Activated omentum becomes rich in factors that promote healing and tissue regeneration

In order to study the mechanism by which an omental pedicle promotes healing when applied to an injured site, we injected a foreign body into the abdominal cavity to activate the omentum. One week after the injection, we isolated the omentum and measured blood vessel density, blood content, growth and angiogenesis factors (VEGF and others), chemotactic factors (SDF-1α), and progenitor cells (CXCR-4, WT-1). We found that the native omentum, which consisted mostly of adipose tissue, expanded the mass of its non-adipose part (milky spots) 15– to 20-fold. VEGF and other growth factors increased by two– to four-fold, blood vessel density by three-fold, and blood content by two-fold. The activated omentum also showed increases in SDF-1α, CXCR-4, and WT-1 cells (factors and cells positively associated with tissue regeneration). Thus, we propose that an omentum activated by a foreign body (or by injury) greatly expands its milky-spot tissue and becomes rich in growth factors and progenitor cells that facilitate the healing and regeneration of injured tissue. This work was partly supported by a grant (no. 2000–241 to A.K.S.) from the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International.     

导致西滨鹬集群繁殖的直接因子和最终因子(英文)

该文报道了西滨鹬 (Calidris mauri) 在美国阿拉斯加州育空-卡斯科奎姆河三角洲相对较小的空间尺度上所表现的集群繁殖行为。在开始产卵之前, 西滨鹬雄鸟聚集在一处 36 hm2的区域鸣唱飞行, 进行求偶炫耀。随后在该区域营巢时, 西滨鹬也保持着集群状态。检验了三个常用于解释具领域行为的物种的集群繁殖的假说:社会成员选择假说、捕食假说和物质资源限制假说。结果表明, 与斑块可利用性相比, 分散的个体常栖息于地势平坦的苔原栖息地斑块, 而集群个体常筑巢于地势起伏的苔原栖息地斑块, 因此, 该研究支持物质资源限制假说。在地势起伏的苔原栖息地斑块集群营巢的西滨鹬繁殖成功率较低, 这表明西滨鹬的这种栖息地占有模式符合理想的等级分布。在研究样地中, 年长且更具攻击性的雄鸟向雌鸟求偶的次数更多, 并且保卫位于地势平坦的苔原栖息地斑块上更大的领域; 相比之下, 年幼且攻击性较弱的雄鸟则聚集在地势起伏的苔原栖息地斑块。通常情况下, 繁殖期的集群多集中于某种关键资源的分布区内或分布区附近, 但西滨鹬繁殖集群的出现是由于年长和处于优势地位的个体将年幼和处于从属地位的个体排斥出高质量的栖息地。虽然, 繁殖领域的集群现象在很多非群居的鸟类中都曾有报道, 但该文是首次对非群居的单配制鸻鹬类物种在孵卵之前的集群繁殖行为进行了定量研究。     

Cycling cytoplasmic factors that promote mitosis in the cultured 2-cell mouse embryo

A cytoplasmic component(s), previously shown to rescue the 'blocked' 2-cell mouse embryo in vitro, has been demonstrated to peak in activity during the transition between G2 and M phase and decline thereafter. The possible significance of this component(s) in the regulation of cleavage of the cultured mouse embryo is discussed.     

The factors that promote the development of symmetry properties in aggregates from dissociated echinoid embryos

Summary Embryos of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus at the 16 cell, 400 cell or mesenchyme blastula stage of development were dissociated into single cells. The cells were reaggregated, and the development of individual aggregates was monitored. Only aggregates from 16 cell embryos developed into pluteus-like larvae with radial or bilateral symmetry. When embryos at these three developmental stages were incompletely dissociated so that there were mixtures of single cells and groups of undissociated cells, the percentage of aggregates from 16 cell embryos that developed in a pluteus-like manner was greater than in aggregates from completely dissociated 16 cell embryos. Also a small percentage of aggregates from 400 cell embryos now developed into pluteus-like larvae. In both of these experiments small aggregates tend to develop in a more normal manner than larger aggregates.In order to test the role of undissociated cells in promoting pluteus-like development in aggregates from incompletely dissociated blastula stage embryos, pieces of intact animal, lateral, or vegetal blastula wall were grafted to aggregates formed from completely dissociated embryos. While each kind of graft improved the ability of the aggregate to develop in a pluteus-like manner, grafts of vegetal blastula wall were most effective. In an aggregate, a graft differentiates according to its presumptive fate and influences the cells of the aggregate to differentiate in an appropriate manner. The ability of the graft to influence the development of the other cells in the aggregate depends on the developmental stage of the cells that make up the aggregate and the size of the aggregate.     

Novel role for Cdc14 sequestration: Cdc14 dephosphorylates factors that promote DNA replication

The phosphatase Cdc14 is required for mitotic exit in budding yeast. Cdc14 promotes Cdk1 inactivation by targeting proteins that, when dephosphorylated, trigger degradation of mitotic cyclins and accumulation of the Cdk1 inhibitor, Sic1. Cdc14 is sequestered in the nucleolus during most of the cell cycle but is released into the nucleus and cytoplasm during anaphase. When Cdc14 is not properly sequestered in the nucleolus, expression of the S-phase cyclin Clb5 is required for viability, suggesting that the antagonizing activity of Clb5-dependent Cdk1 specifically is necessary when Cdc14 is delocalized. We show that delocalization of Cdc14 combined with loss of Clb5 causes defects in DNA replication. When Cdc14 is not sequestered, it efficiently dephosphorylates a subset of Cdk1 substrates including the replication factors, Sld2 and Dpb2. Mutations causing Cdc14 mislocalization interact genetically with mutations affecting the function of DNA polymerase epsilon and the S-phase checkpoint protein Mec1. Our findings suggest that Cdc14 is retained in the nucleolus to support a favorable kinase/phosphatase balance while cells are replicating their DNA, in addition to the established role of Cdc14 sequestration in coordinating nuclear segregation with mitotic exit.     

Novel agents that promote bone regeneration.

Regulation of bone growth is controlled partly by local growth factors, which have effects on bone including the differentiation of precursor cells, osteoblast proliferation, the stimulation of matrix synthesis and angiogenesis. These factors are hypothesized to have a role in augmenting bone repair. In the past year, recombinant technology has provided sufficient material to allow extensive in vivo evaluation of this hypothesis.     

肥胖及2型糖尿病患者内脏脂肪基因差异表达研究

目的：筛查在正常人、单纯性肥胖患者及肥胖伴2型糖尿病患者内脏脂肪组织中差异表达的基因。方法：利用自制的高密度cDNA芯片,比较正常人、单纯性肥胖患者及肥胖伴2型糖尿病患者内脏脂肪组织中差异表达的基因,以寻找脂肪组织特异的与肥胖及糖尿病发生有关的基因。结果：和正常人相比,在肥胖患者及肥胖伴2型糖尿病患者中上调的基因分别有119个和257个,下调的基因分别有46和58个。这些基因中有77个在两组中均上调,其中包括与代谢有关的基因,如丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶4（PDK4）以及窖蛋白、金属硫因蛋白等;8个基因在两组中均下调,其中包括脂肪合成途径中的关键酶,如3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A（MGA）合成酶、脂肪酸合成酶及硬脂酰辅酶A脱氢酶。另外,酪氨酸-3单加氧酶-色氨酸-5单加氧酶活化蛋白θ（YWHAZ）仅在肥胖伴2型糖尿病患者中上调,而在单纯性肥胖患者中不变,该基因所编码的蛋白在胰岛素信号转导途径中起着负调控的作用。结论：脂肪组织中脂肪生成下降、脂肪酸氧化增加可能是肥胖及2型糖尿病中胰岛素抵抗发生的共同原因,其它基因功能的改变也可能参与了肥胖及2型糖尿病的发生,而胰岛素信号转导受阻可能是肥胖向糖尿病转化的促进因素。对这些基因的进一步研究将有助于更好地了解肥胖及糖尿病的发生机制。     

Enzymes that counteract nitrosative stress promote fungal virulence

Enzymes that protect cells from reactive oxygen species (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) have well-established roles in mammalian biology and microbial pathogenesis. Two recently identified enzymes detoxify nitric oxide (NO)-related molecules; flavohemoglobin denitrosylase consumes NO, and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase metabolizes GSNO. Although both enzymes protect microorganisms from nitrosative challenge in vitro, their relevance has not been established in physiological contexts. Here we studied their biological functions in Cryptococcus neoformans, an established human fungal pathogen that replicates in macrophages and whose growth in vitro and in infected animals is controlled by NO bioactivity. We show that both flavohemoglobin denitrosylase and GSNO reductase contribute to C. neoformans pathogenesis. FHB1 and GNO1 mutations abolished NO- and GSNO-consuming activity, respectively. Growth of fhb1 mutant cells was inhibited by nitrosative challenge, whereas that of gno1 mutants was not. fhb1 mutants showed attenuated virulence in a murine model, and virulence was restored in iNOS(-/-) animals. Survival of the fhb1 mutant was also reduced in activated macrophages and restored to wild-type by inhibition of NOS activity. Combining mutations in flavohemoglobin and GSNO reductase, or flavohemoglobin and superoxide dismutase, further attenuated virulence. These studies illustrate that fungal pathogens elaborate enzymatic defenses against nitrosative stress mounted by the host.     

Thrombospondins are astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis

The establishment of neural circuitry requires vast numbers of synapses to be generated during a specific window of brain development, but it is not known why the developing mammalian brain has a much greater capacity to generate new synapses than the adult brain. Here we report that immature but not mature astrocytes express thrombospondins (TSPs)-1 and -2 and that these TSPs promote CNS synaptogenesis in vitro and in vivo. TSPs induce ultrastructurally normal synapses that are presynaptically active but postsynaptically silent and work in concert with other, as yet unidentified, astrocyte-derived signals to produce functional synapses. These studies identify TSPs as CNS synaptogenic proteins, provide evidence that astrocytes are important contributors to synaptogenesis within the developing CNS, and suggest that TSP-1 and -2 act as a permissive switch that times CNS synaptogenesis by enabling neuronal molecules to assemble into synapses within a specific window of CNS development.     

Synthetic hydrogel niches that promote hMSC viability.

Photopolymerized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels were used as a base platform for the encapsulation and culture of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The base PEG formulation presents an environment completely devoid of cell-matrix interactions. As such, viability of hMSCs in unmodified PEG hydrogels is very low. This formulation was modified to contain pendant phosphate groups to facilitate the sequestering of osteopontin within the gel, as well as pendant cell-adhesive RGD peptide sequences, which are found in osteopontin and other cell adhesion proteins. The survivability of hMSCs was examined with culture time and as a function of the gel chemistry to examine the role of cell-matrix interactions in promoting long-term viability. In the absence of any adhesive ligands, hMSC viability drops to 15% after 1 week in culture. However, by incorporating the RGD sequence or pendant phosphate groups this low viability was rescued to 75% and 97%, respectively. It is believed that the phosphate groups promote mineralization of the hydrogel network, and this mineral phase sequesters cell-secreted osteopontin, resulting in enhanced cell-matrix interactions and improved cell viability.     

Restriction and modification of phage 47 and lambda by R factors

S. panama 47 (antibiotic-sensitive, phage pattern A) was infected with R factors from a number of field strains of Enterobacteriaceae (Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella andProteus) isolated from human and animal sources. These R factors could be grouped into 11 types i.e. R1 R11 on the basis of induced changes in the phage type of the recipient.R8 and R11 renderS. panama resistant to the phages A H:S. panama 47 (R3) and 47 (R6) adsorb the phages A F, but there is no phage multiplication: phages G and H are considered to be restricted and modified in these strains. The R factors R5 and R7 also exert restriction and modification on a number of the typing phages A H. The nature of the changes in phage pattern brought about by R4, R9 and R10 is not understood. R2 does not exert restriction (i.e. no change in phage pattern). The R factors were also investigated for the fi (fertility inhibition) and spp (restriction of phage ) markers.The R factors R3 R11 readily segregate, in the sense that the restriction and modification loci, and occasionally the Resistance Transfer Factor as a whole was frequently lost after R transfer. These 9 types of R factors were encountered infrequently in the present material.Resistance to tetracycline inS.panama is nearly always due to R factors of type R1. In other members of Enterobacteriaceae, notably inE.coli, R1 is less frequently found than R2.