Ecological Aspects of Circadian Rhythms in Six Species of Omni-Seasonal Beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) Inhabiting Kara Kum Desert (Turkmenistan)

Circadian rhythms of activity were compared in ground-dwelling Tenebrionid beetles from the Kara Kum sand desert: Trigonoscelis gigas Reitter, Trigonoscelis sublaevicollis Reitter, Pisterotarsa gigantea Fish.-W., Sternodes caspicus Pall, Blaps faustii Seidlitz, and Ocnera imbricata Fish.-W. For the observations, artificial pens (enclosures) 60 × 60 cm and 80 cm deep were arranged in field conditions and filled with various kinds of sand to simulate natural habitats as closely as possible. The activity of individually marked beetles was assessed visually and recorded every 30 min. The beetle species studied had different types of behavior, from strictly crepuscular to strictly nocturnal. Closely related species sharing one habitat differed in activity pattern — they occupied different time niches; hence their circadian rhythms contribute to reproductive isolation. In contrast, non-closely related species could have similar circadian patterns as a result of convergent evolution. In experiments with T. gigas, we failed to stimulate individual variability among beetles in circadian pattern by applying additional light and heat at night. Therefore, the circadian rhythms in field conditions were found to be remarkably stable, which can be explained by our model of the beetle circadian system consisting of two strongly coupled oscillators. However, in laboratory conditions, we previously observed a wide range of individual variability in free-running circadian rhythms. The strong coupling between two putative endogenous circadian oscillators is a crucial tool for beetles to survive in a harsh arid environment. Such organization of the circadian system ensures synchronous activity of beetles despite individual differences, thus preserving the variability of circadian clock properties in a population, which increases chances for survival of a population in a changing environment.     

Feeding and activity patterns of an intertidal beetle

Adults of the staphylinid beetle Thinopinus pictus LeConte live on sand beaches where they are ambush predators of intertidal amphipods Orchestoidea californiana (Brandt). Peak activity for beetles was found to occur near dark each night, whereas peak activity for amphipods varied with the tidal cycle. Consequently, beetles often foraged when amphipods were inactive. Successful capture of amphipods on each night is not critical to beetle survival, however, as beetles fed at 2-day and 4-day intervals had high survival rates in laboratory experiments.Activity patterns differed between male and female beetles. Male beetles fed less, but were active on more nights and for longer periods each night than female beetles. It is suggested that the timing of foraging activity is determined by the need to find mates as well as food.     

Resource Utilization and Temporal Segregation of Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera,Scarabaeidae) Community in a Caatinga Fragment

We characterized dung beetles food preference and diel activity and examined the way such characteristics may structure a Scarabaeinae community in a dry forest. We sampled a fragment of Arboreal Caatinga in Milagres, Bahia, Brazil, during the dry and wet seasons, using baited pitfall (bovine spleen, human feces, cow dung, and rotten banana). Species were classified by activity (nocturnal and diurnal) and food preference (coprophagous, necrophagous, saprophagous, copro-necrophagous, and generalist). In total, 1,581 individuals belonging to 16 morphospecies were sampled, with six new records for Caatinga. The dung beetles were mainly from generalist and coprophagous species; seven species presented nocturnal activity, and five were diurnal. There was higher species richness during the day and greater abundance during the night. Species composition differences were influenced by functional guilds and beetle size according to temporal segregation. These factors may be related to physiological, morphological, and behavioral differences.     

The diel activity of carabid beetles (Coleoptera) north of the Arctic Circle,with particular reference to Patrobus assimilis Chaud. and Notiophilus aquaticus L.

Summary Diel activity patterns of carabids species caught in pitfall traps in a subalpine birch forest north of the Arctic Circle are described. Patrobus assimilis Chaud. and Notiophilus aquaticus L. were the most common species and were active at all times of the day with peak activity at noon. Seven less common species and the larvae of Notiophilus aquaticus L. showed similar activity patterns. There was a positive correlation between the mean diel variation in temperature and the activity of the different species. Although day to day variations in temperature influenced the level of activity, it had little effect on the daily activity patterns. The adaptive significance of the diurnal activity patterns of carabid beetles in northern areas is discussed in relation to low night temperatures and high predation pressure from birds.     

Differences in ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of original and reconstructed tallgrass prairies in northeastern Iowa, USA, and impact of 3-year spring burn cycles

Ground beetle assemblages were monitored at four tallgrass prairie sites burned on 3-year cycles in northeastern Iowa. The objectives of this study were to quantify differences in carabid communities between original and reconstructed tallgrass prairies, and to determine the responses of ground beetles to 3-year cycles of early spring fire commonly used to manage tallgrass prairies. Using pitfall traps, ground beetle assemblages in two original and two reconstructed tallgrass prairies were compared between 1994 and 1998, where beetles were sampled annually (0-, 1-, and 2-year post-fire conditions) from plots burned every 3 years. When burned, the greatest abundance, activity density, and species richness of carabid beetles occurred the year immediately following a spring burn, with abundance declining steadily with increased time since burning. Overall ground beetle diversity as determined by Shannon's diversity index was greatest in original tallgrass prairies several years after a fire. Some species of ground beetles were found only in original prairies, while others were found primarily in reconstructed prairie. Similarly, some species were more abundant the year immediately following a burn, while others were found in greater abundance with increased time since fire. NMS ordination and indicator species analysis clearly show differences in carabid species between original and reconstructed tallgrass prairies, but did not show differences among burn treatments.     

Diel activity patterns of some field Carabidae

Abstract. 1. A 24 h time-sorting pitfall trap was used to collect Carabidae in a field in north-east England in 1974, 1976 and 1977.
2. Harpalus rufipes comprised 62% of the 5288 adult Carabidae caught. It was nocturnal, with an activity peak after midnight. The male activity pattern lagged behind that of females by about 1 h. The activity peak shifted to earlier in the night during September.
3. Activity curves are given for eighteen other common species. Large species were all nocturnal, but a third of the smaller species were active in the day. The numbers caught of twenty-eight less common species are tabulated and show the same trend. Overall, nearly 60% of all species caught were nocturnal and 20% diurnal; the remainder did not show a distinct pattern of day or night activity.
4. A total of eighty-two larvae of H.rufipes, Nebria brevicollis and Notiophilus biguttatus were caught, and showed similar activity patterns to those of the respective adult beetles.     

Records of hypogeous mycorrhizal fungi in the diet of some Western Australian bolboceratine beetles (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae, Bolboceratinae)

In order to assess the possible contribution of bolboceratine beetles to the dispersal of mycorrhizal fungal spores, faeces and/or gut contents of adults of several species and genera obtained from burrows or collected at lights at night were examined microscopically. Two species of Blackbolbus ( frontalis and fucinus ) were found to have fed on different species of hypogeous sporocarps (truffles). Furthermore, adults of Bbo. frontalis were found in burrows with truffles of the genera Amarrendia , Hysterangium and Scleroderma . Specimens of some Blackburnium , Bolboleaus and Bolborhachium species, on the other hand, were found to have ingested diffuse glomeralean mycelium and spores along with varying quantities of soil. Limited evidence of broad-scale distribution of spores was obtained. Some Scleroderma truffles found in burrows of Bbo. frontalis were honeycombed and inhabited by numerous nitidulid beetles identified as Thalycrodes mixta . Two truffles identified as Hysterangium found in soil close to a burrow of Bbo. frontalis were infested with nematodes.     

Diurnal Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) Capture Prey Without Sight

Although much research has examined the process of prey capture by tiger beetles, an underlying assumption in this work is that tiger beetles are principally, or even exclusively, visual predators. Because this assumption is untested, we performed a series of experiments on four diurnally active tiger beetles in the Genus Cicindela. Individual beetles were placed in chambers in complete darkness and allowed to forage on apterous Drosophila for 6 h. Contrary to expectations, adults of all tested species captured more than 90% of prey items. These results show that other modalities can be used by tiger beetles during prey capture. Beyond potentially providing an explanation for observed night activity in tiger beetle species, the significance of these findings lies in the need to test underlying assumptions of even well-studied organisms.     

Diel rhythmicity of prey-search activity and its predominance over starvation in the lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata bruckii

ABSTRACT. The locomotor activity of the lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata bruckii Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), was recorded during food deprivation in LD 16:8 h and continuous light. Activity was relatively low immediately after the lady beetle was fed to satiation but increased from 4 to 24 h later. It thereafter gradually decreased to a low level when the food was withheld for several days. Over a period of 10 days of starvation the beetles showed a high level of activity throughout the photophase and a low level during the scotophase in LD 16:8 h. In continuous light this rhythmic pattern persisted, with a free-running period of c. 22 h, significantly shorter than 24 h. The results suggest that the endogenous circadian timing predominates over 'hunger' as a determinant of search activity. The lady beetle accepted and consumed aphid prey presented at night, but the number of prey consumed was significantly lower than in the light. This suggests that, during the dark, activity related to prey-searching is suppressed, though lady beetles are able to accept and consume prey even at night.     

河西走廊中部戈壁地表甲虫群落动态变化及其影响因素

地表甲虫是戈壁主要的地表昆虫类群, 但我们对其种属组成和活动节律的认识还很有限。2018-2020年1-12月我们利用陷阱法对河西走廊中部典型砾质戈壁地表甲虫种类及数量进行了连续观测, 并测定了该区降水和温度。本文研究发现: (1)戈壁地表甲虫由步甲科、叶甲科、象甲科、粪金龟科和拟步甲科5科21种组成, 阿小鳖甲(Microdera kraatzi alashanica)、戈壁琵甲(Blaps gobiensis)和波笨粪金龟(Lethrus potanini)是优势地表甲虫种; (2)戈壁地表甲虫活动节律存在明显年季变异, 地表甲虫的活动期在3-10月, 地表甲虫活动密度的最大值出现在4-7月, 而物种丰富度的最大值均在5月出现; (3)降水增多的2019年地表甲虫的活动密度明显增加, 且2019年地表甲虫物种丰富度和多样性指数显著高于2018年; (4)地表甲虫的取食类型和个体大小影响它们的活动节律, 降水增多的年份提高了植食性的象甲科和部分拟步甲科的活动密度, 而一些拟步甲科的活动密度对降水的响应存在一定的滞后性; (5)降水和温度变化强烈影响地表甲虫活动节律, 地表甲虫的个体数和物种数与月降水量和月平均温度呈显著的二次曲线和指数关系, 植食性和捕食性甲虫对降水及温度变化响应较腐食性甲虫敏感, 大甲虫对降水变化的响应较中甲虫和小甲虫敏感。总之, 降水及温度变化影响了戈壁地表甲虫的活动节律, 而不同地表甲虫种对二者的响应因其生理生态特征不同而异, 从而影响了地表甲虫群落动态变化规律。     

Movement patterns of selected insect groups between natural forest,open land and rubber plantation in a tropical landscape (southern Yunnan,SW China)

In many regions of tropical Asia, the expansion of rubber monoculture plantations is conducted by replacement of natural forest areas and strongly affects biodiversity and movement patterns of wild species, including insects. Against this background, we conducted a study on selected insect groups (longhorn beetles, bark beetles, wild bees and hoverflies) along transects between rainforest patches, open uncultivated land and rubber plantation habitats in a region of Xishuangbanna (southern Yunnan, China), with the objectives to identify (a) movement directions and patterns of selected insect groups based on their abundances in modified Malaise traps in the different habitats, and (b) the role of remaining natural rainforest patches and rubber plantations, respectively, for insect diversity maintenance and conservation. The highest total numbers of species and individuals of bark beetles, longhorn beetles and wild bees were recorded from the natural forest edge compared to open land and rubber plantation edge. This result clearly indicates that the natural forest plays an important role in maintenance of these three insect groups. However, the highest number of hoverfly species and individuals was recorded from the open land sites, indicating the most relevant habitat type for this group of species. Overall, the lowest species and individual numbers were recorded from the rubber plantation edge, indicating the unsuitability of this habitat type for all insect groups considered. The distribution of species and individuals in the opposite trap sides along the transect indicates that longhorn beetles, bark beetles and wild bees show not only movements from the forest to the surrounding habitats, but also return back after encountering the unsuitable rubber plantation habitat. Bark beetle composition showed the relatively highest similarity between all trap sites and opposite trap sides among the insect groups considered, indicating a higher movement activity than the other groups. The four insect groups considered in this study show different movement modes between the forest, open land and rubber plantation, which are not the same for all taxa. Except for hoverflies, the natural forest was found to be the most important habitat for the maintenance of species diversity in the different land use types of the study area.     

Sources of variation in the nesting behavior of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Budongo forest, Uganda

Data on nesting behavior and nests of the Sonso community of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) living in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, were collected between October 1995 and December 1996. Analysis of the selection of nests shows a preference for particular tree species, especially Cynometra alexandri. Male chimpanzees nested lower than females. Day nests were found to be structurally simpler than night nests and were built in tree species used for feeding, at the same height as feeding activity. Day and night nests serve different functions, and should be clearly distinguished in studies of nesting behavior.     

吉林蛟河阔叶红松林地表甲虫多样性时间动态分析

阔叶红松林是长白山林区代表性植被类型,具有较高的生物多样性。研究吉林蛟河阔叶红松林中地表甲虫多样性的时间动态,比较优势类群对时间变化的响应,为森林中地表甲虫的保护与利用提供科学依据。在2012—2013年5月中旬至8月下旬整个地表甲虫的活跃期,利用巴氏罐法在吉林蛟河阔叶红松林4个样地中共采集地表甲虫9849头,隶属于22个科79种,步甲科Carabidae、埋葬甲科Silphidae和隐翅虫科Staphylinidae为优势类群。地表甲虫的物种数、个体数和多样性指数均在7月上旬时达到最高,时间对个体数有显著影响(P0.05)。地表甲虫多样性各指数间相关性较低,个别种类对环境变化比较敏感。步甲科个体数在7月上旬显著高于其他时间,物种数与个体数的时间动态不一致,步甲科对8月上旬的适应能力强于埋葬甲科和隐翅虫科。埋葬甲科在7月上旬个体数量极显著高于其他各时间(P0.01),物种数与个体数的时间动态相一致。埋葬甲科对7月下旬适应能力强于隐翅虫科,其对时间变化的反应最敏感,当环境条件适宜时,其数量能够迅速增加。不同时间隐翅虫科的物种数与个体数变化相对较小,对时间变化的敏感程度最低。由于生活习性的特殊化,使得捕食性和腐食性地表甲虫活跃的高峰期也可能与被捕食者在各时期的数量有关。     

Taxon specific response of carabids (Coleoptera,Carabidae) and other soil invertebrate taxa on invasive plant Amorpha fruticosa in wetlands

False indigo (Amorpha fruticosa L.) is an invasive exotic plant introduced to Europe in the early eighteenth century. Its spread has been rapid, particularly in disturbed wetland habitats, where it forms dense impermeable monospecific stands and modifies habitat conditions. The impact of A. fruticosa on native plant communities has been well analyzed, however knowledge concerning the possible effects on soil invertebrates and particularly carabid beetles is completely lacking. This study analyzed the impact of an A. fruticosa invasion on carabid beetles and other soil invertebrates. Soil fauna was sampled by pitfall traps at natural habitats, initially colonized by A. fruticosa, and habitats largely invaded by A. fruticosa. In total 2,613 carabid beetles belonging to 50 species and 72,166 soil invertebrates were collected. The invasion of A. fruticosa strongly affected the carabid beetle species composition, which clearly differed between all studied sites. Widespread euritopic carabid beetle species showed positive responses to A. fruticosa invasion, while the activity density of open habitat species strongly declined. Mean individual biomass was significantly higher at invaded sites due to increased incidence of large carabids (genus Carabus Linné, 1758). Carabid beetle activity density and abundance of soil invertebrates were considerably higher at invaded sites than in natural sites. Conversely, the impact of A. fruticosa on carabid beetle species richness and diversity was less pronounced, most likely due to immigration from adjacent habitats. Changes in carabid beetle species composition and abundance of soil invertebrates were most likely due to changes in vegetation structure and microclimate. The results suggest that A. fruticosa invasion considerably affected carabid beetles, an insect group that is only indirectly related to plant composition. Therefore, severe future changes can be expected in invertebrate groups that are closely related to plant composition, since A. fruticosa cannot be completely removed from the habitat and covers relatively large areas.     

Reproductive biology of Magnolia sinica (Magnoliaecea), a threatened species with extremely small populations in Yunnan,China

Magnolia sinica is one of the most threatened trees endemic to Southeast Yunnan. Based on our investigations, only 52 individuals and eight populations are found in the wild. M. sinica has been categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List and identified as a “Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations (PSESP)”. Its fruit/seed set is very low and seedlings are rarely found in the wild. It is hypothesized that it may encounter obstacles to reproductive success. This study, therefore, focuses on its reproductive biology, knowledge of which is essential for effective conservation. Flowers of this species are protogynous and nocturnal, and possess a two-day rhythm of sexual presentation. For the first night of anthesis, the flowers are in the pistillate stage during which tepals open at dusk and close approx. 1 h later (except for the open outer ones). They remain closed until the next afternoon, when flowers, now in the staminate stage, re-open and remain so until the tepals drop. Nocturnal beetles enter into the flowers and remain trapped throughout the night as the flower closes, during which time they feed on tepals. Pollen-gathering bees are found to visit the re-opened flowers and the beetles are released during this stage. Two species of Pleocomidae and Curculionidae beetles appear to be effective pollinators.M. sinica is a self-compatible, pollinator-dependent species, and its fruit/seed set can be significantly increased by hand-pollination. No functional seed dispersers have been found in its extant natural habitats. These findings suggest that it may face both pollination and seed disperser insufficiencies in its current fragmented habitats, which may account for its low regeneration. Here we propose conservation strategies based on our findings.     

The role of thermogenesis in the pollination biology of the Amazon waterlily Victoria amazonica

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Several families of tropical plants have thermogenic flowers that show a 2-d protogynous sequence. Most are pollinated by large beetles that remain for the entire period in the flowers, where they compete for mates and feed. Active beetles require high body temperatures that they can achieve endogenously at great energy expense or attain passively and cheaply in a warm environment. Floral heating is therefore hypothesized to be a direct energy reward to endothermic beetles, in addition to its accepted role in enhancing scent production. METHODS: This study measures the pattern of floral heat production (as temperature in 20 flowers and respiration rates in five flowers) in Victoria amazonica at field sites in Guyana and correlates floral temperatures with body temperatures necessary for activity in visiting Cyclocephala hardyi beetles. KEY RESULTS: Thermogenesis occurred in a bimodal pattern, with peaks associated with the arrival and departure of beetles near sunset. Peak CO(2) production rates averaged 2.9 micromol s(-1), equivalent to a heat production of 1.4 W. Heat was generated mainly in the floral chamber on the first evening and by the stamen complex on the second. Mean chamber temperature remained between 29.3 and 34.7 degrees C during the first night, when ambient temperature was 23.5-25.2 degrees C. Beetles actively competed for mates and consumed stylar processes in the floral chamber, where their mean thoracic temperature was 33.2 degrees C. At the lower ambient temperatures outside of the flower, beetles capable of sustained flight had a similar mean temperature of 32.0 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: Floral heating is not only associated with attraction, but continues throughout the night when beetles are active inside the flower and increases again when they leave. Floral chamber temperatures similar to activity temperatures of actively endothermic beetles imply that thermogenesis is an energy reward.     

Diel activity of resident and immigrant waterbirds at Lake Turkana, Kenya

Of the 42 dominant species of waterbirds at Lake Turkana, Kenya, 14 foraged uniformly throughout the day and night, five foraged mostly during the night, five foraged during both the night and day but with diurnal peaks, 17 were exclusively diurnal and only one was exclusively nocturnal. Species with uniform feeding activity usually captured small prey, using tactile or visual plus tactile cues; most diurnal species captured large prey, using visual cues. However, some species which fed mostly at night, or uniformly, relied exclusively on visual cues. We found support from only one species that moonlight influenced foraging activities. Palaearctic immigrants spent significantly more time foraging than partial migrants and residents; they were also smaller and mainly microphagous. Only gulls and terns were restricted to diurnal feeding, presumably by their need to see and capture prey while flying. The other groups were formed by species which foraged uniformly over 24 h or partially by day or night. These patterns indicate that in most waterbirds feeding activities are not basically tied to any phase of the diel cycle. Since most waterbirds display some degree of nocturnal activity, time budget studies based only on diurnal observations are likely to be misleading.     

Dung beetle assemblages in forests and pastures of El Salvador: a functional comparison

This study examines the functional attributes of Neotropical dung beetles, and, based on the analysis, evaluates the role of dung beetles in pastures and tropical dry forest in El Salvador. Dung beetle diversity was lower in pastures than in forests. However, the total biomass of beetles at similarly-sized dung baits was frequently higher in pastures. Diversity loss followed structured patterns: (1) carrion and fruit feeding beetles were well represented (species number) in the forests but were largely absent from pastures; (2) large ball rollers and small fast tunnellers were present in forests but were absent from pastures; (3) large fast tunnellers and small slow tunnellers were poorly represented in pastures compared to forests but the few species that survived in pastures attained extremely high populations; and (4) each functional group in the species-poor pasture assemblages was divided almost equally into day and night active species. Substrate and habitat generalists that were present in both the forests and pastures were attracted to fruit and carrion in forested habitat but not in open pastures. In open habitats, flies and other insects may be the principal decomposers of decaying fruit and carrion.     

Diversity of dung and carrion beetles in a disturbed Mexican tropical montane cloud forest and on shade coffee plantations

This paper analyzes the diversity of dung and carrion beetles (Scarabaeinae and Silphidae) in four human-induced habitats of a disturbed tropical montane cloud forest: polyspecific shade coffee plantations, monospecific shade coffee plantations, tropical montane cloud forest fragments, and clear cuts. The four habitats had similar richness, species composition, and assemblage structure of dung and carrion beetles. Differences were found in abundance and biomass levels for the four dominant species in the landscape. Dung beetles were more abundant than carrion beetles, but the biomass was higher for the latter. Carrion beetles were seasonal, while dung beetles were clearly not. When forest fragments and shade coffee plantations were compared to other similar habitats in the region, the same general pattern was observed. However, forests with high disturbance and monospecific shade coffee plantations had lower species richness than forests with low and medium disturbance and polyspecific shade coffee plantations. Thus shade coffee plantations maintain connectivity between patches of cloud forest in a landscape that is strongly affected by human activities. Protecting landscape diversity appears to ensure high species richness.     

河西走廊天然固沙植被区地表甲虫多样性及其对沙漠化的指示作用

干旱、半干旱区沙漠化强烈影响动植物分布及多样性,地表甲虫是荒漠中主要的动物类群,它们对沙漠化引起的植被和土壤环境变化响应十分敏感。鉴于此,以河西走廊中部张掖绿洲外围的天然固沙植被区作为研究区,依据沙漠化发育程度选择流动沙丘（ASD）、丘间低地（IL）、半固定（SFSD）和固定沙丘（FSD）4种生境,调查了地表甲虫群落组成及影响甲虫分布的植被和土壤环境。研究发现,4种生境地表甲虫群落组成明显不同并存在季节变异,5月ASD与IL、SFSD和FSD生境地表甲虫群落的相异性大于8月。5月和8月SFSD生境地表甲虫活动密度均显著高于其他生境,8月FSD生境地表甲虫多样性指数显著高于其他生境。不同大小甲虫对沙漠化的响应模式不同,大中型甲虫对沙漠化的响应较小型甲虫敏感,这在5月表现尤为明显。地表甲虫与环境因子的RDA分析结果表明,12个植被和土壤环境因子解释了49.8%的地表甲虫群落变异,其中植被环境解释了甲虫群落变异的16.3%,土壤环境解释了甲虫群落变异的4.2%,植被和土壤环境相互作用解释了甲虫群落变异的29.3%。pRDA分析结果表明,草本物种丰富度、灌木盖度、土壤有机碳含量和粗砂含量是影响地表甲虫分布的主要环境因子,它们解释了43.7%的地表甲虫群落变异。Pearson相关分析表明,草本物种丰富度与地表甲虫活动密度呈显著正相关,而与地表甲虫均匀度呈显著负相关;灌木盖度与地表甲虫多样性呈显著正相关;地表甲虫物种丰富度与灌木盖度和草本物种丰富度均呈显著正相关。此外,研究还发现戈壁琵甲、克氏扁漠甲、中华砚甲和甘肃齿足象可以用于指示FSD生境,东鳖甲属昆虫可以用于指数SFSD生境,谢氏宽漠王可以用于指示IL及ASD生境。