秦岭生态保护区鱼类多样性研究

实地鱼类资源考察、检视鱼类标本以及参考鱼类分类、分布文献表明,秦岭生态保护区现有鱼类7目16科79属共141种(亚种)。物种多样性G-F指数的比较分析显示,和秦岭其他区域相比,秦岭生态保护区鱼类的物种多样性最高:区内不同水系之间相比,则汉江水系最高。利用β多样性指数和Jaccard相似性系数对秦岭生态保护区4条水系的鱼类多样性进行分析,结果显示区内鱼类分布南北差异明显;南坡的3条水系中,南洛河水系和嘉陵江水系鱼类生境相似程度较高,鱼类种、属分化、隔离程度较低,而与汉江水系的生境差异显著,鱼类种属分化、隔离程度较高。根据区内自然地理及水系特征,对水系间鱼类β多样性出现的差异进行了分析。     

海南尖峰岭国家级自然保护区雨季鱼类群落结构特征研究

为了了解海南尖峰岭国家级自然保护区雨季鱼类群落结构和多样性特征,于2018年8月采用地笼、手抄网等网具对该区域内溪流的鱼类资源进行了调查。结果表明:本次调查共采集到鱼类样本310尾,隶属于6目13科21属23种。新记录鱼类共有14种,其中9种为外来物种。鱼类香农-威纳多样性指数(H')为2. 41,物种丰富度(D)为3. 84,均匀度指数(J')为0. 77,优势度为(λ)为0. 14。与历史资料相比,群落多样性显著升高,同时外来物种入侵生态风险也在升高。该研究结果丰富了尖峰岭国家自然保护区鱼类多样性基础资料,为海南热带雨林国家公园生物多样性保护策略制定提供科学依据。     

南岳衡山自然保护区鱼类资源调查

南岳衡山自然保护区为我国著名的风景名胜旅游区,区内水流先后汇入湘江.2007～2009年4月和10月,对保护区内野生鱼类资源进行了系统调查.共采集鱼类标本2 309号,经鉴定为36种,隶属4目12科29属,多为山区溪流小型鱼类,区系组成以鲤形目鲤科为主.该地区鱼类生物多样性指数(H')为2.349,均匀度指数(J)为0.455,优势度指数(λ)为0.325.优势种为南方长须鳅鮀(Gobiobotia meridionalis)和子陵栉虾虎鱼(Rhinogobius giurius),均由3个年龄组组成,种群均处于增长阶段.     

黄山浮溪、香溪和浦溪上游鱼类资源现状的调查研究

通过对黄山的浮溪、香溪和浦溪三条溪流上游的鱼类组成现状进行了调查和研究,结果表明,目前这三条溪流上游鱼类共计15种,隶属于3目、7科和13属,浦溪中的鱼类物种数量(15种)明显高于浮溪(7种)和香溪(6种);浮溪和香溪尽管分属不同水系,但其鱼类在组成上却具有极高的相似性。同历史数据相比,目前黄山溪流鱼类多样性明显下降,分别从水坝的建立、沿岸生境的破坏、非法捕捞和水质污染四个方面对该变化趋势进行了讨论,并提出了有关开展黄山溪流鱼类保护的建议措施。     

太湖鱼类群落结构及多样性

为了解太湖鱼类群落结构和多样性的分布特征,于2009-2010年利用拖网等网具对该水域的鱼类资源进行了调查.结果表明:本次调查共采获鱼类50种,隶属10目15科40属,其中鲤形目种类最多,占总数的68％;鱼类生态类型以湖泊定居性种类为主,群落优势种为湖鲚(Coilia ectenes taihuensis)、间下鱵(Hyporhamphus intermedius)和陈氏短吻银鱼(Salangichthys jordani)等小型鱼类;与历史资料相比,太湖鱼类的物种数量下降,优势种组成发生较大变化,鱼类群落中体质量＜30 g的小型鱼类占绝对优势,渔业资源小型化趋势明显.由于过度捕捞和湖泊环境恶化,鱼类群落生物多样性指数均表现偏低,物种丰富度指数D为1.54,多样性指数H’N、H’w分别为0.21和0.46,均匀度指数J'N、.J'w分别为0.07和0.14;太湖各湖区间鱼类种群和多样性的差别一定程度上反映出鱼类群落结构与湖泊营养盐、透明度等环境特征相适应的特点.     

长江口崇明东滩鱼类群落组成和生物多样性

对2004-2006年每年的5-8月长江口崇明东滩鱼类群落组成和生物多样性进行了调查.结果表明:崇明东滩鱼类群落共有14目22科37属39种,以鲈形目最多,鲤形目次之,鱼类群落可分为4个生态类型,其中淡水鱼类13种、河口定居性鱼类6种、洄游性鱼类4种、近海鱼类16种,群落优势种为长蛇绚(Saurogobio dumerili)、中国花鲈(Lateo-labrax maculatus)、窄体舌鳎(Cynoglossus gracilis)、刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)、鮻(Liza haematochei-la)和鲻(Mugil cephalus)共6种;多样性特征值平均指标为Margalef丰富度指数(R)为2.30,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')为1.95,Wilhm多样性改进指数(H")为2.17,Mc-Naughton优势度指数Dn和Dw分别为0.60和0.45,Simpson单纯度指数(C)为0.22,Pielou均匀度指数(J')为0.59;崇明东滩鱼类群落中体质量<50 g的小型鱼类占绝对优势,经济鱼类趋于小型化,生物多样性呈下降趋势.为了保护崇明东滩的鱼类资源,应加大重要种群和生境保护和恢复的力度.     

基于鱼类多样性与生物完整性的海南岛南渡江河流健康评价

根据2016—2017年南渡江鱼类资源调查数据,通过分析渔获生物量、相对重要性指数IRI、Pielou均匀性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数评估了南渡江的鱼类生物多样性。基于鱼类生物完整性指数IBI构建了两套评价体系,分别评价了南渡江的局部健康状况及其与历史的差异。鱼类多样性研究结果表明:群落中存在尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticu)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、海南似鱎(Toxabramis houdemeri)、(Hemiculter leucisulus)等16种优势种;Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数均显示,以南渡江源头及河口采样点的数值较高,中部采样点数值较低;Pielou均匀性指数则表现为南渡江中部采样点数值高,两端采样点的低。鱼类生物完整性评价结果表明:南渡江保存了历史的大部分鱼类,各项百分比指标与历史的变化幅度在0.2%~10.5%,而种类指标变化范围在0~4种;从南渡江局部江段来看,中游江段评价得分仅为19分,远低于其他江段的36~46分。研究表明:南渡江鱼类生物多样性和生物完整性保存完好,河流健康状况好;在河流内部,源头和河口生物多样性高且完整性好,而河流中游健康状况差。     

胶州湾中部海域春、夏季鱼类群落结构特征

根据2009年3-8月在胶州湾中部海域逐月进行的定点底拖网调查数据,分析了胶州湾春、夏季鱼类群落种类组成,采用生态多样性指数分析了群落物种多样性,并用典范对应分析法研究了鱼类组成与主要环境因子的关系.结果表明：该海域共捕获鱼类43种,隶属于8目24科38属.种类数随底层水温的升高而增加.种类丰富度指数D变化范围为2.440～2.770,多样性指数H变化范围为1.322～2.346,均匀度指数J 变化范围为0.416～0.771,t检验表明春、夏季间各物种多样性指数均差异不显著(P>0.05).种类组成的秩相关性分析表明相邻月份鱼类组成及生物量大小的顺位基本稳定.典范对应分析结果表明影响胶州湾中部海域鱼类种类组成月间变化的主要环境因子为底层水温.     

陕西化龙山国家自然保护区鱼类多样性分析

2011~2012年,对化龙山国家级自然保护区内南江河、岚河干支流的鱼类资源进行了考察,共捕获鱼类1 196尾,鉴定出鱼类27种,分属4目9科23属。鲤科鱼类12种;鳅科6种,分别占种数的44.44%和22.22%。并利用Simpson多样性指数(D)、Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H')、Brillouin指数(H)、均匀度指数(J')和Mclntosh指数(DMC)五种分析方法,对本保护区鱼类多样性进行了分析,得出鲤科为本保护区内优势群,其次为鳅科,且干流内鱼类资源的种类和数量、生物多样性情况均高于支流。     

湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区山溪鱼类多样性调查与分析

2007年8月～2008年9月,作者对湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区山溪鱼类的物种多样性进行了调查和统计分析。共采集鱼类标本3 420尾,经分类鉴定为39种,隶属于4目11科15亚科35属。其中,草食性鱼类5种,肉食性鱼类18种,杂食性鱼类16种;四川爬岩鳅(Beaufortia szechuanensis)、鳗尾(Liobagrus anguillicauda)为湖南省鱼类新纪录。鱼类多样性指数(H′)为2.612,丰富度指数(D)为3.461,均匀度指数(J)为0.706。该区鱼类以适应山溪急流生活的21种土著鱼类为主体,占本次调查鱼类总物种数的51.2%。尖头(Phoxinus oxycephalus)和粗须白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbata)为保护区鱼类群落的优势种,相对多度指数分别为23.6%和23.4%。     

Distribution of Anisakis larvae, identified by genetic markers, and their use for stock characterization of demersal and pelagic fish from European waters: an update

In the present paper, recent results obtained on the use of different distributions observed in larval species of Anisakis, genetically identified by means of allozyme markers, for stock characterization of demersal (Merluccius merluccius), small (Trachurus trachurus) and large pelagic (Xiphias gladius) finfish species in European waters, are reviewed and discussed. Several species of Anisakis were identified in the three fish hosts: A. simplex (s.s.), A. physeteris, A. typica, A. ziphidarum, A. pegreffii, A. brevispiculata and A. paggiae. Canonical discriminant analysis performed on all the samples of the three fish species collected in areas comprising their geographical range, according to the different species of Anisakis identified, showed distinct fish populations in European waters. In all the three fish hosts, the pattern of distribution of Anisakis larvae allowed discrimination of Mediterranean stocks from Atlantic stocks. In the case of swordfish, the possible existence of a southern Atlantic stock separated from a northern one is also suggested. Congruence and discordance with the population genetic data inferred from allozyme markers on the same samples of the three fish species are also discussed.     

Length‐weight relationships of six fishes from the Anning River,China

This paper provides the length–weight relationships for six fish species collected from the Anning River, one of the biggest tributaries of the Yalong River in China. A total of 1096 specimens belonging to six fish species were analyzed. Among them, the length–weight relationships for 4 fish species are first‐time reports for FishBase and new maximum lengths of one fish species is also reported.     

Fish in Reservoirs

In all reservoirs the fish fauna is recruited from their riverine antecedents. The nature of the riverine environment, created by its unstable hydrological regime, favours the evolution of generalist species. Of these species, only a few are preadapted to lacustrine conditions. When riverine fish communities are trapped in a reservoir, most of the fish stay close to the shore, the mouth of tributaries and in shallows. The pelagic and deep waters are poorly utilized and the yield of fish is below the natural productivity of these water bodies, especially in the case of deep and large reservoirs. This occurs unless the dammed river contains fish species from families which are preadapted for lacustrine conditions. A positive correlation between the percentage of pelagic fish and the total yield of fish in reservoirs indicates that the pelagial represents a vacant habitat, only seldom invaded by riverine species. This situation probably applies to the deep water of reservoirs too, although sufficient data to demonstrate this are not available. The littoral region of reservoirs is utilized by some generalists of euryoecious species derived from the indigenous riverine fauna which may be preadapted for lacustrine conditions. If such preadapted lacustrine species are not present, the introduction of lacustrine species or those preadapted for the lacustrine environment is desirable under certain circumstances. However, caution must be exercised in any introduction.     

Distribution of fishes in the Río Guayalejo-Río Tamesí system and relationships with environmental factors in northeastern Mexico

A priority issue in ecology and biogeography is understanding the patterns in species diversity and the causal factors of their distribution, which allows the generation of information for conservation strategies. The longitudinal distribution of fishes and their relationships with environmental variables were studied in the Guayalejo-Río Tamesí system (northeastern Mexico) from February 2000 to July 2001. A total of 5918 fish were caught in 27 collections along an altitudinal gradient in the main river course, from high mountain (1500 masl) to coastal plain near Tampico. Forty-three native and five exotic species, belonging to 35 genera in 23 families, were identified. Cluster analyses identified four major fish habitats in the river system. A distinctive euryhaline marine fish habitat (1) occurs near the mouth with native and two exotic species. Two other habitats consist essentially of freshwater fish species that are distributed along the longitudinal gradient. One of these habitats (habitat 4) shows greater diversity, as per the Shannon index value, and also includes amphidromous fish, in addition to two exotic freshwater fish; the other (habitat 2) includes freshwater, euryhaline and three exotic species. The changes in the frequency of occurrence and the abundance of Gambusia vittata, Astyanax mexicanus, and Xiphophorus variatus contribute to explaining differences between these habitats. Another habitat (3) is represented by two sampling sites located near the mouth and consist of freshwater and euryhaline fish and three exotic cyprinids with broad salinity tolerance. The low abundance and richness of exotic species suggest little impact on native fish fauna in this river. The fish assemblage of the Guayalejo-Tamesí river system species changes along a longitudinal gradient with the addition, replacement and presence of indicator species. Upstream fish fauna is mostly composed of freshwater species, some of them generalists that inhabit the entire longitudinal gradient, others that are restricted to certain sites, and the remainder of species is an assemblage composed of a mixture of euryhaline freshwater and marine species near the mouth.     

泉州湾海域鱼类多样性及营养级变化

利用2008年5月和10月在泉州湾进行的拖网渔业资源调查资料, 探讨了该海域鱼类群落结构和物种多样性特征。结果表明, 两次拖网调查共鉴定鱼类54种, 隶属于2纲13目32科。其中中上层鱼类12种, 近底层鱼类19种, 底层鱼类23种; 暖水性鱼类40种, 暖温性鱼类14种, 未发现冷温性和冷水性种类; 杂食性鱼类4种, 低级肉食性鱼类37种, 中级肉食性鱼类8种, 高级肉食性鱼类5种。白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)和叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)是5月份最主要的优势种, 凤鲚(Coilia mystus)和龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus)是10月份最主要的优势种。与1985年的调查资料相比, 泉州湾鱼类组成和优势种发生了很大的变化, 多样性指数由3.05下降到2.32, 均匀度指数由0.76下降到0.58, 营养级指数由2.79下降到2.54。泉州湾鱼类多样性下降的主要原因可能是过度捕捞、水域污染和栖息地丧失等。     

台湾海峡鱼类物种多样性研究回顾

台湾海峡位于中国福建和台湾岛之间, 其特殊的海洋环境使得其鱼类物种多样性水平较高并独具特色。本文综述了台湾海峡鱼类物种多样性研究的历程和成果。20世纪以来, 台湾海峡鱼类物种多样性的研究可以划分为早期研究时期、研究起步时期、系统调查时期和综合研究时期4个阶段, 从最初以新种描述为主的零星报道, 到大规模系统性的综合调查和研究; 目前为止, 大陆文献共记录台湾海峡鱼类1390种, 台湾地区文献共记录鱼类1525种, 总计台湾海峡鱼类1697种。这些种类多数为暖水性广布种, 鱼类区系以印度-西太平洋暖水区的印度-马来亚区和中-日亚区过渡海区种为主; 今后台湾海峡鱼类物种多样性的研究应加强两岸合作, 并充分发挥数据库应用的优势地位。     

Zonation of a lentic ecotone and its correspondence to life history strategies in fish

A drainage channel network southeast of lake Neusiedl was investigated for fish species distribution. The network consists of relatively large and permanent channels providing a stable habitat for fish and smaller unstable channels drying up approximately once every five years. A consistent pattern of fish species distribution was found which could be interpreted with the help of a new triangular model of life history adaptations. In permanent channels so-called periodic and equilibrium species prevail whereas temporary channels are inhabited by opportunistic species exclusively. In the drainage channel network a number of locally endangered fish species which have disappeared from the adjacent lake during the last decades were found suggesting that the channel network functions as a refuge for these fishes.     

上海大莲湖鱼类群落组成及生物多样性

于2009年4月11—19日、4月27—5月8日和5月20—29日3个时间段对大莲湖的鱼类群落特征及其多样性组成进行了调查,共收集鱼类样本24061尾,隶属11科17属22种。群落优势种为鲫(Carassius auratus),占样本个体总数的76.38%;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)为1.0027,Simpson优势度指数(λ)为0.5959,Pielous均匀度指数(J′)为0.3244,Margalef种类丰富度指标(D)为2.0816,相对稀有种数(R)为90.91%;鱼类群落可分为3个生态类型:江海洄游性鱼类有3种、河湖洄游性鱼类1种和定居性鱼类18种。鱼类食性可分为5种类型:食鱼性鱼类9种、食无脊椎动物性鱼类2种、杂食性鱼类7种、食浮游生物性鱼类有3种和草食性鱼类1种。研究结果表明:大莲湖鱼类群落的多样性指标处于较低水平,稳定性较低;相对于黄埔江下游地区,大莲湖的食鱼性鱼类比例较高,说明位于黄浦江上游的大莲湖之水质好于下游流域。为保护和持续利用大莲湖鱼类资源,应加强监管和对生态环境的保护。     

Anisakis simplex larvae: infection status in marine fish and cephalopods purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea

The infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with Anisakis simplex third stage larva (L3) was studied over a period of 1 year. A total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea, from August 2006 to July 2007. They were examined for A. simplex L3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. A. simplex L3 were confirmed by light microscopy. The overall infection rate reached 34.3%, and average 17.1 larvae were parasitized per infected fish. Fish that recorded the highest infection rate was Lophiomus setigerus (100%), followed by Liparis tessellates (90%), Pleurogrammus azonus (90%), and Scomber japonicus (88.7%). The intensity of infection was the highest in Gadus macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S. japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). Although abundance of A. simplex L3 was not seasonal in most of the fish species, 10 of the 16 selected species showed the highest abundance in February and April. A positive correlation between the intensity of L3 infection and the fish length was obvious in S. japonicus and G. macrocephalus. It was likely that A. simplex L3 are more frequently infected during the spring season in some species of fish. Our study revealed that eating raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods could still be a source of human infection with A. simplex L3 in Korea.