Outbreak of human astrovirus 1 lineage 1d in a childcare center in China

正Dear Editor,Astrovirus is an enteric virus associated with sporadic diarrhea or large outbreaks of gastroenteritis(Mendez et al.,2013).Until 2008,human astroviruses(HAst Vs)were classified into eight serotypes—HAstV-1 to HAstV-8—based on the reactivity of their capsid protein with type-specific antibodies.Among these serotypes,HAstV-1is the most prevalent globally.However,some divergent new astroviruses(MLB1/MLB2,VA1/VA2/VA3,and HMO A/B/C)have been discovered recently in stool     

Narrow distribution of cyanophage <Emphasis Type="Italic">psbA</Emphasis> genes observed in two paddy waters of Northeast China by an incubation experiment

Electronic Supplementary MaterialSupplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s12250-015-3673-5 and is accessible for authorized users.     

Molecular characterization of DENV-3 circulating during the post-monsoon period of 2013–14 in Delhi,India

<正>Dear Editor,Dengue infection is one of the emerging concerns for public health on a global scale.Over the past few years,dengue transmission has increased in the Americas,the western Pacific and southeast Asia.The magnitude,distribution,and clinical severity of dengue outbreaks have been an alarming signal in the southeast Asia region.Major outbreaks have been reported in countries in this     

Identification and genomic analysis of a novel member of Microviridae,IME-16, through high-throughput sequencing

<正>Dear Editor,Bacteriophages predominate in the biosphere and outnumber their hosts by at least one order of magnitude(Srinivasiah et al.,2008).They have been used for over90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in Eastern Europe(Deresinski,2009).With the increasing emergence of antibiotic resistance,the therapeutic potential of bacteriophages is being reevaluated(Kutter et al.,2010).Until recently,phages possessing ds DNA genomes have been     

Morphological diversity of cultured cold-active lytic bacteriophages isolated from the Napahai plateau wetland in China

<正>Dear Editor,Viruses are the most abundant,diverse,and ubiquitous entities(approximately 1031)on Earth.They play major roles in horizontal gene transfer,the regulation of bacterial community structures,as well as nutrient and energy cycles of marine ecosystems(Danovaro et al.,2008).In particular,lytic bacteriophages(phages)can infect and kill bacteria without harming human or animal     

Construction and characterization of infectious cDNA clones of enterovirus 71(EV71)

<正>Dear Editor,Enterovirus 71(EV71),a member of the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae,is a single-stranded,positive-sense RNA virus that usually causes mild handfoot-mouth disease(HFMD)in children,with symptoms such as fever,diarrhea,and herpangina(Liu et al.,2013).However,certain strains of EV71 infection can cause severe neurological complications,such as SDLY107(Sun et al.,2014).EV71 is classified into three distinct genotypes(A–C);the B and C genotypes are further divided into B1–B5 and C1–C5 genotypes,respectively,based on     

Histopathology of Porcine kobuvirus in Chinese piglets

<正>Dear Editor,Kobuvirus,classified as a new genus within the Picornaviridae family in 1999,is a non-enveloped virus with single-stranded,positive-sense genomic RNA(Pringle,1999).This genus contains 3 species currently recoganized:Aichivirus A(Ai V),Aichivirus B(BKo V),and Aichivirus C(PKo V).PKo V was first detected in fecal     

Amino acids essential for the interaction between cellular heat shock protein 90 and a Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded protein kinase ORF36

Electronic Supplementary MaterialSupplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s12250-016-3839-9 and is accessible for authorized users.     

Large discrepancy between the two-way rNHT distances in hemagglutinin-inhibition assay

正Dear Editor,The influenza viruses cause continual epidemics in human society.As is reported by the World Health Organization(WHO),each year the seasonal influenza viruses,i.e.,human influenza A(H1N1),A(H3N2)and B viruses,infected 5%~15%of the world’s population,leading to about 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and     

Characterization and complete genome sequence of vB_EcoP-Bp4, a novel polyvalent N4-like bacteriophage that infects chicken pathogenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

Electronic Supplementary MaterialSupplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s12250-016-3787-4 and is accessible for authorized users.     

Distribution and molecular variability of four tobacco viruses in China

正Dear Editor,Plant viruses cause great economic losses to tobacco production(Dai et al.,2012).Many types of viruses have been reported to infect tobacco plants,including Tobacco mosaic virus(TMV)(Chen et al.,2014),Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV)(Dai et al.,2012),Tobacco etch     

Detection and pathogenesis of a novel swine H3N2 influenza virus containing three genes from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses in Korea in 2015

正Dear Editor,Influenza A viruses cause pandemics at an interval of approximately 10–40 years,and pigs are regarded as a"mixing vessel"because they are easily infected with avian and human influenza viruses(Ito et al.,1998).According to previous studies,H3N2,H1N2,and H1N1     

Endocannabinoid signaling pathways: beyond CB1R and CB2R

The search for cannabinoid receptors other than CB1R and CB2R has been ongoing for over a decade. A number of orphan receptors have been proposed as potential cannabinoid receptors primarily based on phylogenic arguments and reactivity towards known endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids. Seven putative cannabinoid receptors are described and discussed, and evidence for and against their inclusion in this category are presented.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12079-021-00622-6.     

A review of non-prostanoid,eicosanoid receptors: expression,characterization, regulation,and mechanism of action

Eicosanoid signaling controls a wide range of biological processes from blood pressure homeostasis to inflammation and resolution thereof to the perception of pain and to cell survival itself. Disruption of normal eicosanoid signaling is implicated in numerous disease states. Eicosanoid signaling is facilitated by G-protein-coupled, eicosanoid-specific receptors and the array of associated G-proteins. This review focuses on the expression, characterization, regulation, and mechanism of action of non-prostanoid, eicosanoid receptors.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12079-021-00630-6.     

Cytotoxic iron chelators: characterization of the structure,solution chemistry and redox activity of ligands and iron complexes of the di-2-pyridyl ketone isonicotinoyl hydrazone (<Emphasis Type="Bold">H</Emphasis>PKIH) analogues

Di-2-pyridyl ketone isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPKIH) and a range of its analogues comprise a series of monobasic acids that are capable of binding iron (Fe) as tridentate (N,N,O) ligands. Recently, we have shown that these chelators are highly cytotoxic, but show selective activity against cancer cells. Particularly interesting was the fact that cytotoxicity of the HPKIH analogues is maintained even after complexation with Fe. To understand the potent anti-tumor activity of these compounds, we have fully characterized their chemical properties. This included examination of the solution chemistry and X-ray crystal structures of both the ligands and Fe complexes from this class and the ability of these complexes to mediate redox reactions. Potentiometric titrations demonstrated that all chelators are present predominantly in their charge-neutral form at physiological pH (7.4), allowing access across biological membranes. Keto–enol tautomerism of the ligands was identified, with the tautomers exhibiting distinctly different protonation constants. Interestingly, the chelators form low-spin (diamagnetic) divalent Fe complexes in solution. The chelators form distorted octahedral complexes with Fe^II, with two tridentate ligands arranged in a meridional fashion. Electrochemistry of the Fe complexes in both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions revealed that the complexes are oxidized to their ferric form at relatively high potentials, but this oxidation is coupled to a rapid reaction with water to form a hydrated (carbinolamine) derivative, leading to irreversible electrochemistry. The Fe complexes of the HPKIH analogues caused marked DNA degradation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. This observation confirms that Fe complexes from the HPKIH series mediate Fenton chemistry and do not repel DNA. Collectively, studies on the solution chemistry and structure of these HPKIH analogues indicate that they can bind cellular Fe and enhance its redox activity, resulting in oxidative damage to vital biomolecules.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at .Abbreviations DFO desferrioxamine - HPKIH di-2-pyridyl ketone isonicotinoyl hydrazone - HNIH 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone - HPCIH 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone - HPIH pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone - L linear DNA - OC open circular DNA - SC supercoiled DNA     

Kinetics and DFT studies on the reaction of copper(II) complexes and H2O2

Copper(II) complexes supported by bulky tridentate ligands L1^H (N,N-bis(2-quinolylmethyl)-2-phenylethylamine) and L1^Ph (N,N-bis(2-quinolylmethyl)-2,2-diphenylethylamine) have been prepared and their crystal structures as well as some physicochemical properties have been explored. Each complex exhibits a square pyramidal structure containing a coordinated solvent molecule at an equatorial position and a weakly coordinated counter anion (or water) at an axial position. The copper(II) complexes reacted readily with H₂O₂ at a low temperature to give mononuclear hydroperoxo copper(II) complexes. Kinetics and DFT studies have suggested that, in the initial stage of the reaction, deprotonated hydrogen peroxide attacks the cupric ion, presumably at the axial position, to give a hydroperoxo copper(II) complex retaining the coordinated solvent molecule (H ^R ·S). H ^R ·S then loses the solvent to give a tetragonal copper(II)-hydroperoxo complex (H ^R ), in which the –OOH group may occupy an equatorial position. The copper(II)–hydroperoxo complex H ^R exhibits a relatively high O–O bond stretching vibration at 900 cm⁻¹ compared to other previously reported examples.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at     

Carbamoylphosphonate-based matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor metal complexes: solution studies and stability constants. Towards a zinc-selective binding group

Overactive matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with a variety of disease states. Therefore, their inhibition is a highly desirable goal. Yet, more than a decade of worldwide activity has not produced even one clinically useful inhibitor. Because of the crucial role of zinc in the activity of the enzyme, the design of inhibitors is usually based upon a so-called zinc binding group (ZBG). Yet, many of the hitherto synthesized potent inhibitors failed clinically, presumably because they bind stronger to metals other than zinc. We have developed in vivo potent inhibitors based on the carbamoylphosphonic group as a putative ZBG. In this paper we report stability constants for Ca(II), Mg(II), Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes of two potent, in vivo active, MMP inhibitors, cyclopentylcarbamoylphosphonic acid (1) and 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylcarbamoylphosphonic acid (2). Precipitation prevented the determination of stability constants for iron(III) complexes of 1 and 2. For comparison with carbamoylphosphonates 1 and 2, we synthesized 2-cyclohexyl-1,1-difluoroethylphosphonic acid (3), which does not inhibit MMP, and determined the stability constants of its complexes with Mg(II), Ca(II) and Zn(II). Comparison with the values obtained from the complexes of 1 and 2 with those from 3 indicates participation of the C=O group in the metal binding of the former compounds. The complex stability orders for both 1 and 2 are Ca(II)<Mg(II)<Zn(II)<Cu(II). In addition, the results indicate that at pH>8 the dimethylamino group of compound 2 can also participate in the binding of the transition metals Cu and Zn. On the other hand, the amino group in carbamoylphosphonic acid 2 lowers the stability of the complexes with metals favoring oxygen ligands (Ca, Mg and Fe) and increases the selectivity towards Zn. These results are helpful for rationalizing the results observed on our MMP inhibitors hitherto examined, and are expected to be useful for the design of new selective inhibitors.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00775-004-0524-5     

Packing analysis and the crystal chemistry of 2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopent-3-ene-1-one. Rationale for a non-topochemical solid-state reaction

The molecular and crystal structure of 2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopent-3-ene-1-one has been studied in detail to explain the formation of a non-topochemical pseudo-mirror-symmetric dimer upon photoirradiation. Packing energy calculations, analysis of the thermal motion, and lattice energy calculations are employed to analyse and understand the observed dimerization reaction, crystal structure, and crystal properties. Supplementary data relating to this article have been deposited with the British Library as Supplementary Publication No. SUP 82137 (6 pages).