"全明星"草莓叶片遗传转化体系的建立

采用根癌农杆菌介导法进行nptⅡ基因对全明星草莓叶片的遗传转化研究,对转化过程中的一些因素进行了探讨：全明星叶片对卡那霉素的敏感实验,得出最适筛选浓度为30mg／L,羧苄青霉素的最适抑菌浓度为450mg／L;50μmol／L乙酰丁香酮(AS)的加入可提高GUS的瞬时表达率;10～15min是最适合叶片侵染的时间;共培养3d对叶片转化较适宜,得到抗卡那霉素的抗性芽的频率为1．1％,初步鉴定是转化芽。为草莓的遗传转化奠定基础。     

在林可霉素生物合成过程中铵离子调控作用的酶学研究

在FUS-50L发酵罐内,用林可链霉菌发酵生产林可霉素。研究发现,NH4^＋对林可霉素发酵过程具有显著的调控效应：补入硫酸铵前,发酵液中的NH4^＋浓度由3．0mmol／L消耗至1．0mmol／L以下的控制过程非常关键,这样可能使林可霉素合成酶大量合成,同时,解除了NH4^＋对谷氨酰合成酶（GS）的阻遏效应;20～24h,尽可能提高硫酸铵的平均补入速率,但最高NH4^＋的瞬时浓度应控制在19．0mmol／L以下,一方面可缩短生物量的积累时间,另一方面可避免过高浓度的NH4^＋对GS的抑制作用;24h后逐渐降低NH4^＋的平均补入速率,使主代谢流转入次级代谢;在发酵中期和后期,应将最低NH4^＋浓度控制在3．0～4．0mmol／L的范围内,避免铵离子对GS的阻遏效应,GS比活力与林可霉素的产量呈正相关关系。最终建立了动态的硫酸铵补加工艺。     

影响农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节遗传转化的因素

利用携带pCAMBIA1301质粒（含hpt和gus基因）的超毒根癌农杆菌菌株EHA105对大豆子叶节外植体进行遗传转化,研究了影响农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节遗传转化的因素。研究结果表明．农杆菌侵染液和共培养培养基中添加200μmok/L乙酰丁香酮和50mg／L抗坏血酸可以有效促进农杆菌对大豆子叶节的转化。农杆菌与子叶节共培养后羧苄青霉素（250mr／L）和头孢霉素（100mg／L）结合使用能有效抑制农杆菌过度繁殖并提高转化芽诱导频率;在转化细胞的分化和转化芽伸长过程中,改进的筛选策略可以明显改善对转化芽的筛选效果,从而提高转化频率。应用优化后的转化体系．获得了3个国内大豆主栽品种的转基因植株,PCR阳性植株频率为3．8％～7．6％。转化植株叶片总DNA的PCR和Southern blot实验表明,T-DNA上的外源基因已经整合到大豆基因组中。     

香蕉转化中的抗褐化及再生研究

香蕉在进行遗传转化过程中,外植体容易褐化,从而降低了再生频率,影响到遗传转化的效率。为降低香蕉转化过程中外植体的褐化率,采用香（Musa AAA group cv．Brazilian）未成熟雄花作为外植体,以农杆菌介导法进行遗传转化。结果表明,当改良的MS培养基中铵态氮与硝态氮（NH4^＋／NO3^-）的摩尔比为20．6：67．6时,具有较强的抗褐化能力。当6-BA浓度为1．0mg／L时,外植体易于诱导出胚状体。     

农杆菌介导大豆子叶节影响因素的研究

为提高大豆遗传转化效率,采用农杆菌介导遗传转化的方法,以大豆子叶节为外植体,研究共培养阶段浸染液浓度及外界培养条件(共培养温度和天数)和培养基添加物对转化效率和芽诱导率的影响。结果显示,浸染液OD600=0.5的诱导率最高,共培养温度为24℃,共培养天数为10 d具有较高转化效率,共培养基中加入一定浓度的单壁碳纳米管(Single-wall carbon nanotube,NM)对诱导卡那霉素抗性不定芽有促进作用。PCR检测表明PHR1基因已整合到T1代大豆基因组中,初步证明可在大豆基因组中稳定遗传。     

蝴蝶兰花瓣瞬时转化体系建立

蝴蝶兰花器官中基因功能的研究受遗传转化效率低和遗传转化周期长的制约,而花瓣瞬时表达体系是一种快速分析基因功能的有效手段。该研究以蝴蝶兰‘大辣椒’花瓣和萼片为实验材料,通过农杆菌介导的瞬时转化方法,分析了侵染的菌液浓度、侵染时间、乙酰丁香酮浓度和共培养时间等4个因素对β-葡糖醛酸酶(GUS)报告基因表达效率的影响,以探寻其瞬时表达的最佳条件;并将查尔酮合成酶(chalcone synthase,CHS)基因RNAi干扰载体瞬时转化蝴蝶兰花瓣,共培养3d后观察转化材料中花色表型以及色素的变化,并利用半定量RT-PCR来检测CHS基因转录水平的表达。结果表明:(1)农杆菌菌液OD600为0.6、侵染时间60s,在重悬液中添加150μmol/L乙酰丁香酮,共培养3d,GUS瞬时表达率最高(85.01%)。(2)转基因蝴蝶兰花瓣颜色明显变淡,色素含量降低。(3)半定量PCR检测表明,CHS基因的转录活性相比于对照组显著降低。该实验成功的在蝴蝶兰花器官中建立了一种快速基因功能验证方法,为后期蝴蝶兰基因功能研究和育种工作提供技术支持。     

影响甘蓝下胚轴原生质体转化的因素

PEG法介导甘蓝原生质体转化时以在转化后48h瞬间表达强度最高;当转化介质为15mmol／L的Ca~（2 ）离子,加入CT－DNA、质粒DNA各50μg,PEG终浓度为12％,处理30min,转化后采用逐步稀释法时,转化效率最高。     

利用GUS基因瞬时表达对大豆子叶节和胚尖转化方法的比较及优化

建立了一个综合利用CaMV 35S：：GUS基因的瞬时表达水平、表达位点和表达率来评价大豆转化效率的检测体系,并利用该体系对分别以栽培大豆（Glycine max L．）“科丰6号”、“合丰35”、“中黄13”和“垦农18”的子叶节和胚尖为外植体的农杆菌介导的2种不同转化方法进行了比较和优化。实验结果表明,不同的转化方法对大豆的品种要求不同,“科丰6号”和“合丰35”2个品种适合子叶节转化法．而“中黄13”更适于胚尖转化法。大豆萌发培养基和共培养基对转化频率的影响存在交互作用,低6-BA的萌发培养基和高6～BA的共培养基配合、或者高6-BA的萌发培养基和低6-BA的共培养基配合使用适合“科丰6号”子叶节转化法,而“中黄13”胚尖转化法要求萌发培养基和共培养基中的6-BA浓度都较高。另外,在子叶节转化系统中,6d苗龄的子叶节共培养3dGUS基因的瞬时表达率较高,而在胚尖转化系统中大豆的萌发时间对GUS基因的瞬时表达率并没有显著的影响,胚尖与农杆菌共培养较宜的时间为5d。     

抗氧化剂对农杆菌介导的大豆下胚轴GUS基因瞬时表达的影响

大豆(Glycine max)下胚轴作为大豆遗传转化的外植体材料,能快速高频再生不定芽。然而,在遗传转化过程中褐化影响基因转化效率。在该研究中,我们用含有GUS染色基因和hpt II(Hygromycin phosphotransferase II)筛选基因的农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens) LBA4404侵染大豆下胚轴,并用组织化学定位法测定了GUS基因的瞬时表达,以确定大豆的优化基因转化条件。结果显示,在共培养基中加入硫代硫酸钠、L_半胱氨酸以及二硫苏糖醇等抗氧化剂,可以有效地抑制大豆下胚轴在组培过程中褐化的发生,并大幅度提高农杆菌在下胚轴的瞬时表达率。这些结果说明抗氧化剂可以降低这种影响并有效提高基因转化效率。     

基因枪介导小麦遗传转化的几个重要影响因素的研究

用基因枪将携带gus-bar双标记基因的质粒pDB1及携带RC24几丁质酶基因的质粒pARN6、pBAB3、pYAO24(pYAO24还带有nptⅠ选择标记基因)以pARN6 pDB1、pBAB3 pDB1及pYAO24三种组合方式转入8个小麦品种的未成熟胚盾片组织,经选择培养获得转基因植株。对基因枪介导小麦遗传转化的主要影响因素,如基因型、材料、金粒制备和轰击参数进行分析,发现西农88是理想的转基因受体基因型,开花两周后的小麦幼胚为理想的轰击材料,制备子弹时合适的金粒含量为30～50pg／次,充分混匀金粒悬浮液可以减少幼胚损伤和提高转化频率。GUS染色发现以蔗糖为渗透剂所产生的蓝色斑点比以甘露醇为渗透剂所产生的蓝色斑点大。针对载体上的nptⅠ筛选标记基因,150mg／L的硫酸卡那霉素为较理想的选择剂浓度;针对载体上的bar筛选标记基因,PPT的浓度为2mg／L易出现假阳性植株,因此应将浓度增加到3～5mg／L。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418