水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制剂的分子修饰与其对稻瘟病菌的抑制作用

水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制剂（ＣＰＩ）经用二硫苏糖醇,对氯汞苯甲酸和碘乙酸修饰后,对木瓜蛋白酶的抑制活性并无改变;用Ｎ－乙基顺丁烯二酰亚胺与ＣＰＩ反应,可以测出ＣＰＩ分子内有１９个巯基被修饰,被修饰后,抑制活性仍无改变,表明水稻ＣＰＩ的抑制活性不需要巯基参与;应用Ｎ－溴代丁二酰亚胺与ＣＰＩ反应,可测出ＣＰＩ分子内有２个Ｔｒｐ被修饰,修饰后,抑制活性全部丧失,表明Ｔｒｐ是保持抑制活性所必需的基团。水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制剂和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂对稻瘟病菌丝体的生长均有抑制作用,但后者的抑制作用比前者更强,若将两种抑制剂混合使用,则对稻瘟病菌丝体的抑制作用非常强烈;当抑制剂加入量达７２μｇ时,即可产生明显的抑制作用。     

Expression of high molecular weight cysteine proteinase inhibitor in ovarian cancer tissues: regulation of cathepsin B expression by placental CPI

Mouse polyclonal antibodies against placental cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI) react with the placental 67 kDa CPI on Western blots, and CPI present in ovarian cancer homogenate and serum was shown by double immunodiffusion to react with the same antiserum. By immunohistochemical staining, positive expression of high molecular weight CPI was observed on the tumour cell surface in serous and endometrioid ovarian carcinomas with metastasis. Normal endometrioid tissue was not stained with anti-placental CPI antibodies. Cathepsin B and pro-cathepsin B median levels in ovarian cancer tissue homogenates increased progressively with FIGO stage of the disease. The enzyme level decreased 22-fold after treatment of tissue homogenates with 5 nM purified CPI. These results provide evidence that addition of CPI reduces the levels of cysteine-type cathepsins to those of normal non-cancerous values.     

植物固醇合成途径关键基因CPI1的功能进化

固醇是真核生物膜的重要组分, 在生长发育中具有重要作用。CPI1 (CYCLOPROPYL STEROL ISOMERASE1)基因是植物特有的固醇合成途径基因, 其编码产物为环丙基固醇异构酶。目前只有拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)的CPI1基因被克隆并解析。研究发现, 从藻类到高等开花植物中均存在单一拷贝的CPI1基因。陆生植物CPI1的基因结构及其所编码的氨基酸序列均高度保守, 蛋白质序列相似性范围为48%–90%, 但陆生植物CPI1与绿藻CPI1的蛋白序列之间存在显著差异。蛋白质结构预测发现CPI1具有非常相似的拓扑结构, 均具有7个跨膜结构域和6个亲水环。组织表达模式分析显示, 陆生植物CPI1在不同组织中均表达, 是组成型表达基因。为了验证CPI1基因的功能, 克隆了二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon)BdCPI1基因, 并转化拟南芥cpi1-1突变体。结果表明, BdCPI1能完全回补cpi1-1突变体的表型。基于单拷贝基因数目、保守的基因结构和蛋白质拓扑结构及基因表达模式, 推测CPI1基因的功能可能在陆生植物中高度保守。     

Conformational dynamics of capping protein and interaction partners: simulation studies

Capping protein (CP) is important for the regulation of actin polymerization. CP binds to the barbed end of the actin filament and prevents actin polymerization. This interaction is modulated through competitive binding by regulatory proteins such as myotrophin (V-1) and the capping protein interacting (CPI) motif from CARMIL. The binding site of myotrophin overlaps with the region of CP that binds to the barbed end of actin filament, whereas CPI binds at a distant site. The binding of CPI to the myotrophin-CP complex dissociates myotrophin from CP. Detailed multicopy molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the binding of CPI shifts the conformational equilibria of CP away from states that favor myotrophin binding. This shift is underpinned by allosteric effects where CPI inhibits CP through suppression of flexibility and disruption of concerted motions that appear to mediate myotrophin binding. Accompanying these effects are changes in electrostatic interactions, notably those involving residue K142β, which appears to play a critical role in regulating flexibility. In addition, accessibility of the site on CP for binding the key hydrophobic residue W8 of myotrophin is modulated by CPI. These results provide insights into the modulation of CP by CPI and myotrophin and indicate the mechanism by which CPI drives the dissociation of the myotrophin-CP complex.     

Pearl millet cysteine protease inhibitor. Evidence for the presence of two distinct sites responsible for anti-fungal and anti-feedent activities.

Recently, pearl millet cysteine protease inhibitor (CPI) was, for the first time, shown to possess anti-fungal activity in addition to its anti-feedent (protease inhibitory) activity [Joshi, B.N. et al. (1998) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 246, 382-387]. Characterization of CPI revealed that it has a reversible mode of action for protease inhibition. The CD spectrum exhibited a 35% alpha helix and 65% random coil structure. The intrinsic fluorescence spectrum was typical of a protein devoid of tryptophan residues. Demetallation of Zn2+ resulted in a substantial change in the secondary and tertiary structure of CPI accompanied by the complete loss of anti-fungal and inhibitory activity indicating that Zn2+ plays an important role in maintaining both structural integrity and biological function. The differential response of anti-fungal and inhibitory activities to specific modifiers showed that there are two different reactive sites associated with anti-fungal and anti-feedent activity in CPI located on a single protein as revealed from its N-terminal sequence data (AGVCYGVLGNNLP). Modification of cysteine, glutamic/aspartic acid or argnine resulted in abolition of the anti-fungal activity of CPI, whereas modification of arginine led to an enhancement of the inhibitory activity in solution. Modification of histidine resulted in a twofold increase in the protease inhibitory activity without affecting the anti-fungal activity, whereas modification of serine led to selective inhibition of the protease inhibitory activity. The differential nature of the two activities was further supported by differences in the temperature stabilities of the anti-fungal (60 degrees C) and inhibitory (40 degrees C) activities. Binding of papain to CPI did not abolish the anti-fungal activity of CPI, supporting the presence of two active sites on CPI. The differential behavior of CPI towards anti-fungal and anti-feedent activity cannot be attributed to changes in conformation, as assessed by their CD and fluorescence spectra. The interaction of CPI modified for arginine or histidine with papain resulted in an enhancement of CPI activity accompanied by a slight decrease in fluorescence intensity of 15-20% at 343 nm. In contrast, modification of serine resulted in inhibition of CPI activity with a concomitant increase of 20% in the fluorescence intensity when complexed by the enzyme. This implies the involvement of enzyme-based tryptophan in the formation of a biologically active enzyme-inhibitor complex. The presence of anti-fungal and anti-feedent activity on a single protein, as evidenced in pearl millet CPI, opens up a new possibility of raising a transgenic plant resistant to pathogens, as well as pests, by transfer of a single CPI gene.     

Phosphorylation of CPI17 and myosin binding subunit of type 1 protein phosphatase by p21-activated kinase

CPI17 and myosin binding subunit of type 1 protein phosphatase (MBS) are the regulators of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP). The function of both regulators is controlled by phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of CPI17 at Thr38 significantly enhances the inhibitory activity of CPI17 and the phosphorylation at Thr641 of MBS decreases the MLCP activity. Here, we found that p21-activated protein kinase (PAK) phosphorylates both CPI17 at Thr38 and MBS at Thr641. For CPI17, PAK specifically phosphorylated at Thr38, since the mutation of Thr38 to Ala completely abolished the phosphorylation. On the other hand, PAK phosphorylated Thr641 but not Thr799 of MBS, the site phosphorylated by Rho kinase. Because PAK phosphorylates MBS more than 1 mol/mol, it is anticipated that PAK also phosphorylates other sites in addition to Thr641. CPI17 phosphorylation induced by PAK significantly enhanced the inhibitory activity of CPI17. On the other hand, the phosphorylation of MBS by PAK also decreased the MLCP activity. These results raise the possibility that the PAK pathway plays a role in MLCP regulation.     

Prediction of chemical-protein interactions network with weighted network-based inference method

Chemical-protein interaction (CPI) is the central topic of target identification and drug discovery. However, large scale determination of CPI is a big challenge for in vitro or in vivo experiments, while in silico prediction shows great advantages due to low cost and high accuracy. On the basis of our previous drug-target interaction prediction via network-based inference (NBI) method, we further developed node- and edge-weighted NBI methods for CPI prediction here. Two comprehensive CPI bipartite networks extracted from ChEMBL database were used to evaluate the methods, one containing 17,111 CPI pairs between 4,741 compounds and 97 G protein-coupled receptors, the other including 13,648 CPI pairs between 2,827 compounds and 206 kinases. The range of the area under receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.73 to 0.83 for the external validation sets, which confirmed the reliability of the prediction. The weak-interaction hypothesis in CPI network was identified by the edge-weighted NBI method. Moreover, to validate the methods, several candidate targets were predicted for five approved drugs, namely imatinib, dasatinib, sertindole, olanzapine and ziprasidone. The molecular hypotheses and experimental evidence for these predictions were further provided. These results confirmed that our methods have potential values in understanding molecular basis of drug polypharmacology and would be helpful for drug repositioning.     

Isolation and characterization of wound-inducible carboxypeptidase inhibitor from tomato leaves

In a previous report [Mol. Gen. Genet. 228 (1991) 281], carboxypeptidase inhibitor protein (CPI) mRNA was found to accumulate in leaves of wounded tomato plants, but CPI protein could not be detected. In contrast, we found that CPI protein does accumulate in tomato leaves in response to wounding, and also in response to treatment with either systemin, methyl jasmonate (MeJ), oligogalacturonic acid, or chitosan. Identification of CPI protein was confirmed by its inhibition of metallo-carboxypeptidase A (CPAase), which was used as an assay during purification of the inhibitor from leaves of MeJ-treated tomato plants. Amino acid sequence analysis and mass spectroscopic analyses of the pure protein confirmed its identity as CPI. The pure protein inhibited CPAase in a 1:1 stoichimetric interaction. Time course analyses of the induction of CPI mRNA in tomato leaves in response to wounding indicated that the gene is a member of the group of "late genes" that code for defensive proteins synthesized in leaves in response to herbivore attack.     

Human plasma alpha-cysteine proteinase inhibitor. Purification by affinity chromatography, characterization and isolation of an active fragment.

Human plasma alpha-cysteine proteinase inhibitor (alpha CPI) was purified by a two-stage method: affinity chromatography on S-carboxymethyl-papain-Sepharose, and high-resolution anion-exchange chromatography. The protein was obtained as a form of Mr about 64 000 and material of higher Mr (about 100 000). In sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with reduction, both forms showed a major component of Mr 64 000. An antiserum was raised against alpha CPI, and 'rocket' immunoassays showed the mean concentration in sera from 19 individuals to be 35.9 mg/dl. Both low-Mr and high-Mr forms of alpha CPI were confirmed to be sialoglycoproteins by the decrease in electrophoretic mobility after treatment with neuraminidase. alpha CPI was shown immunologically to be distinct from antithrombin III and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, two serine proteinase inhibitors from plasma with somewhat similar Mr values. alpha CPI was also distinct from cystatins A and B, the two intracellular low-Mr cysteine proteinase inhibitors from human liver. Complexes of alpha CPI with papain were detectable in immunoelectrophoresis, but dissociated to free enzyme and intact inhibitor in sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The stoichiometry of binding of papain was close to 1:1 for both low-Mr and high-Mr forms. alpha CPI was found to be a tight-binding inhibitor of papain and human cathepsins H and L (Ki 34 pM, 1.1 nM and 62 pM respectively). By contrast, inhibition of cathepsin B was much weaker, Ki being about 35 microM. Dipeptidyl peptidase I also was weakly inhibited. Digestion of alpha CPI with bromelain gave rise to an inhibitory fragment of Mr about 22 000, which was isolated.     

Partial purification and characterization of cysteine proteinase inhibitor from chicken plasma

A high-molecular-weight cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI) was purified from chicken (Gallus gallus) plasma using polyethylene glycol (PEG) fractionation and affinity chromatography on carboxymethyl–papain–Sepharose-4B. The CPI was purified 96.8-fold with a yield of 28.9%. Based on inhibitory activity staining for papain, CPI was shown to have an apparent molecular mass of 122 kDa. No inhibitory activity was obtained under reducing condition, indicating that CPI from chicken plasma was stabilized by disulfide bonds. CPI was stable in temperature ranges from 40 to 70 °C for 10 min; however, more than 50% of the inhibitory activity towards papain was lost within 30 min of heating at 90 °C. CPI was stable in the presence of salt up to 3%. The purified CPI exhibited the inhibitory activity toward autolysis of arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) and Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) natural actomyosin (NAM) in a concentration-dependent manner.     

Thyroid cell proliferation in Graves' disease. Use of MIB-1 monoclonal antibody

OBJECTIVE: To measure thyroid cell proliferation in patients with Graves' disease (GD) before and during treatment with antithyroid drugs. STUDY DESIGN: Patients were assessed by fine needle aspiration biopsy before (n = 20) and after 4 (n = 19) and 12 months of treatment (n = 15) with propylthiouracil or methimazole. Cell proliferation index (CPI) was estimated by immunocytochemistry using MIB-1. CPI was studied in relation to the cytologic parameters of the smears; clinical parameters, such as Wayne's Clinical Index (WCI) and time without treatment; laboratory parameters, such as 131I uptake and dosage of serum free thyroxin and thyroid-stimulating hormone; and thyroid ultrasound. RESULTS: CPI varied from 0.00% to 25.00% before treatment, 0.00% to 23.00% at 4 months and 0.00% to 14.84% at 12 months. CPI median values were 6.50%, 4.30% and 3.30%, respectively (before and after 4 months and 12 months of treatment). CPI had a positive correlation with WCI and FT4 at 12 months of treatment. CONCLUSION: Thyroid CPI in GD varies from case to case. However, due to its decreasing pattern during follow-up and its positive correlation with thyrotoxicosis severity, CPI may indicate the functional status of the gland and contribute to a better understanding of GD.     

Structural Insights into the Regulation of Actin Capping Protein by Twinfilin C-terminal Tail

Twinfilin is a conserved actin regulator that interacts with actin capping protein (CP) via C terminus residues (TWtail) that exhibits sequence similarity with the CP interaction (CPI) motif of CARMIL. Here we report the crystal structure of TWtail in complex with CP. Our structure showed that although TWtail and CARMIL CPI bind CP to an overlapping surface via their middle regions, they exhibit different CP-binding modes at both termini. Consequently, TWtail and CARMIL CPI restrict the CP in distinct conformations of open and closed forms, respectively. Interestingly, V-1, which targets CP away from the TWtail binding site, also favors the open-form CP. Consistently, TWtail forms a stable ternary complex with CP and V-1, a striking contrast to CARMIL CPI, which rapidly dissociates V-1 from CP. Our results demonstrate that TWtail is a unique CP-binding motif that regulates CP in a manner distinct from CARMIL CPI.     

水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制剂的纯化及其性质研究

水稻的糠皮和胚经生理盐水浸取、离心后的上清液加热至８０℃处理１０ｍｉｎ,离心获得的上清液调ｐＨ至８．０,得到沉淀。沉淀溶解于０．０１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ,经透析冷冻干燥得水稻巯基蛋白酶抑制剂（ＣＰＩ）粗品;粗品再经ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ柱线性离子梯度洗脱和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００柱分子筛层析,即可获得在ＰＡＧＥ、ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和ＨＰＬＣ上均为单一蛋白带的ＣＰＩ样品。经上述步骤,ＣＰＩ可被纯化５８倍。经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测定其分子量均为１２０００,Ｎ末端氨基酸为Ｐｒｏ,等电点５．６．水稻ＣＰＩ经１００℃处理１０ｍｉｎ后,其抑制活性无任何变化,在ｐＨ２．０～９．０之间,活性也不发生改变,但ｐＨ在９．０以上,其活性逐渐下降,水稻ＣＰＩ对木瓜蛋白酶是一种高亲和性的抑制剂,它对木瓜蛋白酶和无花果蛋白酶有强抑制作用,对菠萝蛋白酶仅有弱抑制作用,但对胰蛋白酶则全无抑制作用;其抑制类型属竞争性抑制剂类型,Ｋ＿ｉ值约３．５×１０￣（－８）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ对木瓜蛋白酶的抑制摩尔比约为１：１。     

Prediction of chemical-protein interactions: multitarget-QSAR versus computational chemogenomic methods

Elucidation of chemical-protein interactions (CPI) is the basis of target identification and drug discovery. It is time-consuming and costly to determine CPI experimentally, and computational methods will facilitate the determination of CPI. In this study, two methods, multitarget quantitative structure-activity relationship (mt-QSAR) and computational chemogenomics, were developed for CPI prediction. Two comprehensive data sets were collected from the ChEMBL database for method assessment. One data set consisted of 81?689 CPI pairs among 50?924 compounds and 136 G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), while the other one contained 43?965 CPI pairs among 23?376 compounds and 176 kinases. The range of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the test sets was 0.95 to 1.0 and 0.82 to 1.0 for 100 GPCR mt-QSAR models and 100 kinase mt-QSAR models, respectively. The AUC of 5-fold cross validation were about 0.92 for both 176 kinases and 136 GPCRs using the chemogenomic method. However, the performance of the chemogenomic method was worse than that of mt-QSAR for the external validation set. Further analysis revealed that there was a high false positive rate for the external validation set when using the chemogenomic method. In addition, we developed a web server named CPI-Predictor, , which is available for free. The methods and tool have potential applications in network pharmacology and drug repositioning.     

Purification and Characterization of a Rice Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor

A proteinaceous substance that inhibited the activity of papain (EC 3.4.22.2) was found in seeds of rice, Oryza sativa L. japonica. This cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI) was purified by a series of purification procedures including CM-Sephadex C-50, Sephadex G-75, and DEAE- Sephadex A-50 chromatography. The CPI was a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 12,000, with an isoelectric point at pH 5.3. The CPI was stable below 100°C and between pH 2.2 ~ 9.0. The inhibition of papain by the CPI was non-competitive, with a Ki value of 2.44 × 10^-8 m. The complete inhibition of papain was reached by an equimolar concentration of the CPI.     

Interaction of L-amino Acids with the Fusion Structures of a Cysteine Proteinase/Cystatin Pair

In a basic investigation, the molecular interactions between 2 different fused products of Arabidopsis cysteine proteinase (CP) and cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI) pair “namely R1: H₂N-maltose-binding protein- CPI-CP-COOH and R2: H₂N-maltose binding protein-CP-CPI-COOH” and 4 different L-amino acids including L-Ala, L-Ser, L-Asp, and L-Phe were analyzed using experimental methods and computational tools. The activity of CP relatively increased in purified R2 product in which test L-amino acids tend to interact with CP/CPI pair. On the other hand, the functionality of R1 product (having no tendency to interact with CP/CPI pair) was not influenced by L-amino acids. Detection of the effect of L-enantiomers of amino acids on the fusion forms of 2 functionally related proteins such as CP and CPI is the first ever time work on this research area. As a research recommendation, manufacturing the switchable biological systems expressing the fused forms of CP/CPI pair was proposed to control the relative activities of proteolytic compounds in different environments in the future.     

Effect of castration and steroid treatment on the release of gonadotropins by the rat pituitary-hypothalamus complex in vitro

Comparative in vitro studies on the release of LH and FSH by pituitary-hypothalamus complex (PHC) with intact portal plexus and whole pituitary (PI) from adult male rats showed that PHC released LH at a greater rate and in larger amounts than PI. PHC and PI released FSH in comparable amounts and rates. Attempts were made to correlate serum gonadotropin levels to that released by PHC and PI at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 46 days of post-castration (PC). Sham operated animals served as controls. Castration increased serum LH and FSH levels but in different profiles. CPHC and CPI (PHC and PI from castrated rats) released less LH than NPHC and NPI (PHC and PI from sham operated controls) till day 14 PC after which CPHC and CPI released more LH than NPHC and NPI respectively. Castration abolished the intrinsic capacity of PHC to secrete more LH than PI. CPHC and CPI secreted significantly less FSH than NPHC and NPI at 1, 3 and 7 days PC. At days 14 and 21 of post-castration PCNCP or CPI and NPHC or NPI released similar amounts of FSH. Administration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 1 mg/rat/day) or estradiol valerate (EV, 1 microgram/rat/day) immediately following castration prevented the rise in serum LH and FSH but increased the amounts of LH and FSH released by CPHC and CPI. The treatment caused a marked stimulation of FSH released by CPI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Molecular cloning of a novel phosphorylation-dependent inhibitory protein of protein phosphatase-1 (CPI17) in smooth muscle: its specific localization in smooth muscle

The cDNA encoding a phosphorylation-dependent inhibitory protein of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) was isolated from a porcine aorta library. The coding region represented the complete amino acid sequence of this protein comprised of a novel 147-residue polypeptide, which we termed CPI17, a 17-kDa PKC-potentiated inhibitory protein of PP1. As well as the native CPI17 from porcine aorta, the recombinant protein completely suppressed the PP1 activity (IC₅₀=0.18 nM) by the stoichiometric thiophosphorylation. The CPI17 mRNA is expressed in smooth muscle tissues such as aorta and bladder, whereas little expression was observed in heart, skeletal muscle, and non-muscle tissues. These results suggest a specific regulatory mechanism of the PP1 activity through CPI17 in smooth muscle.     

Spectral and kinetic investigation on oxidation and reduction of water soluble porphyrin-manganese(III) complex

In this work the oxidation and reduction reactions of Mn^III-Coproporphyrin-I (Mn^III-CPI) have been studied and four forms of manganese-CPI complexes have been characterized. This complex was observed to be highly reactive (at basic pH) towards Mn(II), hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and oxone, forming [Mn^IV(O)CPI(OH)]⁻ that was unstable and, after a short time, formed again [Mn^IIICPI(OH)₂]⁻. With an excess of NaClO, a further oxidation of the complex [Mn^IV(O)CPI(OH)]⁻, provoked a significant spectral change for the [Mn^V(O)CPI(OH)] formation that showed, in the time, a partial polymerization. [Mn^IIICPI(OH)₂]⁻ was reduced by sodium dithionite to form the very unstable complex of [Mn^IICPI(OH)]⁻ that successively degraded with Mn(II) release.     

百合巯基蛋白酶抑制剂的纯化及部分性质研究

百合的鳞茎中含有一种对木瓜蛋白酶有强抑制作用的巯基蛋白酶抑制剂．百合的鳞茎经浸取加热处理,木瓜蛋白酶偶联的Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ柱亲和层析和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００分子筛层析,可获得在ＰＡＧＥ和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ均为单一蛋白带的百合巯基蛋白酶抑制剂（ＣＰＩ）．此ＣＰＩ为单链蛋白,含有０．３０７％的中性糖;Ｎ端氨基酸为Ｉｌｅ;ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测得亚基分子量为１２０００;ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００测得分子量为１２５００．百合ＣＰＩ在１００℃内和ｐＨ２～１２范围内非常稳定;对木瓜蛋白酶的抑制属竞争性抑制类型,其Ｋｉ值为１．１５×１０~（－９）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,对木瓜蛋白酶的抑制摩尔比为８．５：１．