腺苷酸脱氨酶在乳酸克鲁维酵母中构建表达

【目的】实现鼠灰链霉菌来源经密码子优化后的腺苷酸脱氨酶基因在乳酸克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces lactis GG799)中组成型表达。【方法】以鼠灰链霉菌(Streptomyces murinus)来源的腺苷酸脱氨酶(AMP)基因经密码子优化后作为模板,设计特异性引物,PCR扩增AMP脱氨酶基因opt-AMPD,以p KLAC1为载体构建重组表达质粒p KLAC1-opt-AMPD,经Sac II线性化后电转化法转入K.lactis GG799,筛选得到重组菌株,测定酶活,经His TrapTM HP纯化后得到AMP脱氨酶,并优化重组菌的发酵培养基。【结果】对AMP脱氨酶基因进行了密码子优化后,构建了重组K.lactis GG799/p KLAC1-opt-AMPD,实现组成型表达,密码子优化后AMP脱氨酶酶活提高到586±50 U/m L。SDS-PAGE结果显示,纯化后的AMP脱氨酶为单一条带,蛋白大小约为60 k D。优化的发酵培养基为(g/L):葡萄糖40、蛋白胨20、酵母粉15、Na Cl 8、KCl 10、Mg SO4 2,30°C、200 r/min发酵120 h,酶活达到2 100±60 U/m L。【结论】实现了密码子优化后的腺苷酸脱氨酶基因在乳酸克鲁维酵母GG799内的组成型表达,为实现腺苷酸脱氨酶的重组高效表达和发酵生产进行了有益探索。     

人血清白蛋白在乳酸克鲁维酵母中的表达

以乳酸克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces lactis,K.lactis)GG799为宿主对人血清白蛋白(HSA)进行分泌表达。以pPIC9k-HSA为模板,采用带有XhoⅠ和NotⅠ酶切位点的引物PCR扩增获得HSA基因,经XhoⅠ和NotⅠ双酶切后插入pKLAC1,构建表达载体pKLAC1-HSA。经SalⅡ线性化后,电击转化K.lactis GG799,用含5 mmol/L乙酰胺的YCB平板筛选阳性转化子。提取基因组DNA,采用PCR方法对转化子鉴定后进行摇瓶发酵。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)及Western blot分析发酵上清液中的表达产物,并初步分析酵母基础N源(YNB)对HSA在K.lactis GG799中表达的影响。结果表明,HSA成功在K.lactis GG799中分泌表达,表达量为81μg/mL,遗传稳定性好。     

乳酸克鲁维酵母高拷贝整合载体的构建及应用

用酿酒酵母２６ｓ ｒＤＮＡ作探针克隆乳酸克鲁维酵母Ｋ．ｌａｃｔｉｓ ２．２ｋｂ ｒＤＮＡ片段,对其作限制内切酶图谱分析。以该基因片段为同源整合的靶顺序,酿酒酵 ＵＲＡ３基因为选择标记构载体质粒ｐＩＲＫ并对其在宿主Ｋ．ｌａｃｔｉｓ ＭＷ９８－８ｃ细胞中的整合位点,拷数及稳定性进行测定和分析。     

乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原在乳酸克鲁维酵母中的表达

将乙型肝炎表面抗原基因插入具调控型启动子PH05的乳酸克鲁维酵母表达载体中,构建完成质粒pLSl．转化宿主菌Kluyveromyces lactis CXJ1—7A,ELISA结果表明．其表达水平受无机磷浓度的调控。为了进一步提高表达水平,我们将Pls1中的乙型肝炎表面抗原表达单元插入带完整Pkd1序列的载体Pe1,并将构建成的质粒Pls2转化MW98—8C。在比较了CXJ-7A／Pls1和MW98—8c／Pls2后,我们发现MW98—8c／Pls2的稳定性大大提高．表达量也增加4～8倍。     

乳酸克鲁维酵母乳糖酶的可溶性表达及优化

[目的]实现乳酸克鲁维酵母乳糖酶的可溶性表达,并初步研究其酶学性质。[方法]首先克隆了来源于乳酸克鲁维酵母的乳糖酶基因KLLAC,构建pET-KLLAC重组表达载体,并采用蛋白质复性及与pKJE7、pG-KJE8、pGro7、pG-Tf2和p Tf-16伴侣蛋白共表达等方式拟提高其可溶性表达;并优化产酶条件,进一步提高其可溶性;采用ONPG法测定其酶学性质。[结果]在5种伴侣蛋白中pGro7与KLLAC共表达时可溶性最高;产酶最优条件为:阿拉伯糖浓度0. 5 mg/m L,IPTG浓度0. 1 mmol/L,诱导温度20℃;在最优条件下,重组KLLAC与伴侣蛋白p Gro7共表达时,表达量及酶活最高;经纯化后,乳糖酶KLLAC比酶活最高为102. 36 U/mg。该酶的最适温度30℃,最适p H 7. 0。[结论]KLLAC与伴侣蛋白的共表达以及诱导条件的优化,有效提高了该酶的可溶性表达水平、酶活性及稳定性。     

乳酸克鲁维酵母LAC4启动子的克隆及UASⅡ功能的研究

用ＰＣＲ方法取得乳酸克鲁维酵母ＣＢＳ１４１和ＬＡＣ４基因从－６６１到＝２１ｂｐ区段与大肠杆菌ｌａｃＺ基因融合构建成表达载体ＹＦＤ１１４并转化Ｋ．ｌａｃｔｉｓＹ１６７。通过半乳糖,乳糖,山梨醇或ＩＰＴＧ诱导,我们研究了所克隆的ＡＬＣ４启动子的功能。     

牛凝乳酶原基因的合成及其在乳酸克鲁维酵母中的表达

凝乳酶在奶酪加工中应用广泛,为获得高活性的凝乳酶制剂,采用乳酸克鲁维酵母为宿主,首次对经密码子优化的牛凝乳酶原基因进行表达。利用DNAWorks3.0软件辅助设计,用两步PCR法合成了小牛凝乳酶原基因(GenBank Accession No.AA30448)。将该基因插入酵母表达载体pKLAC1,构建了重组载体pKLAC1-Prochy,并用电脉冲法将线性化的重组质粒转化到乳酸克鲁维酵母GG799中。通过含1%酪蛋白的YEPD平板活性筛选,PCR鉴定,最后获得了一株多拷贝整合的基因工程菌chy1。该菌株可分泌表达牛凝乳酶原,经SDS-PAGE分析,证明重组牛凝乳酶原的分子量约为41kDa,符合预期大小,酸化处理后为36kDa,证明可以正确自我剪切。液体培养96h后,酶活最高达到99.67SU/mL。分别以半乳糖和葡萄糖为碳源的条件下表达,其酶活性差异不大,说明在发酵期间,可以不经过半乳糖诱导即可产生高水平的牛凝乳酶原产物。该工程菌的获得为进一步优化产酶条件及放大工艺提供了条件,并为凝乳酶的工业化生产奠定了基础。     

溶葡球菌酶在乳酸克鲁维酵母中重组表达、诱变、优化及酶学研究

根据模仿葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus simulans)的溶葡球菌酶基因序列以及乳酸克鲁维酵母密码子偏好性设计引物扩增溶葡球菌酶基因表达片段,构建溶葡球菌酶(lysostaphin,Lys)基因表达载体(p KLAC1-Lys),转化乳酸克鲁维酵母(K.lactis GG799),实现了Lys基因的分泌表达。对重组菌株(K.lactis GG799/p KLAC1-Lys)进行NTG随机化学诱变,优化表达条件,筛选获得高表达菌株,并通过Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化蛋白并研究其酶学性质。结果表明:通过诱变重组溶葡球菌酶乳酸克鲁维菌株,Lys酶比活性提高了约5.2倍(约8 000U/L)。最适接种量为40g/L,诱导过程中每24h添加一次终浓度为20g/L的半乳糖和NH_4NO_3可提高酶比活性,最适表达p H为7.0~7.5,最适反应p H为7.0~8.0,最适反应温度为37℃。实验表明,低于40℃,p H 3~6之间时,重组溶葡球菌酶较稳定。Sr~(2+)对其酶活性有明显的促进作用,Ba~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对其有明显的抑制作用。     

Heterologous protein production in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis

Kluyveromyces lactis is both scientifically and biotechnologically one of the most important non-Saccharomyces yeasts. Its biotechnological significance builds on its history of safe use in the food industry and its well-known ability to produce enzymes like lactase and bovine chymosin on an industrial scale. In this article, we review the various strains, genetic techniques and molecular tools currently available for the use of K. lactis as a host for protein expression. Additionally, we present data illustrating the recent use of proteomics studies to identify cellular bottlenecks that impede heterologous protein expression.     

High-Level Heterologous Expression of Bacillus halodurans Putative Xylanase Xyn11A (BH0899) in Kluyveromyces lactis

The putative xyn11A structural gene (BH0899) encoding a family-11 xylanase from alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans strain C-125 was heterologously expressed in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis CBS 1065 and secreted to a level of 156 μg/ml under selective culture conditions in shake flasks. The Xyn11A production level in shake flask cultures of K. lactis CBS 1065 was higher than that reported for other xylanase genes placed under the control of the regulated LAC4 promoter on a plasmid containing an entire sequence of pKD1 from Kluyveromyces drosophilarium. Recombinant Xyn11A was highly active over pH range from 3 to 10, with maximal activity around pH 7. The enzyme showed a specific activity of 628 U/mg-protein on birchwood xylan as substrate, but no cellulase or β-xylosidase activity.     

蜡样芽胞杆菌磷脂酶C在乳酸克鲁维酵母中重组表达、纯化及酶学性质分析

【目的】构建蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)磷脂酶C(Phospholipase C,PLC)的重组乳酸克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces lactis)菌株、纯化重组蛋白并对其进行酶学性质分析。【方法】以B.cereus基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增得到磷脂酶C基因(bcplc),构建重组乳酸克鲁维酵母表达质粒并转化到乳酸克鲁维酵母中,实现bcplc基因的表达。利用镍柱亲和层析纯化和脱盐柱得到电泳纯的重组磷脂酶C(rbcPLC)。【结果】成功构建产磷脂酶C的重组乳酸克鲁维酵母并纯化了重组磷脂酶C,纯化后rbcPLC经SDS-PAGE分析在40 kDa附近出现显性条带。NPPC法测得rbcPLC酶活为19251 U/mg,最适反应温度为80°C,最适pH为9.0。在低于40°C时,pH 7.0-8.0时,rbcPLC重组酶较稳定。Cu~(2+)和Co~(2+)对其有明显的抑制作用;Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对其有明显的促进作用。【结论】首次实现了对蜡样芽胞杆菌来源的磷脂酶C在乳酸克鲁维酵母中的重组表达、纯化及其酶学性质分析,为其它食品安全性微生物来源的磷脂酶C的研究提供了借鉴意义。     

Heterologous complementation of the Klaac null mutation of Kluyveromyces lactis by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae AAC3 gene encoding the ADP/ATP carrier

The KlAAC gene, encoding the ADP/ATP carrier, has been assumed to be a single gene in Kluyveromyces lactis, an aerobic, petite-negative yeast species. The Klaac null mutation, which causes a respiratory-deficient phenotype, was fully complemented by AAC2, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae major gene for the ADP/ATP carrier and also by AAC1, a gene that is poorly expressed in S. cerevisiae. In this study, we demonstrate that the Klaac null mutation is partially complemented by the ScAAC3 gene, encoding the hypoxic ADP/ATP carrier isoform, whose expression in S. cerevisiae is prevented by oxygen. Once introduced into K. lactis, the AAC3 gene was expressed both under aerobic and under partial anaerobic conditions but did not support the growth of K. lactis under strict anaerobic conditions.     

菊粉酶基因的异源表达、分离纯化及酶学性质

为进一步提高菊粉酶在生物技术领域的应用,研究了来源于马克斯克鲁维酵母Kluyveromyces marxianus YX01的菊粉酶性质。通过在毕赤酵母GS115宿主细胞中异源表达该菊粉酶基因(inu),获得了一种外切型菊粉酶,经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)验证其分子量为86.0 k Da。进一步在该菊粉酶上增加6个His标签,采用聚乙二醇(PEG)20 000透析浓缩和Ni-NTA Agarose静态亲和吸附作用的方法,完成菊粉酶的分离纯化,纯化倍数和酶回收率分别为3.6和33.1%。比较发现粗酶液与纯酶的酶学性质相似,且菊粉酶的最适反应温度为60℃,最适p H值为4.62,并测得该酶的Km和Vmax值,以菊粉为底物时,Km和Vmax值分别为80.53 g/L和4.49 g/(L·min);以蔗糖底物时,Km和Vmax值分别为183.10 g/L和20.20 g/(L·min)。金属离子Mn2+、Ca2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Fe2+对酶活力具有不同程度的抑制作用,其中Cu2+、Zn2+和Fe2+的抑制作用最为显著。这些研究为进一步提高菊粉酶在工业化的应用奠定了基础。     

Mannoproteins from the cell wall of Kluyveromyces lactis

Abstract Wall mannoproteins from Kluyveromyces lactis have been solubilised by treatment of cell walls with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or zymolyase. While the former reagent liberates a large number of molecular species, zymolyase preferentially releases a high-molecular-weight material that is sensitive to endo- β - N -acetylglucosaminidase H, and a 29-kDa molecule that reacts with the antiserum raised against a similar species from walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . In contrast with observations on isolated walls of S. cerevisiae , dithiothreitol pretreatment of K. lactis walls does not enhance the effect of zymolyase upon mannoprotein release. However, the action of thiol agents is still necessary to obtain protoplasts by zymolyase digestion from K. lactis whole cells.     

Potential relationship between glutathione metabolism and flocculation in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis

Reduced glutathione (GSH) is involved in biochemical and physiological processes in cells. Flocculation is an important mechanism in microorganisms. The present study concerned the potential relationship between GSH metabolism and flocculation. Two yeast strains, a flocculent (Kluyveromyces lactis 5c) and a nonflocculent (Kluyveromyces lactis 5a) strain, were used. The level of intracellular GSH measured during the growth period was significantly higher in the nonflocculent than in the flocculent strain; in contrast, the flocculent strain exhibited brighter staining of vacuoles than the nonflocculent strain when observed using epifluorescence microscopy. Compounds acting either on flocculation (EDTA, galactose) or on GSH metabolism (buthionine sulfoximine, and N-acetylcysteine) were tested on the flocculent strain during the growth period. Both EDTA and galactose fully inhibited flocculation and induced GSH overproduction of 58% and 153%, respectively. Buthionine sulfoximine decreased GSH level by 76% but had no effect on flocculation; N-acetylcysteine increased the GSH level and flocculation by 106% and 41%, respectively. Combination of EDTA and N-acetylcysteine produced similar effects than with each of them. Combination of galactose and N-acetylcysteine increased the GSH level but decreased flocculation. These results demonstrated that GSH homeostasis is linked to the flocculation mechanism. A hypothesis related to stress is given.     

The oxygen level determines the fermentation pattern in Kluyveromyces lactis

Yeasts belonging to the lineage that underwent whole-genome duplication (WGD) possess a good fermentative potential and can proliferate in the absence of oxygen. In this study, we analyzed the pre-WGD yeast Kluyveromyces lactis and its ability to grow under oxygen-limited conditions. Under these conditions, K. lactis starts to increase the glucose metabolism and accumulates ethanol and glycerol. However, under more limited conditions, the fermentative metabolism decreases, causing a slow growth rate. In contrast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces kluyveri in anaerobiosis exhibit almost the same growth rate as in aerobiosis. In this work, we showed that in K. lactis , under oxygen-limited conditions, a decreased expression of RAG1 occurred. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase also decreased, likely causing a reduced flux in the pentose phosphate pathway. Comparison of related and characterized yeasts suggests that the behavior observed in K. lactis could reflect the lack of an efficient mechanism to maintain a high glycolytic flux and to balance the redox homeostasis under hypoxic conditions. This could be a consequence of a recent specialization of K. lactis toward living in a niche where the ethanol accumulation at high oxygen concentrations and the ability to survive at a low oxygen concentration do not represent an advantage.     

丝状真菌高效表达异源蛋白研究进展

丝状真菌是具有高效分泌蛋白质潜力的真核表达系统, 能对蛋白质进行翻译后修饰, 如蛋白质糖基化等; 并且比植物、昆虫和哺乳动物细胞具有更快的生长速率。近年来, 随着真菌分子遗传技术和菌种改良策略的进步, 尤其是真菌基因组学的发展, 利用丝状真菌生产异源蛋白越来越受到关注。综述了丝状真菌作为细胞工厂生产异源蛋白的最新探索与进展, 其中包括功能基因组学在蛋白表达与分泌研究中的应用, 同时探讨了异源蛋白表达和生产的改进策略。