A detailed discussion on the methodological principles for identifying transformation sequence ispresented. Many algorithms have been designated to infer the cladogram,and are basically of parsimony techniques and Compatibility techiques. The thusyielded cladograms, with their expected pattern of congruent synapomorphies, aretests of a particular hypothesis of synapomorphy and reciprocally synapomorphiesare tests of cladistic hypothesis (cladogram). Such reciprocity is a strong stimulusto profound understanding on phylogenetic process and phyletic relationships. Thecladogram and the Linnaean classification have the identical logic structure andthe set-membership of the two can be made isomorphic. There are three principal approaches to biological classification : cladistics,phenetics and evolutionary classification. Cladistics is the determination of thebranching pattern of evolution, and in the context of classification, the development of nested sets based on cladograms. Phenetics is the classification by overallsimilarities, without regard to evolutionary considerations. Evolutionary classification attempts to consider all meaningful aspects of phylogeny and to use these formaking a classification. The last approach has been done intuitively, without explicit methods. An enumeration of their differences and a discussion on their relative merits are presented. Three theoretical approaches have been proposed for interpretingbiogeographical history: the phylogenetic theory of biogeography, classical evolutionary biogeography and vicariance biogeography. The former two show somesimilarities in that they usually look upon biogeography in terms of centers oforigin and dispersal from the centers. But the first puts a strong emphasis on theconstruction of hypotheses about the phylogenetic relationships of the organisms inquestion and the subsequent inference of their geographic relationships; the secondadvocates a theory which does not have a precise deductive link with phylogeneticconstruction and often results in wildly narratative-type hypotheses. The vicarianceapproach de-emphasizes the concepts of centers of origin and dispersal and attempts to analyse distribution patterns in terms of subdivision (vicariance) ofancestral biotas. The development of the theory of plate tectonics and itsuniversal acceptance enormously stimulate biogeographers to look at the world'scontinents and oceans from a mobilist point, which, along with the establishmentof the rigorous tool of the phylogenetic analysis (cladistics), profoundly reshapesthe above three theories. Hybridization and polyploidy are outstanding features of many plant groups.But hybridization, or reticulate evolution, is inconsistent with the basic conceptsof cladistics which is an ever-branching pattern. Cladists have suggested severalapproaches. One of them analyses all the taxa by a standard cladistic procedureand closely examines the cladograms for polytomies and character conflicts thatmay indicate possible hybrids. Such generated hypothesis of hybridization can becorroborated or falsified by other forms of data, such as distribution, polyploidy,karyotype and pollen fertility. There are three criteria to justify a theory to be scientific: a) whether it is atheory composed of hypotheses strictly falsifiable; b) whether it has predictiveeffect; and c) whether it has a explanatory value. Cladistic systematics aims atgenerating cladograms, which are hypotheses of the nested pattern ofsynapomorphy, phylogenetic process and phyletic relationships, susceptible totesting by postulated synapomorphies. The predictive effect of systematics relies onthe acceptance of hypotheses of congruence about the correlation of characters,which has been well founded. For non-systematic biologists, phylogeneticclassification can be used as axiom to form a preliminary and fundamentalexplanation. 相似文献
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The quality of the fossil record and the accuracy of reconstructed phylogenies have been debated recently, and doubt has been cast on how far current knowledge actually reflects what happened in the past. A survey of 384 published cladograms of a variety of animals (echinoderms, fishes, tetrapods) shows that there is good agreement between phylogenetic (character) data and stratigraphic (age) data, based on a variety of comparative metrics. This congruence of conclusions from two essentially independent sources of data confirms that the majority of cladograms are broadly accurate and that the fossil record, incomplete as it is, gives a reasonably faithful documentation of the sequence of occurrence of organisms through time. 相似文献