多效调控基因degU32(Hy),degQa和degR对枯草芽孢杆菌Ki-2-132生长和蛋白酶发酵的影响

通过向枯草芽孢杆菌Ki-2-132染色体和／或细胞质导入来自枯草杆菌168菌株的degU32（Hy）和degR基因,以及来自芽孢杆菌解淀粉菌株（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）的degQa基因,对上述基因对枯草芽孢杆菌Ki-2-132细胞的生长、孢子发生、蛋白酶发酵的影响进行了研究。尽管上述多效调控基因来自不同的芽孢杆菌种和菌株,它们在枯草芽孢杆菌Ki-2-132中依然表现多效性。枯草杆菌Ki-2-132degU32（Hy）表现出增高了的蛋白酶产量;当和质粒或染色体上的degQa基因协作,可以进一步依赖葡萄糖的水平和degQa的基因剂量影响细胞生长,增加蛋白酶产量,以及影响孢子的形成。与此不同,degR在degU32（Hy）突变体中并不显著影响其蛋白酶的产量,这一发现支持DegR蛋白通常稳定磷酸化的DegU,而其在degU32（Hy）菌株中不再进一步放大该突变体内已被磷酸化的DegU的调控作用。     

Biosynthesis of the subtilisin-like serine proteinase of Bacillus intermedius under salt stress conditions

The biosynthesis of the subtilisin-like serine proteinase of Bacillus intermedius 3–19 by the recombinant strain Bacillus subtilis AJ73(pCS9) was found to be enhanced under salt stress conditions (growth in a medium containing 1 MNaCl and 0.25 M sodium citrate). In a recombinant strain of B. subtilis deficient in the regulatory proteins DegS and DegU, which control the synthesis of degradative enzymes, the expression of the proteinase gene was inhibited. In contrast, in the strain B. subtilis degU32(Hy), which provides for the overproduction of proteins positively regulated by the DegS-DegU system, the biosynthesis of the subtilisin-like proteinase of B. intermedius 3–19 increased by 6–10 fold. These data suggest that the DegS-DegU system is involved in the positive regulation of the expression of the subtilisin-like B. intermedius proteinase gene in recombinant B. subtilis strains.     

Molecular Cloning and Nucleotide Sequence of the Gene for an Alkaline Protease from Bacillus circulans MTCC 7906

Bacillus circulans MTCC 7906, an extracellular alkaline protease producer was genetically characterized. B. circulans genomic DNA was isolated, oligonucleotide primers specific to alkaline protease gene of B. circulans were designed and its PCR amplification was done. The purified PCR product and pTrcHisA vector were subjected to restriction digestion with NcoI and HindIII and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5-α competent cells. The recombinant expression of alkaline protease gene studied by inducible expression and analysis by SDS-PAGE, established that the alkaline protease protein had an estimated molecular size of 46 kDa. Gene sequencing of the insert from selected recombinant clone showed it to be a 1329 bp gene encoding a protein of 442 amino acids. The sequence was blasted and aligned with known alkaline protease genes for comparison with their nucleotide and amino acid sequences. This identified major matches with three closely related subsp. of B. subtilis (B. subtilis subsp. subtilis strain 168, B. subtilis BSn5 and B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii strain W23). The insert also showed a number of substitutions (mutations) with other sp. of Bacillus which established that alkaline protease of B. circulans MTCC 7906 is a novel gene. The phylogenetic analysis of alkaline protease gene and its predicted amino acid sequences also validated that alkaline protease gene is a novel gene and the same has been accessioned in GenBank with accession number {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN645176.1","term_id":"353260575","term_text":"JN645176.1"}}JN645176.1.     

Involvement of SpoVG in hemolysis caused by Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis is a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive non-pathogenic bacterium that includes members displaying hemolytic activity. To identify the genes responsible for hemolysis, a random mariner-based transposon insertion mutant library of B. subtilis 168 was constructed. More than 20,000 colonies were screened for the hypohemolytic phenotype on blood agar plates. One mutant showed significantly less pronounced hemolytic phenotype than the wild type. DNA sequencing and Southern blot analysis showed this mutant has a single transposable element inserted into the open reading frame (ORF) of the spoVG gene; complementation of the spoVG-disrupted mutant with a wild-type copy restored its hemolytic phenotype. It was therefore concluded that the spoVG gene, which plays a role in regulating asymmetric septation during sporulation in B. subtilis, is involved in hemolysis by B. subtilis.     

On the appearance of Bacillus subtilis intracellular serine protease in the cell membrane and culture medium

While about 80% of the cell-bound intracellular serine protease of Bacillus subtilis A-50 have been recovered in the soluble fraction upon disruption of cells, the rest of the enzyme was found to be associated with the membrane fraction. Soluble cytoplasmic intracellular serine protease, as well as membrane-bound serine protease liberated by nonionic detergent treatment, have been isolated in a pure state and shown to be identical. The same protease might also be found extracellularly, due presumably to cell lysis or altered membrane permeability. Intracellular serine protease of Bacillus subtilis A-50 was clearly related to Bacillus subtilis serine proteases W1 and bacillopeptidase F described as extracellular enzymes.Abbreviations ISP intracellular serine protease - ISP-A-Bsu A-50 and ISP-B-Bsu A-50 molecular forms A and B of B. subtilis A-50 intracellular serine protease, respectively - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - PMSF phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride - pNA p-nitroanilide - Buffer A 50 mM Tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-1 mM CaCl₂ adjusted to pH 8.5 with HCl     

Engineering Bacillus subtilis for acetoin production from glucose and xylose mixtures

As a vital flavor compound, acetoin is extensively used in dairy products and drinks industry. In this study, Bacillus subtilis was engineered to metabolize glucose and xylose as substrates for acetoin production. Initially, gene araE from B. subtilis, encoding the xylose transport protein AraE, was placed under the control of the constitutive promoter P₄₃ for over-expression. Batch cultures showed that 10 g/L xylose was depleted completely in 32 h. Subsequently, genes xylA and xylB from Escherichia coli, encoding xylose isomerase and xylulokinase respectively, were introduced into B. subtilis, and the recombinant turned out to assimilate glucose and xylose without preference. In shake-flask fermentations, 5.5 g/L acetoin with a yield of 0.70 mol (mol sugar)⁻¹ was obtained by the optimum strain BSUL13 under microaerobic conditions, which offered a metabolic engineering strategy on engineering microbe as cell factory for the production of high-valued chemicals from renewable resource.     

Cloning and expression of the gene for neutral protease of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in Bacillus subtilis

A Bacillus amyloliquefaciens neutral protease gene was cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis.The chromosomal DNA of B. amyloliquefaciens strain F was partially digested with restriction endonuclease Sau3AI, and 2 to 9 kb fragments isolated were ligated into the BamHI site of plasmid pUB110. Then, B. subtilis strain 1A289 was transformed with the hybrid plasmids by the method of protoplast transformation and kanamycin-resistant transformants were screened for the formation of large halo on a casein plate. A transformant that produced a large amount of an extracellular neutral protease harbored a plasmid, designated as pNP150, which contained a 1.7 kb insert.The secreted neutral protease of the transformant was found to be indistinguishable from that of DNA donor strain B. amyloliquefaciens by double immunodiffusion test and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The amount of the neutral protease activity excreted into culture medium by the B. subtilis transformed with pNP150 was about 50-fold higher than that secreted by B. amyloliquefaciens. The production of the neutral protease in the transformant was partially repressed by addition of glucose to the medium.     

Nucleotide sequence homology of the tetracycline-resistance determinant naturally maintained in Bacillus subtilis Marburg 168 chromosome and the tetracycline-resistance gene of B. subtilis plasmid pNS1981

The nucleotide sequence (1579 bp) of tetracycline-resistance determinant and flanking regions of the cloned 5.1 kb DNA fragment from Bacillus subtilis GSY908 chromosome (Sakaguchi, R. and Shishido, K. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 949, 49–57) were determined and compared with those of the B. subtilis tetracycline-resistance plasmid pNS1981. The tetracycline-resistance structural (tet) genes of the B. subtilis GSY908 chromosome (tet BS908) and pNS1981 (tet pNS1981) were found to be highly homologous (80% identical). Both tet genes were composed of 1374 bp and 458 amino-acid residues initiating from a GTG codon preceded by a ribosome-binding site (RBS-2). Upstream from tet BS908 there exists a short open reading frame (20 amino acids) initiating from a ATG codon preceded by its own RBS (RBS-1). This leader sequence was also highly homologous to that of tet pNS1981 except for a deletion of one bp between the RBS-1 and the ATG codon.     

An evolutionally conserved Lys122 is essential for function in Rhodospirillum rubrum bona fide RuBisCO and Bacillus subtilis RuBisCO-like protein

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) and RuBisCO-like protein (RLP) catalyze similar enolase-type reactions. Both enzymes have a conserved non-catalytic Lys122 or Arg122 on the β-strand E lying in the interface between the N- and C-terminal domains. We used site-directed mutagenesis to analyze the function of Lys122 in the form II Rhodospirillum rubrum RuBisCO (RrRuBisCO) and Bacillus subtilis RLP (BsRLP). The K122R mutant of RrRuBisCO had a 40% decrease in k_cat for carboxylase activity, a 2-fold increase in K_m for CO₂, and a 1.9-fold increase in K_m for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. K122M and K122E mutants of RrRuBisCO were almost inactive. None of the substitutions affected the thermal stability of RrRuBisCO. The K122R mutant of BsRLP had a 32% decrease in k_cat and lower thermal stability than the wild-type enzyme. The K122M and K122E mutants of BsRLP failed to form a catalytic dimer. Our results suggest that the lysine residue is essential for function in both enzymes, although in each case, its role is likely distinct.     

The systems approach to the prespore-specific activation of sigma factor SigF in Bacillus subtilis

The prespore-specific activation of sigma factor SigF (σ^F) in Bacillus subtilis has been explained mainly by two factors, i.e., the transient genetic asymmetry and the volume difference between the mother cell and the prespore. Here, we systematically surveyed the effect of these two factors on sporulation using a quantitative modeling and simulation architecture named hybrid functional Petri net with extension (HFPNe). Considering the fact that the transient genetic asymmetry and the volume difference in sporulation of B. subtilis finally bring about the concentration difference in two proteins SpoIIAB (AB) and SpoIIAA (AA) between the mother cell and the prespore, we have surveyed the effect of AB and AA concentration on the prespore-specific activation of σ^F occurring in the early stage of sporulation. Our results show that the prespore-specific activation of σ^F could be governed by the ratio of AA to AB rather than their concentrations themselves. Our model also suggests that B. subtilis could maximize the ratio of AA to AB in the prespore and minimize it in the mother cell by employing both the transient genetic asymmetry and the volume difference simultaneously. This might give a good explanation to the co-occurrence of the transient asymmetry and the volume difference during sporulation of B. subtilis. In addition, we suggest for the first time that the σ^F activation in the prespore might be switched off by the decrease in the ratio of AA to AB after the transient genetic asymmetry is to an end by completion of DNA translocation into the prespore.     

Combinatorial effect of endophytic and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria against wilt disease of Capsicum annum L. caused by Fusarium solani

Combination of biocontrol agents that are compatible with each other is a strategic approach to control the plant disease and pest. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of compatible endophytic bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis; EPCO16 and EPC5) and rhizobacterial strain (Pseudomonas fluorescens; Pf1) against chilli wilt disease caused by Fusarium solani. Our results showed that B. subtilis (EPCO16 and EPC5) and P. fluorescens (Pf1) were compatible and effectively inhibited the growth of the F. solani. The application of endophytic and rhizobacterial strains, singly and in combination in green house and field conditions were found to be effective in controlling the chilli Fusarium wilt disease by inducing systemic resistance (ISR) as evidenced by enhanced activities of PO, PPO, PAL, β-1,3-glucanase, Chitinase and Phenolic involved in the synthesis of phytolaexins thereby promoting the growth of plants. However, combinations of EPCO16 + EPC5 + Pf1 bacterial strains were more effective than single agents. These findings suggest that synergistic interactions of biocontrol agents may be responsible for the management of chilli wilt disease caused by F. solani.     

Single nucleotide deletion of cqm1 gene results in the development of resistance to Bacillus sphaericus in Culex quinquefasciatus

The entomopathogen Bacillus sphaericus is one of the most effective biolarvicides used to control the Culex species of mosquito. The appearance of resistance in mosquitoes to this bacterium, however, remains a threat to its continuous use in integrated mosquito control programs. Previous work showed that the resistance to B. sphaericus in Culex colonies was associated with the absence of the 60-kDa binary toxin receptor (Cpm1/Cqm1), an alpha-glucosidase present in the larval midgut microvilli. In this work, we studied the molecular basis of the resistance developed by Culex quinquefasciatus to B. sphaericus C3-41. The cqm1 genes were cloned from susceptible (CqSL) and resistant (CqRL/C3-41) colonies, respectively. The sequence of the cDNA and genomic DNA derived from CqRL/C3-41 colony differed from that of CqSL one by a one-nucleotide deletion which resulted in a premature stop codon, leading to production of a truncated protein. Recombinant Cqm1S from the CqSL colony expressed in Escherichia coli specifically bound to the Bin toxin and had α-glucosidase activity, whereas the Cqm1R from the CqRL/C3-41 colony, with a deletion of three quarters of the receptor’s C-terminal lost its α-glucosidase activity and could not bind to the binary toxin. Immunoblotting experiments showed that Cqm1 was undetectable in CqRL/C3-41 larvae, although the gene was correctly transcribed. Thus, the cqm1R represents a new allele in C. quinquefasciatus that confers resistance to B. sphaericus.     

Decolorization of indigo carmine by laccase displayed on Bacillus subtilis spores

Blue multicopper oxidases, laccases displayed on the surface of Bacillus spores were used to decolorize a widely used textile dyestuff, indigo carmine. The laccase-encoding gene of Bacillus subtilis, cotA, was cloned and expressed in B. subtilis DB104, and the expressed enzyme was spontaneously localized on Bacillus spores. B. subtilis spores expressing laccase exhibited maximal activity for the oxidation of 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) at pH 4.0 and 80 °C, and for the decolorization of indigo carmine at pH 8.0 and 60 °C. The displayed enzyme retained 80% of its original activity after pre-treatment with organic solvents such as 50% acetonitrile and n-hexane for 2 h at 37 °C. The apparent K_m of the enzyme displayed on spores was 443 ± 124 μM for ABTS with a V_max of 150 ± 16 U/mg spores. Notably, 1 mg of spores displaying B. subtilis laccase (3.4 × 10² U for ABTS as a substrate) decolorized 44.6 μg indigo carmine in 2 h. The spore reactor (0.5 g of spores corresponding to 1.7 × 10⁵ U in 50 mL) in a consecutive batch recycling mode decolorized 223 mg indigo carmine/L to completion within 42 h at pH 8.0 and 60 °C. These results suggest that laccase displayed on B. subtilis spores can serve as a powerful environmental tool for the treatment of textile dye effluent.     

Monoacylation of 2-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid by protease in N,N-dimethylformamide with low water content

2-O-α-d-Glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (AA-2G) laurate was synthesized from AA-2G and vinyl laurate with a protease from Bacillus subtilis in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with low water content. Addition of water to DMF dramatically enhanced monoacyl AA-2G synthesis. Maximum synthetic activity was observed when 3% (v/v) water was added to the reaction medium. Under the optimal reaction conditions, 5-O-dodecanoyl-2-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid, 2-O-(6′-O-dodecanoyl-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-l-ascorbic acid, and 6-O-dodecanoyl-2-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid were synthesized in yields of 5.5%, 3.2%, and 20.4%, respectively.     

Induction of apoptosis in human cancer cells by a Bacillus lipopeptide bacillomycin D

A newly isolated and characterized Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain fiply 3A has been found to produce an extracellular cyclic lipopeptide which structurally resembled bacillomycin D, earlier reported to be produced by Bacillus subtilis. The lipopeptide showed a dose dependent killing of three different human cancer cell lines viz. A549 (alveolar adenocarcinoma), A498 (renal carcinoma) and HCT-15 (colon adenocarcinoma), while not affecting the normal cell line L-132 (pulmonary epithelial cells) when analyzed using MTT assay and FACS analysis. Staining the cells with H₂-DCFDA showed an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in the lipopeptide treated cell population. Hoechst 33342 staining of nuclei further indicated apoptosis as a major mechanism of cell death in lipopeptide treated cells and the typical symptoms of apoptosis including cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation and fragmentation of nuclei were observed. Lipopeptide treatment induced extensive DNA damage in the treated cells, which was indicated by a TUNEL assay. Flow cytometric analysis exhibited lipopeptide concentration dependent apoptosis which was further confirmed during clonogenic assay of the lipopeptide treated cells.     

植物病原菌拮抗性野生艾蒿内生菌的分离、筛选和鉴定

从野生艾蒿的根茎叶部位分离出内生细菌共68株,以棉花枯萎病、稻瘟病、烟草赤星为供试病原菌,采用对峙法对内生菌分别进行抑菌试验,对筛选出的菌株进行了16S rDNA序列测定和系统发育分析。结果表明:从野生艾蒿分离到的内生菌经初筛、复筛,获得抑制病原菌效果最明显的3株菌,结合生理生化特性、菌落特征、细胞形态特征和16S rDNA测序分析结果,菌株L8、S11和R6分别鉴定为Bacillus subtilis,Bacillus cereus,Paenibacillus polymyxa。拮抗实验表明,棉花枯萎病原菌菌丝发生弯曲、打结,烟草赤星的受作用菌丝生长端分枝明显增多,生长端边缘呈珊瑚状分枝,并且出现明显的畸形和萎缩现象。分析表明,可能是由于在培养过程中内生菌产生了化感物质,对病原菌的菌丝产生抑制作用的结果。     

IDH1 mutation identified in one human melanoma metastasis, but not correlated with metastases to the brain

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) are enzymes which convert isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate while reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + to NADPH). IDH1/2 were recently identified as mutated in a large percentage of progressive gliomas. These mutations occur at IDH1^R132 or the homologous IDH2^R172. Melanomas share some genetic features with IDH1/2-mutated gliomas, such as frequent TP53 mutation. We sought to test whether melanoma is associated with IDH1/2 mutations. Seventy-eight human melanoma samples were analyzed for IDH1^R132 and IDH2^R172 mutation status. A somatic, heterozygous IDH1 c.C394T (p.R132C) mutation was identified in one human melanoma metastasis to the lung. Having identified this mutation in one metastasis, we sought to test the hypothesis that certain selective pressures in the brain environment may specifically favor the cell growth or survival of tumor cells with mutations in IDH1/2, regardless of primary tumor site. To address this, we analyzed IDH1^R132 and IDH2^R172 mutation status 53 metastatic brain tumors, including nine melanoma metastases. Results revealed no mutations in any samples. This lack of mutations would suggest that mutations in IDH1^R132 or IDH2^R172 may be necessary for the formation of tumors in a cell-lineage dependent manner, with a particularly strong selective pressure for mutations in progressive gliomas; this also suggests the lack of a particular selective pressure for growth in brain tissue in general. Studies on the cell-lineages of tumors with IDH1/2 mutations may help clarify the role of these mutations in the development of brain tumors.