切尾拟鲿外周血细胞的显微结构

应用Wright-Giemsa染液联合染色方法,通过光镜对切尾拟鲿Pseudobagrus truncatus外周血细胞的形态进行观察。结果表明,切尾拟鲿外周血细胞可分为红细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞和嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞两种类型的粒细胞。未发现嗜碱性粒细胞。白细胞中,血栓细胞数量最多,占白细胞总数的39.32%;嗜酸性粒细胞数量最少,仅占白细胞总数的2.30%;单核细胞体积最大,大小为(14.58±3.95)μm×(12.96±2.67)μm;血栓细胞体积最小,大小为(6.53±0.96)μm×(3.65±0.41)μm。此外,统计了红细胞密度为(1.68±0.39)×106/mm3,白细胞密度为(5.84±0.73)×103/mm3。     

淡水石斑外周血细胞显微结构观察

淡水石斑(Cichlasoma managuense)外周血细胞可区分出红血细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞,未发现嗜碱性粒细胞。外周血液中还存在少量未成熟的和正在分裂的红血细胞。白细胞中,血栓细胞体积最小,嗜中性粒细胞体积最大;数量上,血栓细胞最多,而嗜酸性粒细胞则最少。     

牛蛙外周血细胞的形态学特点

本研究对雌雄牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)外周血细胞的组成、形态、大小和数量进行了观察和统计。牛蛙外周血细胞由红细胞、白细胞以及血栓细胞组成,其中红细胞体积最大,平均大小(长径×短径)为(25.68±1.88)μm×(16.49±1.53)μm,扫描电镜下发现红细胞表面光滑;血栓细胞呈卵圆形或纺锤形,其体积最小,平均大小为(8.62±1.04)μm×(7.47±1.11)μm;白细胞由淋巴细胞、单核细胞、浆细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞组成,扫描电镜下白细胞表面粗糙不平,有许多不规则的凸起。白细胞中淋巴细胞最多,其中小淋巴细胞约占白细胞的32.66%±4.29%,大淋巴细胞约占6.03%±1.54%;嗜碱性粒细胞最少,只占4.78%±0.83%;浆细胞胞体大小不一,常呈椭圆形,平均大小为(23.51±0.59)μm×(22.86±0.67)μm;此外,牛蛙外周血细胞中单核细胞、淋巴细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞的数量比例以及淋巴细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞的大小均有性别的差异(P0.05)。     

鳜鱼外周血细胞显微和亚显微结构的观察

本文报道了鳜鱼外周血细胞的显微和亚显微结构。血涂片经过染色,可鉴别出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞和嗜中性粒细胞;还见到幼稚的正在分裂的红细胞,提示红细胞亦可在外周血液中通过直接分裂产生。白细胞中,血栓细胞体积最小,嗜中性粒细胞体积最大;单核细胞数目最少,血栓细胞数目最多。电镜下,红细胞中可见线粒体和高尔基复合体;淋巴细胞线粒体中可见类似髓样体的板层状结构;血栓细胞和单核细胞与其它鱼类的基本     

长薄鳅外周血细胞的显微结构和细胞化学特征研究

长薄鳅外周血细胞可分为红细胞、中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞.在数量上,中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞占白细胞总数的百分比分别是17.06%、5.83%、28.16%和48.94%.细胞化学染色显示所有白细胞均含有糖原物质,所有红细胞均不含酸性磷酸酶,中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞均含有酸性磷酸酶.非特异件酯酶染色显示单核细胞呈阳性反应,中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和血栓细胞均为部分呈阳性反应.所有细胞的碱性磷酸酶、过氧化物酶、苏丹黑显色反应均呈阴性.     

海鳗外周血细胞的显微结构

对海鳗外周血液有形成分用常规Wright氏和Giemsa氏染色并进行显微观察,可鉴别出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞和酸性粒细胞;还见到幼稚的、正在分裂的、分解和解体状态的红细胞;未发现碱性粒细胞。红细胞数量多,椭圆形,具椭圆形核;白细胞中血栓细胞最多,分散分布,形态多样;淋巴细胞、单核细胞、中性和酸性粒细胞与其它鱼类的基本相似。     

花尾胡椒鲷血细胞在光镜和扫描电镜下的结构

本文以花尾胡椒鲷血细胞进行光镜及扫描电镜观察。结果在血涂片中可分辨出红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜酸性料细胞。嗜中性粒细胞与血栓细胞,没有发现嗜碱性粒细胞。白细胞中,以淋巴细胞的比例最高,嗜酸性粒细胞数量最少。在扫描电镜下,红细胞椭圆形,表面光滑,无突起;而各种白细胞为圆形,细胞表面不平,具有各种突起,揭示白细胞具有活跃的变形运动的吞噬能力。还见到红细胞、血栓细胞可在外周血液中通过直接分裂产生。     

玳瑁和绿海龟幼体外周血细胞的观察与比较

对玳瑁(Eretmochelys imbricata)和绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)外周血细胞形态特征及其数量进行了观察、测定与比较.结果表明,在2种海龟外周血都观察到7种血细胞:红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和血栓细胞,除了绿海龟观察到大、小2种嗜酸性粒细胞外,另外几种血细胞的形态结构与其他爬行动物相似.白细胞分类计数表明,2种海龟白细胞中以嗜中性粒细胞数量最多,其次是淋巴细胞和单核细胞,嗜酸性粒细胞仅有少数,嗜碱性粒细胞极少,并且此类细胞在玳瑁的白细胞分类计数中为零.玳瑁红细胞数量为(346.7±68.4)×10~3个/μl,比绿海龟红细胞含量少,绿海龟为(403.3±170.6)×10~3/μl;玳瑁白细胞及血栓细胞数分别为(7.7±1.9)×10~3个/μl和(9.6±2.2)×10~3个/μl,绿海龟分别为(7.3±2.8)×10~3个/μl和(7.5±3.7) ×10~3个/μl.     

史氏鲟外周血细胞的显微及超微结构

采用血细胞计数、光学显微及电子显微技术对二龄史氏鲟外周血细胞的数目、形态及结构进行了研究。二龄史氏鲟红细胞的数目为47.75×104个/mm3,白细胞数目为2.9万个/mm3,其中淋巴细胞所占比率最高。史氏鲟的外周血中除正常红细胞外,还有处于分裂状态及未成熟的红细胞。史氏鲟外周血中的白细胞有四种类型,分别为淋巴细胞、粒细胞、血栓细胞和单核细胞。其中粒细胞有两种,即嗜中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞。嗜中性粒细胞含有多种形状的核,其中分叶的核数目较多,粒细胞及淋巴细胞均类似于哺乳动物。对史氏鲟外周血细胞细微结构的观察显示:红细胞中具有少量的细胞器;淋巴细胞结构典型;单核细胞较粒细胞稍小且具有较多线粒体;血栓细胞具有梭形和圆形两种,胞质较少,其中梭形的血栓细胞胞质几乎透明;对粒细胞的颗粒按照形状和电子密度进行了分类。     

斑鳢血细胞初步研究

对斑鳢的外周血细胞用常规Wright’s法染色并进行显微观察。结果显示,斑鳢外周血中具有红细胞、幼稚红细胞、小淋巴细胞、大淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、单核细胞和嗜中性粒细胞,未发现嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞。分别对各种血细胞的显微结构进行了描述。     

军曹鱼血液指标及血细胞发生的观察

测定军曹鱼的血液指标,红细胞密度为2．69±0．86×106个/mm3,白细胞密度为1．50±0．09×104个/mm3;血 红蛋白含量为7．42±0．22g/L,红细胞渗透脆性为0．43±0．07g％,红细胞沉降速率为1．18±0．46mm/h。观察军曹鱼 外周血液涂片,可区分出红细胞、血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞,但没有发现嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱 性粒细胞。在外周血液涂片观察中还发现了较多未成熟的红细胞和嗜中性粒细胞以及少量正在分裂的红细胞。 血栓细胞、淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞在白细胞中所占比例分别为61．20±6．30％,16．60±3．28％,16．00± 3．61％和6．20±3．90％。对肝脏、脾脏、头肾和中肾等四种造血组织进行了涂片观察,军曹鱼的血细胞主要在头肾 和肾脏产生;脾脏是军曹鱼粒细胞发生的另一个场所,而肝脏也具有产生粒细胞和淋巴细胞的作用。       

版纳鱼螈外周血细胞观察

以濒危两栖动物版纳鱼螈(Ichthyophis bannanica)为材料,应用瑞氏-姬姆萨混合染色法与血细胞计数法观察并统计了版纳鱼螈各种外周血细胞的形态特征和数量比例.结果表明,版纳鱼螈的外周血液中红细胞数量较多,呈卵圆形、椭圆形、梭形和梨形,平均含量为2.57 ×105个/mm3.白细胞数量较少,多呈近圆形,平均含量为0.72×103个/mm3.白细胞中,淋巴细胞最多,其次为单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞.血栓细胞数量较少,常数个集合在一起.同时,将此研究结果与鱼类、爬行类和其他两栖类的血细胞比较,进而探讨了版纳鱼螈的进化地位.     

The reaction of leukocytes of sterlet <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser ruthenus</Emphasis> to hormone-induced stress

The influence of cortisone on the part of leukocytes in the differential leukocyte count of peripheral blood of sterlet is described. The changes in particular groups of leukocytes are characterized quantitatively. To the hormone, the fish reacted by a decrease in leukocyte count, blastic (juvenile) cells, and eosinophils and an increase in neutrophils and monocytes. It is concluded that the stress hormone suppresses lymphopoiesis by the hormone-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes while, on the contrary, myelopoiesis activates it.     

Circadian variations in the differential blood counts of mice under constant (LL) and alternating (LD) light periods

Summary Laboratory mice, offspring of CB6 F₁ s, were maintained at a constant temperature of 21.0 ± 1.0° C and in constant light (LL) of 40 lux or under 12 h of light (40 lux) alternating with 12 h of darkness (LD) for 8 consecutive days. During the following 36 h, tail blood was secured from each mouse at 6-h intervals. From those samples, a differential white blood cell count, based on 100 leukocytes, was made for each animal. The relative numbers of eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes did not fluctuate rhythmically under LL or LD. The per cent distributions of lymphocytes and neutrophils did vary with circadian frequency in both LL and LD (Figs. 1, 2) The peak counts of neutrophils were found in blood sampled near midnight; high counts of lymphocytes were made in smears prepared about 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m.     

Echinococcus multilocularis: responses to infection in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus)

Various aspects of the responses of cotton rats to intraperitoneal infections with Echinococcus multilocularis were examined to determine if they could be related to the progress of the infection. At 14 weeks post-infection, infected animals had enlarged spleens; there was a slight decrease in packed cell volume, but no reticulocytosis. The number of all four types of leukocytes in the peripheral blood (lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils) increased during the course of the infection. In the peritoneal fluid, the numbers of neutrophils increased, monocytes and basophils decreased, and lymphocytes and eosinophils remained unchanged. Antibodies to E. multilocularis were detected in the serum of infected cotton rats as early as 2 weeks post-infection. The mean levels of transaminases (SGOT and SGPT) in the serum of infected animals were higher than in controls, and 5'-nucleotidase levels were elevated in heavily infected animals. There were no differences in responses between male and female animals. Comparison with results previously obtained suggest that both the outcome of the infection, and responses to it, may be under host control.     

Ultrastructural study of the blood cells of the beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas

General cytological and ultrastructural features of cells found in the peripheral blood of three captive beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) are described. We noted all major peripheral cell types common to the circulation of mammalian species, including polymorphonuclear neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, as well as myelocytes, erythroblasts, and plasma cells. Platelets and two populations (normal and hypochromic) of red blood corpuscles were observed.     

A morphological and cytochemical study of erythrocytes, thrombocytes and leukocytes in four freshwater teleosts

Erythrocytes, thrombocytes and leukocytes morphology and cytochemical staining were studied in big head carp Aristichthys nobilis , oscar Astronotus ocellatus , traíra Hoplias malabaricus and lambari Astyanax bimaculatus . Reticulocytes contained a granular material similar to residual RNA following staining with brilliant cresyl blue. Neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes were morphologically similar in all the four species. Thrombocytes were present in all the four species and were predominantly fusiform, whereas eosinophils occurred only in A. ocellatus . Aristichthys nobilis contained a leukocyte with unstained granules following Romanowsky-type staining, which stained intensely with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Glycogen granules were present in thrombocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils but not in monocytes or lymphocytes. Peroxidase staining was observed in neutrophils of A. ocellatus , H. malabaricus and A. bimaculatus but not in A. nobilis . Monocytes of A. ocellatus , H. malabaricus and A. bimaculatus stained positively for non-specific esterase, whereas those of A. nobilis did not stain. Thrombocytes and leukocytes in all four species were negative for alkaline phosphatase. Neutrophils of A. ocellatus and H. malabaricus may be involved in respiratory burst and may play an important microbicidal role.     

Leukocyte-endothelial cell recognition: evidence of a common molecular mechanism shared by neutrophils, lymphocytes, and other leukocytes

The interaction of leukocytes with endothelial cells is intrinsic to the process of leukocyte extravasation, whether during the entry of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes into sites of acute and chronic inflammation, or during the homing of lymphocytes to lymphoid organs. A lymphocyte surface glycoprotein, defined by monoclonal antibody MEL-14, has been described that appears to mediate lymphocyte recognition of postcapillary venules in peripheral lymph nodes, and to control the migration of lymphocytes from the blood into these lymphoid organs. We now report that the antigenic determinant recognized by MEL-14 is present at high levels on other leukocytes as well, including neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils; and we demonstrate involvement of the MEL-14 antigen in neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions. MEL-14 immunoprecipitates a neutrophil surface protein of Mr approximately 100,000, similar in m.w. to the 80,000 to 90,000 dalton lymphocyte surface MEL-14 antigen, and it blocks the interaction of neutrophils with endothelial cells in an in vitro model of adhesion to postcapillary venules in lymph node frozen sections. Neutrophil binding to lymph node venules is also inhibited by PPME, a mannose-6-phosphate-rich yeast polysaccharide that is thought to mimic the endothelial cell ligand for the MEL-14-defined lymphocyte receptor. Interestingly, neither MEL-14 nor PPME exhibit a major effect on neutrophil binding to postcapillary venules in Peyer's patches, suggesting that as for lymphocytes, the neutrophil MEL-14 antigen is involved in recognition of tissue-specific endothelial determinants. Finally, we show that MEL-14 inhibits the capacity of neutrophils to migrate from the blood into sites of acute inflammation in the skin. These observations lead us to propose that receptors for tissue-specific endothelial determinants are utilized by neutrophils and lymphocytes and probably other leukocytes during the physiologic process of leukocyte extravasation in vivo.     

Glucose and glutamine utilization by rat lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils in culture: a comparative study

Glucose and glutamine utilization and production of glutamate and lactate were determined for up to 48 h in lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils cultured in medium rich in metabolites and vitamins. Glucose was utilized by the three cell types in culture in the following order: neutrophils > monocytes > lymphocytes, whereas lactate was produced in the order: monocytes > neutrophils > lymphocytes. The consumption of glucose followed the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase but it was not related to hexokinase activity. Glutamine was consumed by the three leukocyte types in culture as follows: neutrophils > lymphocytes > or = monocytes. The consumption of glutamine was not fully related to the activity of phosphate-dependent glutaminase. The production of glutamate was not remarkably different among the three cell types. For comparison, glutamine and glucose utilization and glutamate and lactate production were also evaluated using 1-h incubated leukocytes. Under this condition, only glucose or glutamine was added to the medium. Glucose was utilized as follows: neutrophils > monocytes > lymphocytes, whereas lactate was produced in the following order: monocytes > or = neutrophils > lymphocytes. Glutamine was consumed as follows: neutrophils > lymphocytes > monocytes, whereas glutamate was produced as follows: neutrophils > or = monocytes = lymphocytes. The ratio of the amount of glucose/glutamine consumed by 1-h incubated cells was 0.5 for neutrophils, 1.5 for monocytes, and 0.3 for lymphocytes. However, the three cell types cultured for 48 h utilized glucose to a much higher degree than glutamine. The ratio of the amount of glucose/glutamine utilized by the cultured cells was 8.9 for neutrophils, 16.4 for monocytes, and 6.7 for lymphocytes. These observations support the proposition that glutamine is required in much higher amounts than glucose to accomplish the total metabolic requirement of leukocytes. Under conditions closer to physiological when the availability of a variety of metabolites and vitamins is not restricted, glucose is the preferred substrate for lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils.     

Phagocytosis and killing of Trypanosoma dionisii by human neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes

The cell-mediated resistance of human leucocytes to Trypanosoma dionisii, a bat parasite related to T. cruzi, was investigated. Human peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes were cytotoxic to T. dionisii as assessed by electron microscopy and by induction of 99mTc release from trypanosomes pre-labelled with [99mTc] pertechnetate. The enhancement of cytotoxicity by specific antiserum varied considerably from one individual to another. Neither blood lymphocytes nor blood eosinophils induced 99mTc release from T. dionisii. The trypanosomes were readily phagocytosed by neutrophils and monocytes even in the absence of added antiserum but the rate was enchanced when antiserum was present. Eosinophils also phagocytosed T. dionisii but only in the presence of antiserum. Investigation by electron microscopy revealed that T. dionisii is rapidly destroyed in the phagocytic vacuole of enutrophils and monocytes and by eosinophils. Phagocytosis, ultrastructural damage and induction of 99mTc release occurred more rapidly in neutrophils than in monocytes.