葡萄糖酸锌颗粒联合消旋卡多曲颗粒对轮状病毒性肠炎患儿血浆炎性因子、心肌酶指标及免疫功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨葡萄糖酸锌颗粒联合消旋卡多曲颗粒对轮状病毒性肠炎患儿血浆炎性因子、心肌酶指标及免疫功能的影响。方法：选取2017年2月~2019年7月期间于我院门诊就诊的轮状病毒性肠炎患儿97例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组（n=48）和研究组（n=49）,在常规治疗的基础上对照组患儿给予消旋卡多曲颗粒治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上联合葡萄糖酸锌颗粒治疗,比较两组患儿疗效、血浆炎性因子[白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）]、血清心肌酶指标[乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）和磷酸肌酸激酶（CK）]及免疫功能指标（CD4⁺、CD8⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺）的变化情况,记录两组治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果：研究组治疗7 d后的临床总有效率为91.84%（45/49）,高于对照组的75.00%（36/48）（P<0.05）。两组治疗7 d后血浆IL-6、TNF-α水平均下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗7d后血清LDH、CK、CK-MB水平均下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗7 d后CD8⁺下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）;CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率对比未见统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：葡萄糖酸锌颗粒联合消旋卡多曲颗粒治疗轮状病毒性肠炎患儿疗效显著,可改善患儿炎性因子、心肌酶指标,提升患儿免疫功能,且未见严重不良反应发生。     

利巴韦林喷雾剂联合小儿豉翘清热颗粒对手足口病患儿外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、血清免疫球蛋白指标和炎性因子的影响

摘要 目的：探讨利巴韦林喷雾剂联合小儿豉翘清热颗粒对手足口病（HFMD）患儿外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、血清免疫球蛋白指标和炎性因子的影响。方法：选择2019年8月至2022年6月期间我院收治的HFMD患儿90例作为考察对象。按照双色球法将患儿分为对照组和研究组,各为45例。在常规治疗的基础上,对照组接受利巴韦林喷雾剂治疗,研究组接受利巴韦林喷雾剂联合小儿豉翘清热颗粒治疗。观察两组疗效、临床症状、血清免疫球蛋白指标、外周血T淋巴细胞亚群指标和炎性因子的变化,比较两组不良反应发生率。结果：与对照组的临床总有效率相比,研究组的明显更高（P<0.05）。研究组的退热时间、皮疹消失时间、口腔溃疡消退时间均短于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺升高,CD8⁺下降（P<0.05）。治疗后,研究组CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺高于对照组,CD8⁺低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组血清免疫球蛋白（Ig）指标：IgA、IgM、IgG升高（P<0.05）。治疗后,研究组IgA、IgM、IgG高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）下降（P<0.05）。治疗后,研究组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率组间对比差异不显著（P>0.05）。结论：利巴韦林喷雾剂联合小儿豉翘清热颗粒治疗HFMD患儿,可有效调节炎性因子水平和免疫功能,促进临床症状改善。     

右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼术后镇痛对老年肺癌患者T细胞亚群、血清炎性因子和疼痛介质指标的影响

摘要 目的：观察右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼术后镇痛对老年肺癌患者T细胞亚群、血清炎性因子和疼痛介质指标的影响。方法：选取2017年7月~2020年12月期间200例我院收治的行肺癌根治术的老年患者,按随机数字表法分为研究组（n=100）、对照组（n=100）。对照组术后镇痛选用舒芬太尼,研究组术后镇痛选用右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼,观察两组患者视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分和Ramsay镇静评分、外周血T细胞亚群、血清炎性因子和疼痛介质指标、不良反应。结果：两组术后6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h的Ramsay镇静评分、VAS评分均较术后1 h下降（P<0.05）,且研究组以上时间点Ramsay镇静评分高于对照组,而VAS评分低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后24 h血清干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）升高,但研究组术后24 h血清IFN-γ、IL-6低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后24 h外周血CD8⁺升高,CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺降低（P<0.05）,但术后24 h研究组CD8⁺低于对照组,CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺高于对照组（P<0.05）。术后24 h两组血清β-内啡肽（β-EP）、P物质（SP）以及一氧化氮（NO）水平均升高,但研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼用于老年肺癌患者术后镇痛,镇痛、镇静效果确切,同时可减轻免疫抑制及炎性反应,且安全性高。     

枯草杆菌二联活菌肠溶胶囊联合泮托拉唑对UC患者炎性因子、肠黏膜功能及外周血Th17、CD4+CD25+Treg细胞表达的影响

摘要 目的：观察枯草杆菌二联活菌肠溶胶囊联合泮托拉唑对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）患者炎性因子、肠黏膜功能及外周血Th17、CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg细胞表达的影响。方法：研究对象选择2014年7月~2018年9月期间来我院香山路门诊部接受诊治的80例UC患者,随机分为联合组（枯草杆菌二联活菌肠溶胶囊联合泮托拉唑治疗）、对照组（泮托拉唑治疗）,各40例。对比两组的疗效、炎性因子、肠黏膜功能及外周血中Th17及CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg细胞表达 。记录两组治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果：联合组的临床总有效率为92.50%（37/40）,对照组为70.00%（28/40）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率对比无差异（P>0.05）。联合组治疗6个月后血清白介素-8（IL-8）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平均明显比对照组低（P<0.05）。联合组治疗6个月后血清D-乳酸含量、二胺氧化酶（DAO）水平均明显比对照组低（P<0.05）。联合组治疗6个月后外周血中Th17细胞表达比对照组低,CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg细胞表达比对照组高（P<0.05）。结论：枯草杆菌二联活菌肠溶胶囊联合泮托拉唑治疗UC患者,可有效改善肠道环境,使外周血中的 Th17 细胞表达降低,CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg细胞表达增加,并缓解炎症状态,临床效果满意且安全性好。     

复方苦参注射液腔内灌注治疗对恶性胸腔积液患者机体免疫功能及肿瘤标志物水平的影响

摘要 目的：探讨复方苦参注射液腔内灌注治疗对恶性胸腔积液患者机体免疫功能及肿瘤标志物水平的影响。方法：选取河北北方学院附属第一医院2020年12月到2022年12月期间收治的52例恶性胸腔积液患者,将每位患者随机进行编号,获得1～52个编号,按照奇偶法将患者分为对照组（n=26）和观察组（n=26）。对照组采用顺铂腔内灌注治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联用复方苦参注射液腔内灌注治疗,比较两组患者的治疗效果、T淋巴细胞亚群（CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺）、癌胚抗原（CEA）、糖类抗原125（CA125）、生活质量改善率以及毒副反应。结果：观察组治疗总有效率73.08%高于对照组的42.31%（P＜0.05）。治疗后观察组的CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺与治疗前比较明显升高,且高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后两组患者的血清CEA、CA125水平与治疗前比较均明显降低,且观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组生活质量改善率76.92%高于对照组46.15%（P<0.05）。观察组的骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应明显轻于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：复方苦参注射液腔内灌注治疗对恶性胸腔积液患者具有较好的疗效,且可以改善患者机体免疫功能及生活质量,降低血清肿瘤标志物水平和毒副反应。     

布地奈德联合特布他林雾化吸入治疗对毛细支气管炎患儿潮气呼吸肺功能、T细胞亚群及血清炎性因子的影响

摘要 目的：探讨布地奈德联合特布他林雾化吸入治疗对毛细支气管炎患儿潮气呼吸肺功能、T细胞亚群及血清炎性因子的影响。方法：选取2019年1月~2019年12月期间我院收治的毛细支气管炎患儿98例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组（常规方案治疗）和观察组（对照组基础上加用布地奈德联合特布他林雾化吸入治疗）,各49例。记录两组治疗1周后总有效率。对比两组治疗前、治疗1周后的潮气呼吸肺功能指标[吸气/呼气时间比（Ti/Te）、达峰时间比（TPTEF/TE）、达峰容积比（VPEF/VE）、每千克潮气量（Vt/kg）]、T细胞亚群[CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺及CD4⁺/CD8⁺]、血清炎性因子[降钙素原（PCT）、C反应蛋白（CRP）]。比较两组不良反应发生率。结果：+、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺均高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组（P<0.05）,PCT、CRP、CD8+均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患儿不良反应发生率对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：雾化吸入特布他林联合布地奈德治疗毛细支气管炎患儿疗效显著,可有效改善患儿T细胞亚群、潮气呼吸肺功能,减轻患儿炎性反应,且安全性好。     

小儿青翘颗粒联合注射用头孢西丁钠治疗急性上呼吸道感染患儿细胞免疫功能和炎性因子的影响

摘要 目的：观察小儿青翘颗粒联合注射用头孢西丁钠治疗急性上呼吸道感染患儿细胞免疫功能和炎性因子的影响。方法：选择合肥市第二人民医院2019年10月到2023年1月期间收治的110例急性上呼吸道感染患儿,按照随机数字表法分为对照组（n=55）和研究组（n=55）,对照组患儿接受注射用头孢西丁钠治疗,研究组患儿接受小儿青翘颗粒联合注射用头孢西丁钠治疗。对比两组疗效、临床症状恢复情况、细胞免疫功能指标、炎性因子水平,同时观察两组不良反应发生情况。结果：研究组的临床总有效率为96.36%高于对照组80.00%（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,研究组的咽痛消失时间、咳嗽消失时间、发热消失时间、鼻塞消失时间进一步缩短（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,研究组治疗2周后CD8⁺更低,CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺更高（P<0.05）。治疗2周后,研究组C反应蛋白（CRP）、降钙素原（PCT）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率对比,未见统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：小儿青翘颗粒联合注射用头孢西丁钠治疗急性上呼吸道感染患儿,可有效缓解临床症状,改善患儿的细胞免疫功能和炎性因子水平。     

黄芪颗粒剂联合厄贝沙坦对IgA肾病患者肾功能、炎性因子及免疫功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨黄芪颗粒剂联合厄贝沙坦对IgA肾病（IgAN）患者肾功能、炎性因子及免疫功能的影响。方法：回顾性分析2016年3月~2019年8月期间于我院就诊的98例IgAN患者的临床资料,根据用药方案的不同将患者分为对照组（n=49）和治疗组（n=49）,对照组予以厄贝沙坦治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上联合黄芪颗粒剂治疗,比较两组患者疗效、肾功能、炎性因子及免疫功能,记录两组治疗期间不良反应情况。结果：治疗组治疗2个月后的临床总有效率为91.84%（45/49）,高于对照组的73.47%（36/49）（P<0.05）。治疗2个月后,两组白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、超敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）均较治疗前下降,且治疗组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率比较无差异（P>0.05）。治疗2个月后,两组24 h尿蛋白定量（24h-Upro）、血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）均较治疗前下降,且治疗组低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗2个月后,两组CD4⁺/CD8⁺、CD4⁺较治疗前下降,且治疗组低于对照组（P<0.05）;CD8⁺较治疗前升高,且治疗组高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：黄芪颗粒剂联合厄贝沙坦治疗IgAN患者,疗效确切,可有效改善患者肾功能、免疫功能,降低炎性因子水平,且安全可靠。     

小儿肺热咳喘口服液联合重组人干扰素?琢1b雾化吸入对呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎患儿T细胞亚群和炎性因子的影响

摘要 目的：探讨小儿肺热咳喘口服液联合重组人干扰素α1b雾化吸入对呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎（RSVP）患儿T细胞亚群和炎性因子的影响。方法：选择2020年7月到2021年7月我院收治的105例RSVP患儿,依照随机数字表法分为对照组（52例）和观察组（53例）。两组均给予常规治疗,在此基础上对照组给予重组人干扰素α1b雾化吸入治疗,观察组给予小儿肺热咳喘口服液联合重组人干扰素α1b雾化吸入治疗,两组均连续给予治疗7 d。治疗后进行临床疗效评价。比较两组的一般指标。比较两组治疗前后的外周血CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺水平及血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、白介素-6（IL-6）水平。比较两组治疗过程中不良反应发生率。结果：观察组的临床总有效率较对照组高（P<0.05）。观察组的啰音消失时间、住院时间、体温复常时间及咳嗽减轻时间均明显比对照组短（P<0.05）。与治疗前比较,治疗后两组外周血CD3⁺、CD4⁺水平升高,外周血CD8⁺水平降低（P<0.05）,观察组治疗后外周血CD3⁺、CD4⁺水平均明显比对照组高（P<0.05）,外周血CD8⁺水平比对照组低（P<0.05）。两组治疗后血清TNF-α、IL-6、CRP水平均比治疗前低（P<0.05）,同时治疗后观察组血清TNF-α、CRP、IL-6水平均明显比对照组低（P<0.05）。治疗期间两组不良反应发生率比较无差异（x²=0.501,P=0.479）。结论：小儿肺热咳喘口服液联合重组人干扰素α1b雾化吸入治疗RSVP患儿的临床疗效较好,有助于临床症状的控制,提高机体免疫功能,抑制炎症反应,且安全性较好。     

芪参益气滴丸联合利拉鲁肽对老年2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者血糖、心功能及T细胞亚群的影响

摘要 目的：探讨芪参益气滴丸联合利拉鲁肽对老年2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者血糖、心功能及T细胞亚群的影响。方法：选择2017年1月到2019年6月我院收治的老年2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者105例,依照随机数字表法分为对照组（52例）和观察组（53例）。两组均给予常规治疗,对照组在常规治疗的基础上给予利拉鲁肽治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予芪参益气滴丸治疗,两组均连续给予治疗8周。观察两组临床疗效,比较两组治疗前后血糖指标[空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）],心功能[左室射血分数（LVEF）、左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、舒张早期最大峰值速度/舒张晚期最大峰值速度（E/A）]及外周血T细胞亚群CD4⁺、CD8⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺水平。记录两组治疗过程中的不良反应情况。结果：观察组的临床总有效率为96.23%（51/53）,高于对照组的82.69%（43/52）（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组FPG、2hPG及HbAlc水平均较治疗前降低（P<0.05）,且观察组低于对照组（均P<0.05）;LVEF、E/A均升高,LVEDD降低（均P<0.05）,观察组LVEF、E/A、LVEDD的改善情况均优于对照组（P<0.05）;CD4⁺、CD4⁺/ CD8⁺水平均高于治疗前（P<0.05）,同时观察组CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平均高于对照组（P<0.05）,两组治疗前后CD8⁺均无明显变化（P＞0.05）。治疗期间,观察组的不良反应发生率为9.43%（5/53）,对照组为9.62%（5/52）,两组比较差异无统计学意义（x²=0.001,P=0.975）。结论：芪参益气滴丸联合利拉鲁肽治疗老年2型糖尿病合并冠心病的临床疗效较好,有助于改善患者血糖水平和心功能,提高机体免疫功能,且安全性较好。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.