Acid phosphomonoesterase and phytase activities of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots and utilization of organic phosphorus substrates by seedlings grown in sterile culture

Wheat seedlings exhibited a differential ability to utilize P from a range of organic P substrates when grown in agar culture under sterile conditions. Plants showed limited ability to obtain P from inositol hexaphosphate (IHP), whereas other monoester substrates such as glucose 1‐phosphate (G1P), were equivalent sources of P for plant growth as compared with inorganic phosphate (P_i). Poor utilization of IHP was exemplified by significantly lower rates of dry matter accumulation and reduced P content of tissues, which were generally not significantly different to control plants that were grown in the absence of added P. The inability of wheat seedlings to obtain P from IHP was not associated with poor substrate availability but was due to either insufficient root phytase activity or inappropriate localization of phytase within root tissues. Phytase activities of 4 and 24 mU g ^{? 1} root fresh weight (FW) were determined for crude root extracts prepared from plants that were grown with either adequate P or under deficient conditions, respectively. Similar levels of phytase activity (approximately 12 mU g ^{? 1} FW) were observed in assays using intact roots, although no secreted activity was detected. By comparison, a secreted acid phosphomonoesterase activity was observed, and activities of between 466 and 1029 mU phosphomonoesterase g ^{? 1} root FW were measured for intact roots. On the basis of the differences in enzyme activity, and the observed differences in the ability of wheat seedlings to utilize G1P and IHP, it is evident that low intrinsic levels of phytase activity in wheat roots is a critical factor that limits the ability of wheat to obtain P from phytate when supplied in agar under non‐limiting conditions. This hypothesis was further supported by the observation that the ability of wheat to obtain P from IHP was significantly improved when the seedlings were inoculated with a soil bacterium (Pseudomonas sp. strain CCAR59) that possesses phytase activity.     

Receptivity of various wheat cultivars to infection by VA-mycorrhizal fungi as influenced by inoculum potential and the relation of VAM-effectiveness to succinic dehydrogenase activity of the mycelium in the roots

Wheat cultivars grown in pots in a greenhouse were inoculated either once or twice with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF) Glomus mosseae. If inoculum was only added to the soil once (before planting) the cultivars showed differences in subsequent VAM development. If additional inoculum was added ten days after planting, VAM development was much increased and cultivars which remained without VAM after only one inoculum application now became mycorrhizal.Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity decreased throughout the experiment, but this decrease was less rapid in mycelium in twice-inoculated plants.No close relationship between SDH-activity and plant growth (VAM effectiveness) was found.     

不同耕作方式和秸秆还田对麦田土壤有机碳含量的影响

通过两个生长季试验,研究了不同耕作方式和秸秆还田及其交互效应对小麦全生育期0～20 cm土壤有机碳含量的影响.结果表明：小麦不同生育时期0～20 cm土层有机碳含量呈明显的动态变化;秸秆还田各处理的有机碳含量都高于无秸秆还田处理;保护性耕作措施土壤有机碳增加量显著高于传统翻耕.除传统翻耕处理外,各处理0～10 cm土层的有机碳含量都高于10～20 cm土层,秸秆还田各处理0～10 cm土层有机碳含量表现为深松(PS)＞旋耕(PR)＞免耕(PZ)＞耙耕(PH)＞传统翻耕(PC),而10～20 cm土层表现为传统翻耕(PC)＞深松(PS)＞旋耕(PR)＞耙耕(PH)＞免耕(PZ),说明保护性耕作措施能提高0～10 cm土层的有机碳含量.多因素方差分析表明：耕作因素、秸秆因素和两者交互效应在不同生育期对0～20 cm土层的有机碳含量都有显著影响.     

Use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict nitrogen uptake by winter wheat within fields with high variability in organic matter

In this study, the ability to predict N-uptake in winter wheat crops using NIR-spectroscopy on soil samples was evaluated. Soil samples were taken from unfertilized plots in one winter wheat field for three years (1997–1999) and in another winter wheat field nearby for one year (2000). Soil samples were analyzed for organic C content and their NIR-spectra. N-uptake was measured as total N-content in aboveground plant materials at harvest. Models calibrated to predict N-uptake were internally cross-validated and validated across years and across fields. Cross-validated calibrations predicted N-uptake with an average error of 12.1 to 15.4 kg N ha⁻¹. The standard deviation divided by this error (RPD) ranged between 1.9 and 2.5. In comparison, the corresponding calibrations based on organic C alone had an error from 11.7 to 28.2 kg N ha⁻¹ and RPDs from 1.3 to 2.5. In three of four annual calibrations within a field, the NIR based calibrations worked better than the organic C based calibrations. The prediction of N-uptake across years, but within a field, worked slightly better with an organic C based calibration than with a NIR based one, RPD = 1.9 and 1.7, respectively. Across fields, the corresponding difference was large in favour of the NIR-calibration, RPD = 2.5 for the NIR-calibration and 1.5 for the organic C calibration. It was concluded that NIR-spectroscopy integrates information about organic C with other relevant soil components and therefore has a good potential to predict complex functions of soils such as N-mineralization. A relatively good agreement of spectral relationships to parameters related to the N-mineralization of datasets across the world suggests that more general models can be calibrated.     

减磷配施有机肥对水旱轮作紫色水稻土磷素淋失的消减效应

为探索长江流域稻油轮作系统水稻季减少农田磷素流失的最佳施肥模式和有效耕作措施,降低其对长江水质的威胁。采用渗漏池长期田间原位定点试验并结合室内实验分析,研究了化肥配施猪粪有机肥和水稻秸秆还田对土壤磷素淋溶迁移的影响。结果表明在水稻生长期内土壤淋溶水中磷素浓度随时间延长呈逐渐下降的趋势,前期波动幅度大且下降迅速,到55d之后逐步稳定达到平衡。总可溶性磷(TDP)是渗漏水磷素的主要形态。土壤淋溶水中总磷(TP)和总可溶性磷(TDP)含量均表现为优化施肥+猪粪有机肥(MP)优化施肥+秸秆还田(SP)优化施肥(P)优化施肥量磷减20%+猪粪有机肥(MDP)优化施肥量磷减20%+秸秆还田(SDP)不施磷肥(P0)。土壤总磷(TP)淋失负荷在0.295—0.493 kg/hm2之间。施用有机肥提高了淋溶水中的磷素含量,促进了土壤中磷素的淋失,同时显著提高了土壤中有效磷的含量,猪粪有机肥的促进作用比水稻秸秆大。减少化肥施用量有利于降低土壤磷素淋失。在综合考虑农业生产省本增效和控制农田面源污染的情况下,可以采取减量化肥配施有机肥的施肥模式。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to phosphorus uptake by wheat grown in a phosphorus-fixing soil even in the absence of positive growth responses

We used 32P to quantify the contribution of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus intraradices) to phosphorus (P) uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum), grown in compartmented pots. The soil was from a major cereal-growing area, the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia; it was highly calcareous and P-fixing. Fertilizer P was added to soil at 20 mg kg(-1), as solid or liquid. Two extraction methods were used to estimate plant-available P. Fungal colonization was well established at harvest (36 d). Application of P decreased both colonization and hyphal length density in soil, with small differences between different P fertilizers. Plants showed large positive responses in terms of growth or total P uptake to all P additions, and showed no positive (or even negative) responses to AM colonization, regardless of P application. 32P was detected only in AM plants, and we calculated that over 50% of P uptake by plants was absorbed via AM fungi, even when P was added. The results add to the growing body of knowledge that 'nonresponsive' AM plants have a functional AM pathway for P transfer to the plant; it should not be ignored in breeding plants for root traits designed to improve P uptake.     

Availability of phosphorus in a calcareous soil treated with rock phosphate or superphosphate as affected by phosphate-dissolving fungi

A study was undertaken to isolate some fungi exhibiting phosphate-dissolution ability, and to test whether these fungi are capable of increasing the amount of available P in a calcareous soil treated with rock phosphate (RP) or with triple superphosphate (TSP) and its subsequent uptake by sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench).Penicillium sp. and twoAspergillus foetidus (Naka) isolates significantly increased the availability of P in soil treated with RP or TSP during the growing season.Penicillium sp. isolate was more effective in increasing available P in the soil treated with RP or TSP than were Aspergillus isolates. However, the dry matter and P uptake responses to inoculation with these fungi were better in the soil treated with RP than in soil treated with TSP. In the TSP treated soil, the fungi achieved their maximum P releasing capacity two weeks earlier than in soil treated with RP. Positive and significant correlation coefficients among available P, P uptake and dry matter production at different periods of the growing season were observed following inoculation. However, none of these variables were found to be significantly correlated with the fungal populations.     

易分解有机碳输入量对武夷山常绿阔叶林不同土层深度土壤激发效应的影响

土壤有机碳(SOC)的矿化在碳、氮循环过程中起着极为重要的作用。易分解有机碳的输入可以通过正(负)激发效应加快(减缓)原有SOC的矿化。然而,先前的研究更多关注易分解有机碳输入量对表层(0～20 cm)土壤激发效应的影响,而较少关注其对深层(>20 cm)土壤激发效应的影响。本研究利用¹³C标记葡萄糖(99 atom%)添加试验,研究葡萄糖添加量对武夷山常绿阔叶林表层(0～20 cm)和深层(30～40 cm)土壤激发效应的影响,并通过分析微生物群落组成的变化以及土壤可利用氮含量的变化探讨土壤激发效应产生的机理。结果表明:葡萄糖的添加抑制了表层和深层SOC的矿化(P<0.05),使SOC的矿化量分别减少了26%～61%与62%～68%,呈现负的激发效应,但激发强度因葡萄糖添加量和土层深度而异。对于表层土壤,激发强度随着葡萄糖添加量的增加而增加;而对于深层土壤,激发强度对葡萄糖添加量的响应并不敏感。而且,葡萄糖的添加并未显著影响表层和深层土壤的微生物量碳氮含量和微生物群落组成(总磷脂脂肪酸含量;细菌、真菌、放线菌磷脂脂肪酸含量以及细菌真菌比)(P>...     

有机酸存在下小麦体内Cd的生物毒性和植物络合素(PCs)合成的关系

采用溶液培养方式 ,研究了有机酸存在下小麦体内 Cd的生物毒性和植物络合素 (PCs)合成的相关关系 ,试图寻求一种与小麦体内 Cd的生物毒性高度相关的评价指标。结果显示 ,Cd胁迫对小麦产生明显的毒害效应并诱导小麦根系内 PCs的大量合成。EDTA、DTPA、柠檬酸、苹果酸和草酸的适量供应可不同程度减轻或消除 Cd的生物毒性 ,其强弱顺序为 EDTA >DTPA 柠檬酸 >苹果酸≈草酸。与此同时 ,小麦根系内 PCs的诱导量也有明显下降 ,与 Cd的生物毒性保持一定的线性关系 ,且在EDTA、DTPA和柠檬酸供应下尤为显著。表明 PCs可以作为一项敏感的生化指标 (biochem ical indicator)用来评价和预测环境中 Cd的污染 ,并有望成为重金属生物有效性评价系统中一种新的补充方法     

锰对外生菌根真菌生长、养分吸收、有机酸分泌和菌丝体中锰分布的影响

外生菌根真菌对于酸性和锰污染土壤的植树造林和生态恢复有重要作用。采用液体培养方法,以大白菇Rd Fr(Russula delica Fr.)、彩色豆马勃Pt 715(Pisolithus tinctorius 715)、土生空团菌Cg Fr(Cenococcum geophilum Fr.)和厚环粘盖牛肝菌Sg Kl S(Suillus grevillei(Kl.)Sing)为供试对象,研究了Mn2+对外生菌根真菌生长、养分吸收、有机酸和氢离子分泌的影响,以及锰在菌丝细胞内外的分布情况。结果表明:在0—800 mg Mn2+/L的培养液中,Mn2+对Rd Fr生长无显著影响;低浓度的Mn2+刺激Sg Kl S生长,中、高浓度无抑制作用;但大幅度降低Pt 715和Cg Fr的生物量,说明Rd Fr和Sg Kl S抗(耐)锰的能力较强。在Mn2+胁迫下,供试菌株的氮、钾含量和吸收量显著降低;含磷量和吸收量,以及草酸和柠檬酸的分泌速率因菌株不同而表现出多样性,说明在减轻Mn2+毒的过程中,磷酸盐(或聚磷酸盐)对Mn2+固定作用和有机酸的络合作用因菌株不同而异。但是,Mn2+显著降低Rd Fr和Sg Kl S的氢离子分泌速率,菌丝和原生质中的含Mn量显著低于敏感性菌株,说明降低Mn2+的活性和减少吸收可能是外生菌根真菌抗(耐)Mn2+的重要机制。此外,菌丝吸收的Mn2+绝大部份存在于质外体,少量进入细胞,前者是后者的5.23—9.21倍,说明原生质膜是外生菌根真菌防御Mn2+进入细胞的重要屏障。     

Arthropod food webs in organic and conventional wheat farming systems of an agricultural long‐term experiment: a stable isotope approach

• 1 Agricultural intensification not only alters the structure of arthropod communities, but also may affect biotic interactions by altering the availability of basal resources. We analyzed variations in stable isotope ratios (¹⁵N/¹⁴N and ¹³C/¹²C) of fertilizers, plants, prey and generalist predators in organic and conventional farming systems in a long‐term agricultural experiment [DOK trial (bioDynamic, bioOrganic, Konventionell)]. Two basal resources with pronounced differences in carbon isotope signatures, wheat litter (C₃ plant) and maize litter (C₄ plant), were used to uncover differences in food web properties between the two farming systems (conventional versus organic).
• 2 Predators incorporated significantly higher proportions of carbon from wheat sources in organically managed fields, suggesting that they were more closely linked to wheat‐consuming prey in this system. The δ¹⁵N values of three predaceous species were more than 2‰ greater in summer than in spring.
• 3 The results obtained suggest that generalist predators consumed higher proportions of herbivore prey in the organic system and that starvation and intraguild predation rates increased in some predator species with time.
• 4 Because the effects of farming system and sampling date on predators were species‐specific, conserving a diverse natural enemy community including species with different phenologies and sensitivities to management practices may, in the long term, be a good strategy for maintaining high pest suppression throughout the growing season.

     

外源磷或有机质对板蓝根吸收转运砷的影响

采用土壤培养方法,研究了不同含砷水平土壤中添加外源磷或有机质对砷在板蓝根地下部和地上部累积与分配的影响。结果表明,在外源添加磷或者有机质的情况下,与自然土相比含砷土对板蓝根的生长有一定的促进作用;在自然土(13.4 mg/kg)中,外源磷没有明显影响板蓝根地下部对砷的累积,却显著降低了砷由地下部向地上部的转运,并且添加200 mg P2 O5/kg显著降低了砷在地上部的累积。然而,在含砷土(33.4 mg/kg)中,100 mg P2O5/kg处理显著降低了砷在地下部的累积,但随磷用量的增加反而促进了地下部砷的累积;在添加有机质试验中,10 g/kg的有机质显著降低了自然土中板蓝根地下部和地上部对砷的累积,并且砷的吸收能力也明显下降。在含砷土(23.4 mg/kg)中,添加5 g/kg的有机质不仅降低了砷在板蓝根中的富集,而且降低了其对砷的吸收能力,提高了砷由地下部向地上部的转运,但是随着有机质施用量增至10 g/kg,地下部砷含量及其吸收砷的能力均有一定程度的增大。因此,在砷水平较低的自然土壤上种植板蓝根添加200 mg P2O5/kg和10 g/kg的有机质是控制砷在该草药体内积累的适宜用量,而在砷水平较高的土壤上100 mg P2O5/kg和5 g/kg的有机质是降低板蓝根体内砷累积的适宜用量。     

The impact of Chironomus plumosus larvae on organic matter decay and nutrient (N, P) exchange in a shallow eutrophic lake sediment following a phytoplankton sedimentation

The importance of Chironomus plumosus larvae onbenthic metabolism and nutrient exchange across thesediment–water interface was evaluated in a shalloweutrophic lake (Lake Arreskov, Denmark) following aphytoplankton sedimentation. Chironomus plumosuslarvae were added to laboratory sediment microcosms,corresponding to a density of 2825 larvae m⁻².Non-inhabited microcosms served as controls. Asedimentation pulse of organic matter was simulated byadding fresh algal material (Chlamydomonasreinhardii) to sediment cores (36 g dryweight m⁻²). The mineralization was followed bymeasuring fluxes of O₂, CO₂, dissolvedinorganic nitrogen and phosphate. A rapid clearance ofalgae from the water column in faunated microcosmssuggested that chironomids may be of major importancein controlling phytoplankton concentrations in shalloweutrophic lakes. Chironomids increased the sedimentO₂ uptake ≈ 3 times more than what wouldbe expected from their own respiration, indicating astimulation of microbial activity and decomposition oforganic matter in the sediment. Addition of algaeenhanced the release of CO₂, NH⁺ ₄ ando-P. The excess inorganic C, N and P released inamended non-inhabited sediment after 36 dayscorresponded to 65, 31 and 58% of the C, N and P inthe added algae. In sediment inhabited by Chironomus plumosus the corresponding numbers were147, 45 and 73%, indicating that mineralization oforganic matter also from the indigenous sediment poolwas stimulated by chironomids. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Seasonal Variations in Chlorophyll a Concentrations in Relation to Potentials of Sediment Phosphate Release by Different Mechanisms in a Large Chinese Shallow Eutrophic Lake (Lake Taihu)

The relationship between chlorophyll a and fractionation of sediment phosphorus, inorganic phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (IPB), and organic phosphate-mineralizing bacteria (OPB) was evaluated in a large Chinese shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Taihu) and its embayment (Wuli Bay). At the three study sites, the increase of chlorophyll a concentrations in April paralleled those of the iron bound phosphate accounting for major portion of sediment inorganic phosphate, and in June significantly higher OPB and IPB numbers (especially OPB) in sediment were main contributors to the peaks of chlorophyll a concentration. Even though IPB peaked from February to June, it should serve as an unimportant P source due to the irrelevancy with chlorophyll a and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). By contrast, at the other site in the embayment, the calcium-bound phosphate was predominant and solid, which was difficult to be released, and neither IPB nor OPB were detectable in the sediment, indicating weak potential for phosphorus release from the sediment, which was reflected in the small seasonal variation in SRP concentration in water column. Hence, the extents to which the three general mechanisms behind phosphate release from sediment (desorption of iron bound phosphate, solubilization by IPB and enzymatic hydrolysis by OPB) operated were different depending on seasons and sites in Lake Taihu, they may jointly drive phosphate release and accelerate the eutrophication processes.     

Hypothesis: Transgene establishment in wild relatives of wheat can be prevented by utilizing the Ph1 gene as a senso stricto chaperon to prevent homoeologous recombination

Durum and bread wheat need transgenic traits such as herbicide and disease resistance due to recent evolution of herbicide resistant grass weeds and an intractable new strain of stem rust. Transgenic wheat varieties have not been commercialized partly due to potential transgene movement to wild/weedy relatives, which occurs naturally to closely related Aegilops and other spp. Recombination does not occur in the F₁ hybrid between wheat and its relatives due to the presence of the Ph1 gene on wheat chromosome arm 5BL, which acts as a chaperone, preventing promiscuous homoeologous pairing to similar, but not homologous chromosomes of the wild/weedy species. Thus recombination must occur during backcrossing after the wheat Ph1 gene has been eliminated. Based on these findings, we speculate that Ph1 could be used to prevent gene introgression into weedy relatives. We propose two methods to prevent such transgene establishment: (1) link the transgene in proximity to the wheat Ph1 gene and (2) insert the transgene in tandem with the lethal barnase on any chromosome arm other than 5BL, and insert barstar, which suppresses barnase on chromosome arm 5BL in proximity to Ph1. The presence of Ph1 in backcross plants containing 5BL will prevent the homoeologous establishment of barnase coupled to the desired transgene in the wild population. 5BL itself will be eliminated during repeated backcrossing to the wild parent, and progeny bearing the desired transgene in tandem with barnase but without the Ph1-barstar complex will die.     

Salt-tolerance in plants. II. In vitro translation of m-RNAs from salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive plants on wheat germ ribosomes. Responses to ions and compatible organic solutes

Abstract Messenger RNA from salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant plants Triticum aestivum. Beta vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Chenopodium album and Atriplex nummularia was translated in vitro in a wheatgerm translation system. The optimal monovalent and divalent ion concentrations for translation were independent of the salt tolerance of the plants from which the m-RNAs were derived. Translation was optimal in 100 120 mol m⁻³ potassium acetate and 1.5–2.0 mol m⁻³ Mg²⁺. Substitution of Na⁺ for K⁺, or of Cl⁻ for acetate, was inhibitory. The pattern of polypeptides synthesized from cytoplasmic m-RNAs of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant plants remained constant in all the conditions examined. The effects of adding the ‘compatible' organic solutes glycine-betaine and mannitol were examined in the wheat-germ system primed with RNA from the leaves of Triticum aestivum or Beta vulgaris. The rate of translation, the optimum ionic concentrations and the distribution of polypeptide products were maintained in organic solute concentrations of up to 500 mol m⁻³. Proline above 300 mol m⁻³ and surcose above 100 mol m⁻³ did inhibit translation. The results indicate that translation in plants is unlikely in cytoplasmic K⁺ concentrations exceeding 180 mol m⁻³, but would proceed in the presence of up to 500 mol m⁻³ mannitol or glyinebetaine, or of up to 300 mol m⁻³ proline.