木瓜实蝇对七种寄主果实的选择性

木瓜实蝇属于我国进境检疫性害虫。为明确该虫对不同寄主果实的选择性,以评价其危害风险,本研究选择橙子、苹果、番石榴、杨桃、木瓜、西红柿、辣椒7种果实作为供试寄主,在室内选择性条件下比较了木瓜实蝇在不同寄主上的产卵量和幼虫发育的适合性。结果表明,以寄主气味诱导产卵器采卵时,雌虫在番石榴、橙子上产卵量明显高于其它所有供试寄主;以果实直接诱导产卵时,则以番石榴饲养出的幼虫数最多,而在橙子、西红柿上的幼虫数为0。在非选择性条件下将幼虫接入果实供试,表明木瓜实蝇幼虫在不同供试寄主上的存活率(化蛹率)均较高,最高为木瓜和杨桃,分别为92.0%和91.3%,最低为苹果,达到66.0%。不同供试果实对木瓜实蝇幼虫的发育历期、存活率(化蛹率)和蛹重有显著影响,但各适合性指标在不同寄主间的变化趋势不一致。上述结果表明,寄主气味及果皮特征对成虫的产卵选择性具有明显的影响,以产卵选择性和幼虫发育为综合指标,认为木瓜实蝇对番石榴的选择性最高。     

宣木瓜中多糖含量测定

目的:建立宣木瓜中多糖含量的测定方法,并测定不同采收时期的宣木瓜多糖含量。方法:在同一种植基地定期采集同一宣木瓜品种果实,以葡萄糖为对照品,采用分光光度法,以苯酚—浓硫酸为显色剂,在490 nm波长处测定吸光度,计算样品中多糖含量。结果:宣木瓜果实在生长过程中,其多糖含量在2.51%~5.08%之间,并于7月8日含量最高为5.08%。结论:本文建立的宣木瓜多糖含量的测定方法简便灵敏,精密度高,重现性好,稳定可靠;若要利用多糖含量高的宣木瓜,应适宜于7月上旬或中旬采收。     

皱皮木瓜果实发育后期品质变化及其成熟阶段的划分初探

以湖北长阳产皱皮木瓜为材料,测定果实发育后期果实鲜质量、果长、果径、果色、果实硬度以及果肉干物质量、可溶性糖含量、总酸含量和总黄酮含量等品质指标的动态变化,划分不同成熟阶段,为判断果实适宜采收期、实现优质生产提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)皱皮木瓜果实发育后期果实鲜质量、果长、果径、果肉干物质量和可溶性糖含量均呈现上升趋势;果色由绿色、黄绿色渐变为淡黄色到黄色;果实硬度、果肉总酸和总黄酮含量呈先上升后下降趋势。(2)各品质指标快速变化的时间区域存在差异,果实鲜质量在花后105~150d增加较快,果色在150d后逐渐变黄,果实硬度在花后135~165d快速下降,果肉总酸、总黄酮含量则在花后105~120d快速增加至峰值。(3)根据主成分分析结果和各品质指标的变化特点,可初步将皱皮木瓜果实发育后期划分为未成熟(花后105d之前)、早期成熟(花后120~150d)和成熟(花后165~180d)3个阶段。研究表明,随着果实成熟度的提高,皱皮木瓜果实鲜质量、果色、果肉干物质量、可溶性糖含量等指标不断升高,果实硬度逐渐下降,其食用加工品质不断提升,而在早期成熟阶段(花后120~150d)果实的药用品质则相对较高。     

柴达木野生黑果枸杞营养成分分析

对柴达木野生黑果枸杞果实中的主要营养成分进行了分析,结果表明,黑果枸杞鲜果含水质量分数85.03%,其干果蛋白质量分数10.61%,脂肪6.66%,多糖4.28%,总黄酮质量分数4.29%,原花青素3.42%.果实含有γ-VE及δ-VE,每百克分别为0.0075和0.016 mg,从黑果枸杞籽中提取的构祀籽油维生素E含...     

木瓜籽毛油精炼条件筛选及其理化指标分析

以磷脂含量为指标对木瓜〔Chaenomeles sinensis ( Thouin) Koehne〕籽毛油水化脱胶过程中脱胶剂种类、脱胶剂添加量、脱胶时间、加水量和脱胶温度进行单因素实验,并在此基础上对脱胶时间、加水量和脱胶温度进行L9(33)正交实验;以酸价为指标对碱炼脱酸过程中的碱液(NaOH溶液)浓度、碱炼温度和超碱用量进行单因素实验和L9(33)正交实验;并比较了毛油、脱胶油、脱酸油和精炼油的主要理化指标变化。单因素实验和正交实验结果表明：在木瓜籽毛油水化脱胶过程中采用不同的脱胶剂种类(包括柠檬酸、草酸和蒸馏水)、脱胶剂添加量(质量分数0.1%~0.5%)、脱胶时间(10~70 min)、加水量(质量分数1%~6%)和脱胶温度(65℃~85℃),毛油中的磷脂含量均有明显差异;而碱炼脱酸过程中采用不同的碱液浓度(质量分数6%~14%)、碱炼温度(40℃~80℃)和超碱用量(质量分数0.15%~0.40%),毛油酸价也有明显变化。总体上看,木瓜籽毛油水化脱胶的适宜条件为添加质量分数0.2%柠檬酸为脱胶剂、脱胶温度75℃、加水量为质量分数4%、脱胶时间50 min;碱炼脱酸的适宜条件为碱液浓度为质量分数12%、碱炼温度80℃、超碱用量为质量分数0.30%。理化指标的测定结果表明：与毛油相比,脱胶油、脱酸油和精炼油的碘值略升高但差异不明显、过氧化值明显升高、磷脂含量和皂化值均明显下降,而脱酸油和精炼油的酸价也明显下降。研究结果显示：经过脱胶、脱酸、水洗干燥一系列过程后获得的木瓜籽精炼油的理化指标基本符合国家食用植物油卫生标准。     

光皮木瓜果实发育期间主要成分含量的变化

对光皮木瓜果实发育期间主要成分含量的变化进行了分析.结果显示:(1)光皮木瓜果实发育期间,可溶性固形物含量总体呈上升趋势,花后151 d达到最大值14.8%;干物质、粗纤维和多酚含量的变化均呈单峰型,分别于花后95、67和95 d达到峰值(26.49%、14.96%、81.843 1 mg/gDW),并分别于花后165、179和179 d降至最低值(18.3%、6.47%、42.014 6 mg/gDW);黄酮、多糖、齐墩果酸含量均呈逐渐增加趋势,在果实发育后期略有下降,其中多糖和齐墩果酸含量均于花后137 d达到最大值,分别为110.431 2 mg/gDW和10.312 1 mg/gDW,黄酮含量在花后151 d达到最大值3.201 1 mg/gDW.(2)多酚的单果产量在果实发育过程中的变化趋势与多酚含量一致,于花后95 d多酚单果产量达到最高值(5.448 6 g);齐墩果酸、多糖及黄酮的单果产量在果实发育期间逐渐增加,花后165 d多糖的单果产量达到最高值(8.508 1 g),花后179 d黄酮和齐墩果酸的单果产量均达到最高值(0.261 2 g和0.747 4 g).研究表明,花后137 d(8月25日)至151 d(9月8日)木瓜果实青绿,齐墩果酸、多糖、黄酮含量最高,为加工木瓜饮片等的最佳采收期;花后165 d(9月22日)至179 d(10月6日)时,木瓜果实基本转黄,其中齐墩果酸、多糖、黄酮的单果产量最高,且多酚和粗纤维含量最低,是药用有效成分提取和加工果酒、果脯、果醋等木瓜食品的最佳采收期.     

木瓜果实贮藏期间香气成分的变化研究

采用同步蒸馏萃取(SDE)法提取不同贮藏期木瓜果实的香气成分,通过GC-MS进行分析,结果表明:木瓜果实成熟后随着贮藏期延长,香气成分总体呈现出醇类、酮类、醛类相对含量下降,酯类、烯烃及萜烯类上升趋势。贮藏初期果实的主要香气成分包括4-甲基-5-(1,3-二戊烯基)-四氢呋喃-2-酮、二氢-β-紫罗兰醇、(Z)-3-己烯醇等。当8℃贮藏40 d时,香气物质主要以萜烯类、酯类和醇类为主,相对含量分别为21.07%、18.73%和16.34%。当贮藏90 d时脂肪酸乙酯类相对含量明显增加,达到34.86%,其中3-壬烯酸乙酯相对含量最高(21.67%),成为构成木瓜香气的关键物质。α-金合欢烯相对含量在整个贮藏期间不断上升,由贮藏初期的3.63%上升到贮藏40 d时的19.00%,当贮藏90 d时达到35.22%。     

资丘木瓜

木瓜是蔷薇科木瓜属落叶灌木贴梗海棠的果实，商品名皱皮木瓜。资丘木瓜是湖北长阳名产，据《药材商品学》记载，资丘木瓜与浙江淳安木瓜、安徽宣城木瓜齐名，同为皱皮木瓜的三大道地药材。资丘木瓜《本草纲目》中不载；康熙五十七年编纂的《卯峒司志》，将其列入果部而非...     

山东省木瓜主栽品种的数量分类及主成分分析

依据16个形态性状,对山东省主栽的20个木瓜 (Chaenomeles spp. )品种进行了UPGMA聚类分析和主成分分析,并对16个形态性状间的相关性进行了检验.聚类分析结果表明,在欧氏距离1.058处可将20个品种分为皱皮木瓜[C. speciosa (Sweet) Nakai]和木瓜[C. sinensis (Thouin) Koehne]2组;在欧氏距离0.743处,皱皮木瓜组可进一步分为浓香型(包括'一品香'和'金香')和淡香型(包括'罗扶'、'长俊'、'红霞'、'玉佛'和'奥星')2个品种群;木瓜组可进一步分为大果型(包括'玉兰'和'豆青')和中小果型(包括'细皮'、'剩花'、'手瓜'、'佛手'、'金苹果'、'大金苹果'、'大狮子头'、'小狮子头'、'陈香'、'红云'和'可食')2个品种群.果实贮藏后果皮是否变皱、果实表面有无棱沟、嫩叶颜色、结果枝是否带刺、托叶形状等性状之间的相关性极显著, 相关系数均达到 1.000 0.主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到89.66%,根据前4个主成分中各性状的绝对权重值,筛选出对木瓜品种分类影响较大的12个性状,其中果实贮藏后果皮是否变皱、果实表面有无棱沟、嫩叶颜色、结果枝是否带刺和托叶形状5个性状可作为区分山东省20个木瓜主栽品种的主要形态性状依据.     

皱皮木瓜果实中有机酸成分的GC-MS分析

木瓜为常用中药,其原植物为木瓜属（Chaenomeles Lindl．）植物皱皮木瓜[Chaenomeles speciosa（Sweet）Nakai],又称贴梗海棠、贴梗木瓜等,中国南方各地均有栽培。其花可供观赏;果实入药,能驱风强壮、舒筋、镇痛消肿,民间常用于浸泡药酒;种仁富含油酸和亚油酸。对皱皮木瓜有机酸的脂肪性成分已有研究报道,但尚无其水溶性有机酸成分的研究报道。皱皮木瓜的药用功效主要为镇痛解痉,但至今未明确其主效成分,有机酸虽具有一定的镇痛功效,但有机酸的种类不同,功效也不相同。鉴于长期以来皱皮木瓜还是作为汤药服用,所以就其水溶性有机酸组成及含量开展研究,特别是与其有机酸中的脂肪性成分进行比较研究尤为必要,对于揭示皱皮木瓜主要功效成分具有重要的意义。     

Acute oral toxicity assessment and anti-hyperuricemic activity of Alocasia longiloba extracts on Sprague-Dawley rats

Hyperuricemia is defined as a metabolic abnormality that occurs when serum uric acid (UA) level is abnormally high in the body. We previously reported that A. longiloba possesses various important phytochemicals and in vitro xanthine oxidase activity. Despite A. longiloba ethnomedicinal benefits, its toxicity and anti-hyperuricemic effects have not been reported. The present study was carried out to ensure the safety and investigate the anti-hyperuricemic effects of A. longiloba fruit and petiole ethanolic extracts on rats. In the acute toxicity study, extracts were orally administered at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight and closely monitored for 2-week for any toxicity effects. The rats were then sacrificed and samples were collected and analyzed for hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters. The anti-hyperuricemic effect of A. longiloba fruit or petiole extract was investigated through determination of UA levels on potassium oxonate (PO)-induced hyperuricemic rats. Extracts or standard drug treatments were orally administrated 1-h after PO administration for 14-day. Animals were euthanized and samples were collected for further experiments. The toxicity results show, no significant changes were observed in behavioral, bodyweight changes in experimental groups compared to the control. Moreover, there were no significant changes in hematological, biochemical, and histological parameters between extracts treated and control group. In the anti-hyperuricemia study, the fruit and petiole extracts treatments significantly reduced the level of UA in serum compared to the hyperuricemic model group. This study demonstrated that the extracts of A. longiloba have anti-hyperuricemic activity and was found to be non-toxic to rats in acute toxicity test.     

无瓣海桑果叶及其浸提液的生物急性毒性研究

为了探讨无瓣海桑的生物毒性作用,采用哺乳类动物大鼠,国际规定的标准毒性实验用鱼斑马鱼以及红树林内主要鱼种弹涂鱼为受体,进行了大鼠急性经口毒性固定剂量毒性反应观察,斑马鱼和弹涂鱼的改进寇氏法毒性实验以及半致死量浓度(LC₅₀)和95%可信限计算,结果表明:在5000 mg/kg体重下,无瓣海桑的果实和叶子浸提液都未对大鼠产生任何毒性表现,14 d的死亡率为0,半致死量(LD₅₀)大于5000 mg/kg体重,属于无毒物质;对鱼类毒性,相同鱼种下,果实水浸提液毒性强于叶子水浸提液,相同水浸提液下,弹涂鱼对毒性敏感度超过斑马鱼,半致死浓度24 hLC₅₀>4 8 hLC₅₀>72 hLC₅₀>96 hLC₅₀>1000 mg·L^-1,属于低毒物质.根据以上初步得出无瓣海桑不会对周围生物造成毒性危害.     

植物源农药对橘小实蝇的毒杀及引诱作用研究

在室内条件下采用药膜法,分别测定了3种植物源生物杀虫剂对橘小实蝇成虫的毒力。其中GF-120（0.02%多杀霉素RB）对成虫的毒性最强,LC50值为0.23mg·kg^-1,其次为0.3%印楝素EC,毒性最小的为0.36%苦参碱EC。采用非选择性试验测定了橘小实蝇成虫对8种植物精油的趋性,结果表明,天竺葵和薄荷对橘小实蝇成虫的诱集效果最好,引诱率可达36%以上,与甲基丁香酚处理比较无显著差异,并且对雌雄虫都有效,其次为洋甘菊、鼠尾草和丁香,甜橙、罗勒和柠檬的诱集效果较差。     

Toxicity of some terpenoids of essential oils of Xylopia aethiopica from Cameroon against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky

Abstract:  The acute toxicity of essential oils from the whole fruit (EF) or from the fibres of the fruit (FF) of the local aromatic plants Xylopia aethiopica Dunal (Annonaceae) collected in north Cameroon was evaluated on Sitophilus zeamais adults. A concentration of 1 ml of essential oil per 100 g of maize seeds was tested to determine weevil mortality after 24 h of exposure. Under these conditions, the essential oil derived from both EF and FF of X. aethiopica led to 100% mortality. In a second step, proportions of active compounds present in the oil of both EF and FF of X. aethiopica were quantified. The toxicity of the four main compounds was tested against S. zeamais : α -pinene, β -pinene, Δ-3-carene and terpinen-4-ol according to their proportion in the essential oil of the concerned plant part. β -pinene and terpinen-4-ol were responsible for 50% of the mortality at the proportion found in EF and FF essential oils respectively. When mixed, a synergic effect of the compounds was observed that restored the mortality percentage observed for the crude oil. It appears that X. aethiopica essential oil could be a potential source of natural and low-cost insecticide to control storage pests.     

Lethal and sublethal effects of abamectin, spinosad, methoxyfenozide and acetamiprid on the predaceous plant bug Deraeocoris brevis in the laboratory

Deraeocoris brevis (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Miridae), an important generalist predator in pome fruits in the western United States, was reared in the laboratory on frozen Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs and treated in a Potter spray tower to assess acute toxicity and chronic sublethal effects of abamectin, spinosad, methoxyfenozide, and acetamiprid. Acute toxicity was assessed using topical application. Sublethal effects were examined as the combined result of topical, residual and oral exposure. Two different dose rates, the full field rate and 10% rate of the full field rate, were compared to distilled water as the untreated check. Methoxyfenozide and spinosad had no acute toxicity to nymphs and adults at the 10% and full field rate, and no effect on egg hatch and nymph survival just after hatch. Acetamiprid and abamectin at the full field rate did not affect egg hatch, but the residue had moderate to high toxicity to hatched nymphs. Also, topically applied acetamiprid and abamectin had moderate to high acute toxicity to nymphs and adults at the full field rate, but moderate toxicity at the 10% rate. In sublethal bioassays, abamectin-treated adults (10% field rate) laid 80% fewer and less viable eggs compared with the untreated check. Spinosad-treated (full field rate) adults laid fewer and less viable eggs. Also, egg hatch in the subsequent generation was lower. Methoxyfenozide had no sublethal effects on adults at the full rate, but slowed development of 4th instars following treatment of 2nd instar nymphs, and lowered fecundity by 30% in the subsequent generation compared with the untreated check. Acetamiprid (10% rate) applied to nymphs or adults had no effects on development or reproduction. Results from this study suggest that the newer reduced risk insecticides, which have begun to replace organophosphate insecticides in pome fruits in the United States, are not as selective to natural enemies as initially thought. Their impact on D. brevis varied with chemistry and mode of action from primarily acute toxicity (i.e., acetamiprid) to reproductive and other sublethal effects (i.e., methoxyfenozide, spinosad) or a combination of both (i.e., abamectin). In addition to acute toxicity, sublethal effects need to be quantified in order to accurately predict the total impact of a pesticide on a natural enemy in the field.     

中药非药用部位栽培灵芝的活性成分及药效变化

【目的】以丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.)、菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)、桔梗(Ptatycodongrandiflorum A.DC.)3种中药材的非药用部位作为灵芝袋料栽培的原料,研究灵芝子实体活性成分及药效变化。【方法】试验比较测定了非药用部位配方组与常规组(常规组作为实验对照组,配方由玉米芯、棉籽壳等常规基质组成)的灵芝农艺性状,子实体多糖和三萜含量,并对各组灵芝进行了小鼠急性毒性试验及药效试验。【结果】结果表明,非药用部位栽培灵芝生物转化率接近或者高于常规组,生长周期有所延长;活性成分上,除了丹参组(SM.G)的三萜含量有所降低外,其余各组的活性成分较常规配方组(OF.G)均有提高,菊花组(CM.G)灵芝的多糖和三萜含量最高,分别为2.47%和0.79%。最大耐受量试验表明,非药用部位栽培的灵芝子实体的小鼠最大耐受量均为100 g/kg。溶血素试验和促睡眠试验中菊花组效果优于常规组灵芝;抗疲劳上,只有常规组灵芝表现出一定的抗疲劳功效,而非药用部位栽培的灵芝没有该药效。【结论】中药材非药用部位栽培灵芝是可行的,且子实体活性成分含量和部分药效发生了改变。     

Use of residue profile analysis to identify modes of insecticide activity contributing to control of plum curculio in apples

Residue profile analysis techniques were developed, along with laboratory and field-based bioassays to describe the modes of insecticidal activity responsible for the control of the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), in apples (Malus spp.). Adult plum curculios were treated in laboratory topical bioassays to determine acute contact activity and lethal time for five insecticides. Azinphosmethyl had the highest levels of toxicity and shortest lethal time values, followed by the neonicotinoids thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid, whereas indoxacarb had the highest LD50 and LT50 values for topical exposure. Field-based residual activity bioassays assessed adult mortality, and fruit and leaf injury from plum curculio exposed to 4 h, 7 d, and 14 d field-aged residues. All compounds caused significant levels of mortality to plum curculio when adults were exposed to fruit clusters 4 h post-application. Thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid showed oviposition deterrence, antifeedant, and repellency effects in the 7- and/or 14 d residual bioassays and protected fruit in the absence of significant lethal activity. Indoxacarb maintained lethal activity throughout the study intervals, with the incidence of plum curculio feeding, suggesting that ingestion is an important mode of entry. For the neonicotinoids thiacloprid, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid plum curculio mortality was highly correlated with fruit and leaf surface residues. As surface residues declined, sublethal effects such as oviposition deterrence and antifeedant effect remained. The value of the plant-insect-chemistry triad model for describing the temporal dimensions of insecticidal modes of activity and understanding a compound's critical performance characteristics is discussed.     

Investigation of the sublethal effects of some petroleum refinery effluents

In Canada, environmental regulations for protection of the biota from the adverse effects of effluents from petroleum refineries have tended to focus on acute toxicity. There is concern those effluents may have other subtle, but still deleterious, long-term effects on aquatic ecosystems. We have used a battery of toxicity tests to assess the acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and chronic toxicity of effluent samples from two Ontario refineries. The test organisms included representatives of the bacterial, algal, plant, cladoceran, and fish communities. The results of our preliminary study indicate that the effluent samples had little acute toxicity to the test organisms. There were indications of some sublethal toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Panagrellus redivivus, and Pimephales promelas. One of the effluents inhibited the growth of Selanastrum capricornutum (IC₅₀ of 59.9%) and Lemna gibba (IC₂₅ of 73.3%) and also caused a 15 percent reduction in the germination of Lactuca sativa seeds. The SOS-Chromotest, a commercially available test that measures the activity of a bacterial DNA repair system, detected genotoxic effects in a single effluent that had been concentrated ten fold. There was no apparent relationship between several chemical parameters and the observed sublethal effects. Further research is needed to establish whether or not the observed toxic effects are typical of effluents from Ontario refineries.     

一株白腐菌的食用安全性初步评价

本研究选取了一株白腐菌模式菌株进行了小鼠急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验以及小鼠精子畸形试验,以分析该白腐菌的食用安全性,为进一步应用白腐菌开发功能性食品提供数据支持。结果显示,小鼠经灌胃白腐菌,其LD50为6.76 g/kg(以白腐菌菌丝干重计)。微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性(P0.05)。试验结果表明,本次实验条件下,白腐菌对小鼠表现出一定的急性毒性,但未见遗传毒性,由此推断,在一定剂量范围内使用白腐菌作为食用材料是相对安全的,安全的剂量范围需要进一步扩大浓度梯度来确定。