甲羟戊酸途径限速步骤研究及其在产番茄红素重组大肠杆菌中的应用

甲羟戊酸途径(MVA途径)被引入重组大肠杆菌中,能够提高重组大肠杆菌中萜类化合物的合成能力。但因重组大肠杆菌中萜类化合物合成途径中间产物积累,导致细胞生长和萜类化合物合成受到限制。本研究在稳定表达MVA途径以及优化2-甲基-D-赤藻糖醇-4-磷酸途径(MEP途径)、番茄红素合成途径关键基因表达的重组大肠杆菌LYC103中,用质粒高表达MVA途径和番茄红素合成途径关键基因,挖掘该途径的限速步骤。结果表明,ispA、crtE、mvaK1、idi和mvaD基因过表达后,细胞生长没有明显变化,番茄红素产量依次提高了13.5%、16.5%、17.95%、33.7%和61.1%,说明这几个基因可能是合成番茄红素的限速步骤。mvaK1、mvaK2、mvaD三个基因在同一操纵子上,用mRNA稳定区(RNA stabilizing region)进行启动子文库(mRSL)调控mvaK1,相当于对3个基因同时调控。用高效基因组编辑技术(CAGO)对mvaK1基因的mRNA稳定区进行启动子文库的调控,得到菌株LYC104。番茄红素产量与对照菌株LYC103相比增加了2倍,细胞生长提高了32%。然后,利用CR...     

稳定表达MVA途径基因提高番茄红素产量

萜类化合物的直接前体物质异戊烯焦磷酸(IPP)和二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸酯(DMAPP)可以由2-甲基-D-赤藻糖醇-4-磷酸途径(MEP途径)和甲羟戊酸途径(MVA途径)合成。在已经优化MEP合成途径、番茄红素合成途径关键基因表达的重组大肠杆菌LYC101中,引入MVA途径基因,进一步提高重组大肠杆菌合成萜类化合物的能力。质粒pALV23和pALV145是本实验室在研究MVA途径基因协调表达时,用核糖体结合位点(RBS)文库连接MVA途径各基因构建质粒文库,而筛选到的有效提高β-胡萝卜素产量的质粒。首先比较了两个质粒分别在低产和高产番茄红素的菌株中对番茄红素合成的影响。结果表明,两个质粒在高、低产番茄红素的菌株中都可以有效提高番茄红素产量。在高产菌LYC101中pALV23比pALV145使番茄红素产量更高。然后,用CRISPR-Cas9系统辅助同源重组的方法,将MVA途经基因和启动子一共6.7kb的条带整合到LYC101菌株的染色体上,得到遗传稳定的菌株LYC102。LYC102的番茄红素产率达40.9mg/g,是出发菌株LYC101产率的2.19倍,比用质粒表达MVA途径基因的菌株提高了20%。在重组大肠杆菌中同时表达MVA途径和MEP途径,可以有效提高萜类化合物产率;文中构建了不含质粒的、遗传稳定的高产番茄红素菌株,为产业化合成番茄红素提供基础;同时构建平台菌株,可以用于其他萜类化合物合成。     

产番茄红素基因工程菌的研究进展

番茄红素是一种重要的类胡萝卜素,具有许多生物功能和生物活性,尤其在保护人类健康方面起着重要的作用。随着番茄红素生物合成途径的阐明及其相关基因的克隆,运用基因工程手段调控番茄红素的合成已经成为可能。本文首先综述了番茄红素生物合成途径及合成途径中相关基因的克隆,然后对近年来构建的番茄红素基因工程菌进行了全面的总结,包括：运用DNA重组技术使异源微生物大肠杆菌、酵母等生产番茄红素,以及通过过表达特定基因从而提高霉菌等产番茄红素的量,最后分析了改造过程中存在的主要问题,并展望了未来的研究方向。     

通过番茄红素环化酶的优化构建β-胡萝卜素高产菌株

目标产物的合成途径往往需要对关键酶的来源、表达水平等因素进行系统性优化才能实现代谢通量的最大化。β-胡萝卜素是一类具有重要应用价值的萜类化合物,其中番茄红素环化酶(Lycopene cyclase,CrtY)是β-胡萝卜素合成途径中的关键酶,能够催化FAD依赖的环化反应将番茄红素转化合成β-胡萝卜素。本研究通过对CrtY的系统优化提高β-胡萝卜素的合成水平,并确定CrtY的表达对代谢通路的影响。在大肠杆菌中以番茄红素合成模块为基础,通过引入番茄红素环化酶基因crt Y构建了β-胡萝卜素合成模块。并进一步利用寡聚接头介导的DNA组装方法 (Oligo-linker mediated assembly method,OLMA)引入一系列不同强度的人工设计的核糖体结合位点(Ribosome-binding site,RBS),对CrtY的表达强度、基因来源等因素进行高通量的优化。通过OLMA文库构建和平板筛选,获得了5株高产β-胡萝卜素的工程菌株。在摇瓶中,5株工程菌株的β-胡萝卜素产量可达15.79-18.90 mg/g DCW(Dry cell weight),比优化前提高了65%。进一步选取了其中的CP12菌株,在5 L发酵罐上,利用高密度培养技术验证工程菌株合成β-胡萝卜素的能力。最终β-胡萝卜素产量可达1.9 g/L。RBS强度分析及代谢中间体分析表明,适当地降低CrtY表达强度能够有利于β-胡萝卜素模块相关基因之间协同发挥作用。以上结果为β-胡萝卜素合成途径的优化规律提供了理论指导。     

大豆异黄酮代谢途径在大肠杆菌中的构建及表达

自然界异黄酮合成途径主要存在于豆科植物中。以微生物为宿主研究异黄酮代谢,则需要将整个相关代谢途径的多酶体系组装到工程菌种,从而进行表达及代谢研究,这就需要用到多基因的转化和共表达技术。综合应用了多基因单载体和多基因多载体方法,将大豆异黄酮代谢途径中的五个关键酶基因导入到大肠杆菌中,对异黄酮代谢途径在大肠杆菌中的构建和表达进行了研究和探索,获得了含有五个外源基因的重组大肠杆菌;重组菌经IPTG诱导,以L-酪氨酸为底物进行发酵,发酵产物经过HPLC测定,结果表明和空白对照相比有新的代谢产物生成,初步断定为异黄酮类化合物。     

大豆异黄酮代谢途径在大肠杆菌中的构建及表达

自然界异黄酮合成途径主要存在于豆科植物中。以微生物为宿主研究异黄酮代谢,则需要将整个相关代谢途径的多酶体系组装到工程菌种,从而进行表达及代谢研究,这就需要用到多基因的转化和共表达技术。综合应用了多基因单载体和多基因多载体方法,将大豆异黄酮代谢途径中的五个关键酶基因导入到大肠杆菌中,对异黄酮代谢途径在大肠杆菌中的构建和表达进行了研究和探索,获得了含有五个外源基因的重组大肠杆菌;重组菌经IPTG诱导,以L-酪氨酸为底物进行发酵,发酵产物经过HPLC测定,结果表明和空白对照相比有新的代谢产物生成,初步断定为异黄酮类化合物。     

多酶级联反应的构建及其在双官能团功能化学品合成中的应用

利用多酶级联催化反应合成精细化学品是近年来生物催化领域的研究热点。通过构建体外多酶级联体系,可以替代传统的化学合成法,实现多种双官能团功能化学品的绿色合成。本文系统介绍了多酶级联催化反应中不同级联方式的特点及其构建策略,总结了级联反应中元件酶常用的筛选方法、NAD(P)H和ATP等辅酶的再生策略及其在多酶级联反应中的应用,并且阐述了多酶级联催化反应体系在6种双官能团功能化学品,包括ω-氨基脂肪酸、烷基内酰胺、α,ω-二元羧酸、α,ω-二胺、α,ω-二醇、ω-氨基醇合成中的应用。     

同源克隆栀子玉米黄素合成途径酶基因保守区

目的:玉米黄素生物合成途径在植物中高度保守,由7个酶催化步骤组成。本研究从栀子果实中克隆这些酶基因的保守区段。方法:利用简并引物,优化PCR扩增体系和扩增条件,胶回收后进行T-A克隆和测序。结果:成功扩增出八氢番茄红素合成酶(phytoene synthase,PSY)(GenBank accession JQ690895)503bp、八氢番茄红素脱饱和酶(phytoene desaturase,PDS)(Gen-Bank accession JQ690896)544bp、胡萝卜素脱饱和酶(carotene desaturase,ZDS)(GenBank accession JQ690897)611bp、胡萝卜素顺反异构酶(carotene cis-trans isomerase,CRTISO)(GenBank accession JQ690898)567bp、番茄红素β-环化酶(lycopene-β-cyclase,LYC)(GenBank accession JQ690899)745bp和β-环羟化酶(β-ring hydroxylase,β-OHase)(GenBank accession JQ690900)594bp的基因保守区段,序列已经提交GenBank登陆。结论:该研究克隆了玉米黄素合成途径中6个酶基因的保守区段,为今后应用于生物合成途径的遗传操作奠定了基础。     

高效合成番茄红素酿酒酵母菌株的构建

番茄红素作为一种高附加价值的萜类化合物已受到国内外研究者的广泛关注。首先对酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae模式菌株S288c和YPH499合成番茄红素的能力进行分析比较,结果表明YPH499更适合作为底盘细胞用于番茄红素的合成。随后比较组成型启动子GPDpr、TEF1pr和诱导型启动子GAL1pr、GAL10pr对番茄红素合成的影响,结果发现以GPDpr、TEF1pr作为番茄红素合成途径基因crtE、crt B和crtI的启动子,摇瓶发酵60 h后,番茄红素产量为15.31 mg/L;以GAL1pr和GAL10pr为启动子时,其产量为123.89 mg/L,提高8.09倍。继续改造甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径,过量表达N-末端截短的关键酶基因t HMG1(3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶),番茄红素产量为265.68 mg/L,单位菌体产量72.79 mg/g。文中所设计构建的异源表达番茄红素合成途径的酿酒酵母菌株单位细胞产量高,可以进一步改造和优化后用于番茄红素的工业化生产。     

蛋白质自组装机器在人工多酶复合体系中的研究与应用进展

随着合成生物学的研究与发展,人们利用微生物细胞或无细胞体系对代谢途径中的多酶体系进行编程和重组,成功合成了大量的功能化合物。但由于多酶体系分散度高,造成体系代谢流速和流量不平衡,代谢效率和产量降低。生物体内存在多种天然的多酶自组装复合体,如纤维素小体机器、细胞信号转导中的激酶级联通路等。研究表明,这些体系中存在的底物通道效应和协同作用机制是多酶复合体具有高催化效率的原因。模拟和借鉴天然多酶体系,并结合生物体中蛋白质与DNA、RNA等相互作用设计和构建人工自组装多酶体系,是提高代谢效率的重要途径。现对蛋白质自组装机器在人工多酶体系中的研究进展进行综述。     

Increased Carotenoid Production by the Food Yeast Candida utilis through Metabolic Engineering of the Isoprenoid Pathway

The yeast Candida utilis does not possess an endogenous biochemical pathway for the synthesis of carotenoids. The central isoprenoid pathway concerned with the synthesis of prenyl lipids is present in C. utilis and active in the biosynthesis of ergosterol. In our previous study, we showed that the introduction of exogenous carotenoid genes, crtE, crtB, and crtI, responsible for the formation of lycopene from the precursor farnesyl pyrophosphate, results in the C. utilis strain that yields lycopene at 1.1 mg per g (dry weight) of cells (Y. Miura, K. Kondo, T. Saito, H. Shimada, P. D. Fraser, and N. Misawa, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1226–1229, 1998). Through metabolic engineering of the isoprenoid pathway, a sevenfold increase in the yield of lycopene has been achieved. The influential steps in the pathway that were manipulated were 3-hydroxy methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, encoded by the HMG gene, and squalene synthase, encoded by the ERG9 gene. Strains overexpressing the C. utilis HMG-CoA reductase yielded lycopene at 2.1 mg/g (dry weight) of cells. Expression of the HMG-CoA catalytic domain alone gave 4.3 mg/g (dry weight) of cells; disruption of the ERG9 gene had no significant effect, but a combination of ERG9 gene disruption and the overexpression of the HMG catalytic domain yielded lycopene at 7.8 mg/g (dry weight) of cells. The findings of this study illustrate how modifications in related biochemical pathways can be utilized to enhance the production of commercially desirable compounds such as carotenoids.     

体外多酶分子机器的现状和最新进展

体外多酶分子机器遵循所设计的多酶催化路径,将若干种纯化或部分纯化的酶元件进行合理的优化与适配,高效地在体外将特定的底物转化为目标化合物。体外多酶分子机器反应系统呈现元件化和模块化的特点,在设计、组装和调控方面具有较高的自由度。近年来,体外多酶分子机器在实现反应过程的精准调控和提高产品得率方面的优势逐渐体现,展示了其在生物制造领域重要的应用潜力。对体外多酶分子机器的相关研究已成为合成生物学的一个重要分支领域,日益受到广泛的关注。文中系统地综述了基于酶元件/模块的体外多酶分子机器的构建策略,以及改善该分子机器中酶元件/模块之间适配性的研究进展,并分析了该生物制造平台的发展前景与挑战。     

酿酒酵母合成异源单萜类化合物的研究进展

单萜类化合物在食品、医药和工业等领域有重要的应用,具有可观的经济价值.随着合成生物学的日益发展,利用微生物作为细胞工厂合成单萜类化合物成为时下的研究热点.酿酒酵母是真核生物表达的模式菌株,其甲羟戊酸途径为单萜类化合物的合成提供直接前体,因此在酿酒酵母中构建异源单萜类化合物合成途径有较大优势.本文介绍了酿酒酵母细胞中异源单萜类化合物合成途径的构建.从甲羟戊酸途径代谢通量调控机制和融合酶调控酶催化反应效率两方面概述了酿酒酵母异源合成单萜类化合物的研究进展.     

Construction of lycopene-overproducing E. coli strains by combining systematic and combinatorial gene knockout targets

Identification of genes that affect the product accumulation phenotype of recombinant strains is an important problem in industrial strain construction and a central tenet of metabolic engineering. We have used systematic (model-based) and combinatorial (transposon-based) methods to identify gene knockout targets that increase lycopene biosynthesis in strains of Escherichia coli. We show that these two search strategies yield two distinct gene sets, which affect product synthesis either through an increase in precursor availability or through (largely unknown) kinetic or regulatory mechanisms, respectively. Exhaustive exploration of all possible combinations of the above gene sets yielded a unique set of 64 knockout strains spanning the metabolic landscape of systematic and combinatorial gene knockout targets. This included a global maximum strain exhibiting an 8.5-fold product increase over recombinant K12 wild type and a twofold increase over the engineered parental strain. These results were further validated in controlled culture conditions.     

Enhancing isoprenoid synthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica by expressing the isopentenol utilization pathway and modulating intracellular hydrophobicity

The abundant supply of biosynthetic precursors and product compatibility with the intracellular environment play important roles for microbial isoprenoid production. In this study, we tailor to both of these requirements by introducing the two-step isopentenol utilization pathway (IUP) to augment the native pathway in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. With shortcut access to the common isoprenoid precursor, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), IUP is capable of elevating IPP + DMAPP levels by 15.7-fold compared to the mevalonate pathway alone. The increase in IPP + DMAPP levels can directly lead to better isoprenoid synthesis, which is illustrated using lycopene as a model compound. Moreover, we also demonstrate that higher lipid contents in the cells correlate with improved intracellular lycopene production, suggesting the importance of having a substantial hydrophobic environment to sequester isoprenoids. Combining these strategies with further genetic and fermentation optimizations, we achieved a final lycopene titer of 4.2 g/L. Overall, these strategies hold great potential for strengthening the synthesis of long-chain isoprenoids and fat-soluble natural products in microbes.     

Generation of lycopene-overproducing strains of the fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mucor circinelloides</Emphasis> reveals important aspects of lycopene formation and accumulation

Objectives

To generate lycopene-overproducing strains of the fungus Mucor circinelloides with interest for industrial production and to gain insight into the catalytic mechanism of lycopene cyclase and regulatory process during lycopene overaccumulation.

Results

Three lycopene-overproducing mutants were generated by classic mutagenesis techniques from a β-carotene-overproducing strain. They carried distinct mutations in the carRP gene encoding lycopene cyclase that produced loss of enzymatic activity to different extents. In one mutant (MU616), the lycopene cyclase was completely destroyed, and a 43.8% (1.1 mg/g dry mass) increase in lycopene production was observed in comparison to that by the previously existing lycopene overproducer. In addition, feedback regulation of the end product was suggested in lycopene-overproducing strains.

Conclusions

A lycopene-overaccumulating strain of the fungus M. circinelloides was generated that could be an alternative for the industrial production of lycopene. Vital catalytic residues for lycopene cyclase activity and the potential mechanism of lycopene formation and accumulation were identified.