欧盟现代农业生物技术应用热点

农业是现代生物技术最重要的应用领域之一,随着人类对农业生物技术认识的不断深入,相关国家纷纷把农业生物技术作为提高国家农业竞争力的突破口。欧盟作为科技发达国家和比较发达国家的联合体,其科技实力在世界占有显著地位。作者简要分类评述了欧盟在植物养殖、家畜繁殖、鱼类繁殖、饲料添加剂、动物保健、食品诊断等领域的相关技术应用,为我国相关研究提供参考。     

海洋生物制药现状及展望

现代生物技术在制药产业中发挥了重要作用,海洋生物技术的出现和发展推动了海洋生 物药物的研究,是今后生物技术药物的发展方向。综述了生物技术在海洋药物开发中的应用,并 展望了新世纪海洋生物制药的前景。     

国外海洋生物技术发展概况

国外海洋生物技术发展概况陈来成（中国科学技术信息研究所）一、引言浩瀚的海洋是地球上的生命的摇蓝。它覆盖地球表面积的７１％,尚未被利用的海洋与海岸的有效面积比陆地大５－１０倍。海水含有生命生长和繁殖所必需的丰富无机物。海洋生物资源丰富,种类繁多（约达１６万种）。它们不仅能充分利用太阳能进行光合作用,还有大量未被开发利用的生物（据估计,已被开发利用仅占１％）。     

海洋生物技术的现状

海洋生物技术的现状吴融（浙江省海洋水产养殖研究所温洲３２５０００）海洋生物技术又称海洋生物工程,是以生命科学的知识来开发海洋的一门新兴学科,是直接或间接利用海洋生物或其成分,来完成某些商业目的的技术。近２０年来,由于分子生物学和遗传工程的发展,在海洋...     

The European Union and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: Continuing the Development of European Ocean Use Management

The European Union has been engaged in an effort to develop a marine strategy to protect the marine environment and a more encompassing integrated maritime policy that would provide a comprehensive system for the management of the uses of the marine areas of Europe. An earlier article by the author described the beginnings of this policy development; this article examines the subsequent 2008 Directive of the European Parliament and the Council, which establishes a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy. The Marine Strategy Framework Directive provides a plan of action with designated responsibilities and obligations and a schedule that is to be adhered to by member states and the European Commission. It represents a significant step in the European endeavor to advance ocean use management and sets the stage for future development of European marine policy.     

杧果生物技术研究进展

从杧果组织培养、基因克隆、遗传转化及分子标记等几个方面概述了近年来杧果生物技术研究的进展.     

Free Marine Natural Products Databases for Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Marine organisms and micro‐organisms are a source of natural compounds with unique chemical features. These chemical properties are useful for the discovery of new functions and applications of marine natural products (MNPs). To extensively exploit the potential implementations of MNPs, they are gathered in chemical databases that allow their study and screening for applications of biotechnological interest. However, the classification of MNPs is currently poor in generic chemical databases. The present availability of free‐access‐focused MNP databases is scarce and the molecular diversity of these databases is still very low when compared to the paid‐access ones. In this review paper, the current scenario of free‐access MNP databases is presented as well as the hindrances involved in their development, mainly compound dereplication. Examples and opportunities for using freely accessible MNP databases in several important areas of biotechnology are also assessed. The scope of this paper is, as well, to notify the latent potential of these information sources for the discovery and development of new MNPs in biotechnology, and push future efforts to develop a public domain MNP database freely available for the scientific community.     

烟草生物技术研究进展

烟草作为高等植物生物技术研究的模式植物,在生物技术的发展中发挥了重要作用。随着生物技术的发展,烟草自身的研究也取得了显著进展。简要综述了烟草现代生物技术的研究进展,尤其是基因工程在抗病、抗虫、抗逆性及品质改良、生物反应器等方面的研究策略和动态。     

Enforcement of the anti-Racism legislation of the European Union against antigypsyism

The European Union (EU) became a pioneer of the promotion of human rights and democratic values especially during the last decades. However, the members of the EU are not immune from the human rights violations including the areas of “equality” and “non-discrimination” that are related to racism, discrimination and xenophobia. “Antigypsyism”, a form of racism, is among the most challenging human rights areas for the member states despite all recent initiatives. In this research, the use of EU competences to combat antigypsyism is analysed with case studies. It is argued that the use of the competences is limited.     

Trends in Risk Assessment of Chemicals in the European Union

Current legislation in the European Union (EU) requires a risk assessment for industrial chemicals. The underlying procedures and paradigms of such EU risk assessment for new and existing chemicals are explained. The risk assessment is performed according to a harmonised methodology, laid down in the Technical Guidance Documents (TGD). Important new, technical risk assessment aspects covered in a recent revision round of the TGD are highlighted. The most prominent change in the environmental TGD part is the addition of the marine risk assessment, including a Persistent Bioaccumulation and Toxicity (PBT) assessment. In the human health part a significant change is the new data requirement for reproductive toxicity. The performance of both the risk assessment and the risk reduction phase of EU existing chemicals have been evaluated. An important conclusion was that our a priori knowledge on possible risks of chemicals is poor. The European Commission has recently launched a proposal (REACH) for drastically changing the risk management process of industrial chemicals in the EU. Major changes are a shift in responsibility from authorities to industry (including downstream users) for the safe use of chemicals, an acceleration of data collection for ‘non-assessed’ chemicals, and an authorization step for substances of very high concern.     

The European Union and Ocean Use Management: The Marine Strategy and the Maritime Policy

Problems resulting from contemporary patterns of ocean use and threats to the viability of the marine environment have led to reconsideration of ocean use governance in a number of states, including the United States, Australia, and Canada. For its part, the European Union has been working on the development of a Marine Strategy to safeguard the environment and a more encompassing Maritime Policy into which the Marine Strategy would be folded. The desired Maritime Policy would reflect a holistic perspective of ocean space, embody an ecosystem-based approach to ocean use management, and provide a broad framework for ocean/coastal management. As has been seen elsewhere, developing such a governance system is difficult both in terms of conceptualization and, subsequently, in operationalization. The June 2006 European Commission Green Paper on Maritime Policy sets the stage for a year of consultations designed to develop an effective governance system for ocean management. Institutional and policy changes will be needed and it will be necessary to balance the objectives of economic growth and protection of environmental sustainability. This article examines current developments in efforts to devise a coherent and integrated European Union approach to ocean management.