猪链球菌2型Ⅳ型分泌系统组分VirD4与毒力相关性分析

摘要:【目的】构建猪链球菌2型强毒株05ZYH33毒力岛89 K上的Ⅳ型分泌系统组分VirD4敲除突变株,初步分析其活性和毒力,为进一步研究猪链球菌2 型在逃避宿主天然免疫杀伤中的作用提供基础。【方法】以05ZYH33基因组为模板,PCR扩增VirD4基因上下游同源臂,以穿梭质粒pSET1为模板,PCR扩增氯霉素抗性基因Cm,通过重叠PCR技术搭建上述3个片段并连接至温敏载体pSET4s,构建基因敲除载体pSET4s∷VirD4;通过同源重组构建基因敲除突变株ΔVirD4;通过体外全血杀伤实验、CD1小鼠竞争感染及攻毒实验 对突变株和野生株的毒力进行比较分析。【结果】获得了基因敲除突变株ΔVirD4,通过对比发现其毒力与野生株相比有所降低。【结论】猪链球菌2型Ⅳ型分泌系统组分VirD 与其毒力相关,并在早期抵抗天然免疫细胞杀伤中发挥一定作用。     

2型猪链球菌SSU0448基因敲除突变株的构建及其毒力分析

【目的】 通过构建2型猪链球菌(SS2)强毒株05ZYH33的SSU0448基因缺失突变株Δ0448和互补株CΔ0448,探索SSU0448基因缺失对细菌基本生物学特性和细菌毒力的影响。【方法】用同源重组基因敲除方法构建筛选强毒株05ZYH33中N-乙酰半乳糖胺和半乳糖胺代谢途径相关转录调节因子SSU0448基因的缺失突变株,比较分析突变株Δ0448与野生株05ZYH33、互补株CΔ0448的基本生物学特性,小鼠毒力实验分析SSU0448基因缺失对细菌毒力的影响。【结果】PCR检测分析显示,SSU0448基因在转化重组体中被壮观霉素抗性基因所替代,表明基因敲除突变株构建成功;同时构建了基因功能互补株CΔ0448。生物学特性实验表明突变株Δ0448在成链能力上较野生株明显减弱,对数生长期稍短,快速到达平台期;而菌落形态、革兰氏染色和溶血活性方面无明显差异;小鼠毒力实验发现,突变株毒力并无显著改变。【结论】SSU0448基因的敲除能够改变2型猪链球菌的成链能力;不影响其侵袭致病能力,可能延缓2型猪链球菌的发病过程,此研究为2型猪链球菌致病感染奠定了基础。     

高致病性2型猪链球菌截短型类枯草杆菌丝氨酸蛋白酶基因的鉴定和功能研究

【目的】克隆表达高致病性2型猪链球菌05ZYH33株的SspA截短型基因,验证其是否具有酶学活性,并构建该基因的缺失突变株细菌,探讨其在2型猪链球菌致病过程中所起的作用【。方法】构建SS2的SspA截短型基因05SSU0811原核表达质粒,表达并纯化05SSU0811蛋白,运用丝氨酸蛋白酶底物Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide(pNa),通过显色反应检测表达产物的酶学活性;运用同源重组技术敲除05SSU0811基因,多重交叉PCR筛选敲除株并测序鉴定,动物试验分析05SSU0811基因缺失对细菌毒力的影响。【结果】成功表达并纯化05SSU0811蛋白,浓度约为3.5 g/L。丝氨酸蛋白酶活性测定试验证实其具有酶学活性;获得05SSU0811基因缺失突变株,小鼠攻毒试验表明,野生株攻毒的20只小鼠全部死亡,基因缺失突变株攻毒组死亡9只,死亡率45%,两组间死亡率有显著性差异。表明05SSU0811基因缺失的菌株毒力较野生株明显下降。【结论】05SSU0811基因编码的截短型丝氨酸蛋白酶仍然具有酶学活性,SS2的截短型基因SspA在高致病性2型猪链球菌的致病性方面具有一定作用。     

无乳链球菌鱼源株10 kb基因序列对细菌致病力的影响

【目的】在前期比较基因组学分析中,我们发现中国无乳链球菌鱼源株GD201008-001基因组中有一段10 kb基因序列,内含11个未知功能的开放阅读框。为了研究该段基因序列与细菌的致病力的关系,本研究将这段基因进行了全段缺失。【方法】运用链球菌-大肠杆菌穿梭质粒p SET4s,构建了10 kb基因缺失株(Δ10 kb),并通过生物学性状的比较,细胞粘附试验,斑马鱼攻毒试验和缺失前后毒力相关基因转录水平的检测,评价该序列对无乳链球菌毒力的影响。【结果】经测序证明缺失株Δ10 kb构建成功,与亲本株GD201008-001相比较,缺失株Δ10 kb在细菌染色形态、对HEp-2细胞的粘附能力无明显差异,但在培养液中的生长速度略慢;缺失株Δ10 kb对斑马鱼的毒力明显增强,LD_(50)有极其显著的差异(P0.001);编码菌毛骨架蛋白2b的基因(PI-2b)和唾液酸酶基因(neul)在缺失株中的转录水平明显上升。【结论】该序列对无乳链球菌GD201008-001的毒力有显著的影响,可能调控某些毒力基因的转录表达,使细菌的毒力减弱。     

猪链球菌2型荚膜唾液酸对细菌毒力和宿主炎症反应的影响

【目的】阐明猪链球菌2型荚膜唾液酸是否影响细菌毒力以及宿主对其炎症反应应答,为研究猪链球菌2型的致病机制奠定基础。【方法】比较实验菌株对BLAB/c小鼠模型的致病性;通过涂板计数的方法检测实验菌株在小鼠体内的分布;观察小鼠脑组织病理改变,分析实验菌株感染小鼠后中枢神经系统的病变差异;从小鼠体外全血细胞水平,运用ELISA法检测实验菌株感染后细胞炎性因子的分泌水平。【结果】荚膜唾液酸合成基因neuB缺失突变株ΔneuB相比野生株05ZYH33株,对小鼠毒力显著降低,回复突变株cΔneuB毒力回复至野生株水平;野生株和突变株在血液及脑组织中分布具有显著差异,均可致BLAB/c小鼠脑组织不同程度的损伤;与野生株组相比较,细菌/细胞相互作用不同时间点后,突变株组体外刺激小鼠全血细胞分泌MCP-1、IL-6的水平显著提高;【结论】荚膜唾液酸影响细菌的毒力及宿主细胞对其的炎症反应应答,它是猪链球菌2型穿透血脑屏障导致脑膜炎的重要毒力因子。     

猪链球菌2型Orf207基因缺失菌株的构建及其生物学特性检测

【背景】猪链球菌2型(streptococcus suis type 2, SS2)可引起人、猪的脑膜炎、关节炎及败血症等,不仅给养猪业带来巨大的经济损失,同时严重威胁公共卫生安全。本团队前期通过噬菌体展示文库技术发现Orf207编码蛋白可能参与SS2诱导的脑膜炎发生,然而其在SS2致病过程中的具体作用尚不清楚。【目的】探究Orf207基因对SS2致病性的影响。【方法】采用温敏性自杀质粒介导的同源重组系统,构建SC19 Orf207基因缺失菌株ΔOrf207及其回补菌株CΔOrf207,系统比较缺失菌株与野生株间在生长特性、形态、组织定殖能力、毒力情况、细胞黏附与侵袭及抗巨噬细胞吞噬能力等生物学特性方面的差异。【结果】与野生株相比,缺失菌株链长变短,生长速度略慢;而且Orf207缺失显著增加了小鼠的存活率,降低了细菌在血液、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、脑组织的定殖能力和对肺组织的病理损伤并显著减弱SS2对HeLa细胞的黏附与侵袭能力及抗巨噬细胞吞噬能力。【结论】Orf207基因可以显著降低SS2对宿主的致病能力,本研究结果不仅丰富了SS2的致病机制,也为SS2疫苗等研发提供了新靶点。     

猪链球菌2型不同mrp基因型与毒力的关系

【目的】猪链球菌2型(Streptococcus suis serotype 2,SS2)是重要的人畜共患病病原,且有强弱毒株之分,但至今仍缺少合适的毒力标志基因来鉴定致病性SS2。本文旨在研究mrp基因型与SS2毒力的关系。【方法】通过PCR方法鉴定不同SS2菌株的mrp基因型。再通过"内标"化的斑马鱼感染模型和实时荧光定量PCR,分别测定不同mrp基因型菌株的毒力水平和mrp转录水平。【结果】根据PCR结果可将53株SS2分为mrp-A型(27株)和mrp-B型(26株)两种基因型;mrp-A型菌株比mrp-B菌株毒力偏强,且A型菌株中mrp转录水平更高。【结论】发现mrp基因在SS2中分布广泛,但不同菌株中mrp基因型不同,mrp-A型菌株的致病力更强。而且,以mrp非保守区域作为诊断靶点能有效鉴定SS2强毒株。     

毒力基因yqeH功能分析及对禽致病性大肠杆菌致病性的影响

【背景】禽致病性大肠杆菌(avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)可引起禽类急性或亚急性感染,在近年新发现的大肠杆菌Ⅲ型分泌系统2 (Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2,ETT2)中,毒力基因yqeH对其致病性的影响尚不明确。【目的】探究yqeH在APEC致病过程中的作用,为后期深入研究ETT2致病机制奠定基础。【方法】利用Red同源重组技术构建yqeH缺失株ΔyqeH及其回复株CΔyqeH,通过运动性、生物被膜形成能力、抗逆性、抗血清杀菌能力等试验分析yqeH对APEC生物学功能的影响,并通过细胞黏附、侵袭试验、致病力测定及荧光定量PCR检测细胞炎性因子转录水平,探究yqeH对APEC感染宿主的影响。【结果】构建了缺失株ΔyqeH和回复株CΔyqeH;生物学特性试验结果表明,与野生株APEC81相比,缺失株ΔyqeH生物被膜形成能力、运动能力降低,对酸、碱、渗透压、氧化休克的耐受力降低,抗血清杀菌能力及致病力显著降低;与野生株APEC81相比,缺失株ΔyqeH对鸡气管黏膜上皮细胞的黏附及侵袭能...     

VI型分泌系统2核心组分VgrG对禽致病性大肠杆菌致病性的影响

【目的】构建禽致病性大肠杆菌(Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)VI型分泌系统2(Type VI secretion system 2,T6SS2)结构基因vgrG缺失株,研究其对APEC生物学特性及致病性的影响。【方法】通过Red同源重组方法构建DE719菌株vgrG基因缺失株,并利用低拷贝质粒pSTV28构建互补株。比较分析野生株、缺失株与互补株的生长特性、运动性、生物被膜形成能力、黏附侵袭能力、动物致病力等差异。【结果】vgr G基因缺失不影响DE719的生长速度、运动能力及生物被膜形成能力。致病性试验表明缺失vgrG导致体内定殖能力及致病力显著下降,然而对DF-1细胞的黏附能力增强。【结论】T6SS2核心组分VgrG在APEC感染过程中发挥重要作用,为了解APEC的致病作用提供参考。     

lpxL和lpxM基因对O1、O78血清型禽致病性大肠杆菌毒力的影响

【目的】为探究脂多糖对O1、O78血清型禽致病性大肠杆菌(Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)致病作用的影响。【方法】选取负责脂质A生物合成相关基因lpx L和lpx M,利用λ噬菌体的Red同源重组系统分别构建APECE516(O1血清型)和APECE522(O78血清型)缺失株E516Δlpx L、E516Δlpx M、E516Δlpx LΔlpx M、E522Δlpx L、E522Δlpx M和E522Δlpx LΔlpx M,并通过体内外试验对其生物学特性及致病性进行研究。【结果】各菌株生长速度基本一致。E516Δlpx L、E516Δlpx LΔlpx M、E522Δlpx M和E522Δlpx LΔlpx M的抗血清补体杀菌能力和抗鸡巨噬细胞HD-11吞噬能力较野生株显著下降,而缺失株E516Δlpx M、E522Δlpx L与野生株相比无明显差异;半数致死剂量测定结果显示,除E516Δlpx M、E522Δlpx L外,各缺失株毒力降低1000倍左右;SPF鸡体内动态分布试验结果显示,各缺失株在鸡体内定殖能力较野生株显著下降,但回补株的毒力未能恢复至野生株水平。【结论】lpx L和lpx M基因与O1血清型APECE516株和O78血清型APECE522株的毒力有关,但是lpx L和lpx M基因对E516和E522菌株毒力的影响存在差异。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.