Nramp基因家族及其功能

Ｎｒａｍｐ基因家族首先在动物中发现并得以克隆。小鼠 (Ｍｕｓｍｕｓｃｕｌｕｓ)对细胞内病原微生物侵染所具有的抗性或敏感性是受 1号染色体上显性基因Ｂｃｇ、Ｉｔｙ或Ｌｓｈ控制的[1] ,由此将该类基因命名为Ｎｒａｍｐ(ｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｍａｃｒｏｐｈａｇｅｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ)基因[2 ] 。编码Ｎｒａｍｐ这一膜整合蛋白家族的基因 ,在植物、真菌乃至细菌中也得以克隆。对其功能的分析表明 ,该家族基因可能通过转运金属离子而使生物体产生抵抗病菌侵染的能力。目前 ,国内还未见到有关Ｎｒａｍｐ基因…     

玉米镉转运基因ZmNramp1的鉴定及对镉胁迫的响应

NRAMP(natural-resistance-associated macrophage)转运蛋白家族在调控植物吸收、转运重金属镉(Cd)等方面具有重要功能.基于拟南芥、水稻、番茄和山荆子的Nramp1基因的保守序列,设计玉米该基因的兼并引物,克隆测序得到该基因,片段全长314 bp,包含10个外显子,编码104个...     

植物Mg转运蛋白与相关基因及其功能的研究进展

镁离子是植物细胞中最丰富的二价阳离子,在植物的生长发育中起着重要的作用．对Mg^2＋独特的几何和化学性质,Mg^2＋对植物细胞体内中动态平衡的影响,植物中Mg^2＋转运相关蛋白与相关基因及其功能的研究进展进行了综述．     

铁转运机制与相关基因的研究进展

铁素营养分子生物学方面的研究有了很大进展。人们利用各种特异突变株和差异筛选已克隆到部分与铁转运有关的基因。本文主要在分子生物学水平概括了酵母铁吸收转运机制和植物缺铁胁迫相关基因及其基因表达的研究进展。     

铁转运机制与相关基因的研究进展

铁素营养分子生物学方面的研究有了很大进展。人们利用各种特异突变株和差异筛选已克隆到部分与铁转运有关的基因。本文主要在分子生物学水平概括了酵母铁吸收转运机制和植物缺铁胁迫相关基因及其基因表达的研究进展。     

植物Mg2+转运蛋白与相关基因及其功能的研究进展

镁离子是植物细胞中最丰富的二价阳离子.在植物的生长发育中起着重要的作用.对Mg2+独特的几何和化学性质,Mg2对植物细胞体内中动态平衡的影响,植物中Mg2+转运相关蛋白与相关基因及其功能的研究进展进行了综述.     

酵母的铁/铜转运系统及其相关基因

对于研究高等生物的铁／铜转运机制来说,单细胞真核生物酵母是一个非常理想的细胞模型,因为它易于操作和进行突变体的筛选工作。对于各种特异突变体的研究为我们揭开细胞生命活动的基因控制秘密作出了极大的贡献。酵母细胞与原核生物的吸铁机制不同,它不能分泌铁载体来完成对外界环境中铁营养元素的吸收利用,也就是说它不能直接吸收外界环境中的F6（Ill）氧化物,而是采取另外的一种方式来进行铁元素的吸收和利用。近几年研究表明酵母细胞积累外界环境中的铁元素必须由两个步骤来完成：（1）位于细胞质膜上的Fe（Ill）还原酶将Fe（Il…     

质膜转运蛋白及其与植物耐盐性关系研究进展

植物细胞质膜有两种主要功能：⑴溶质运输（进出细胞）,溶质运输主要由转运蛋白完成;⑵信号传导,即接收信号并引发细胞生理生化响应。盐分过多对植物的伤害主要是离子毒害。质膜转运蛋白活性环境变化能做现迅速响应。本文简要叙述了植物细胞质膜转运蛋白类型、分子特性、生理功能及其活性调节。介绍了植物细胞质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ、质膜氧化还原系统、质膜离子载体和离子通道对盐胁迫的响应及其这些响应与植物耐盐性之间的关     

胆固醇酯转运蛋白基因多态性与冠心病关系的研究进展

胆固醇酯转运蛋白(CETP)是杀菌蛋白基因家族的重要成员,其主要功能是介导血浆中的胆固醇酯逆向从外周组织转运至肝脏中。目前,CETP基因被广泛认为是冠状动脉疾病(CHD)易感基因之一,CETP基因位点的遗传差异表明其与高密度脂蛋白浓度的变化有关,而高密度脂蛋白的浓度高低与冠心病的形成有很大的关系。因此,CETP的功能、遗传差异及与冠心病的关系是当前心血管疾病研究中的一个热点。本文较全面地阐述了CETP的生物学特性、功能以及CETP基因多态性与冠心病的关系。     

质膜转运蛋白及其与植物耐盐性关系研究进展

植物细胞质膜有两种主要功能：(1)溶质运输(进出细胞),溶质运输主要由转运蛋白完成;(2)信号传导,即接收信号并引发细胞生理生化响应。盐分过多对植物的伤害主要是离子毒害。质膜转运蛋白活性对环境变化能做出迅速响应。本文简要叙述了植物细胞质膜转运蛋白类型、分子特性、生理功能及其活性调节。介绍了植物细胞质膜H+_ATPase、质膜氧化还原系统、质膜离子载体和离子通道对盐胁迫的响应及其这些响应与植物耐盐性之间的关系。     

荷斯坦牛Nramp1基因遗传多态性及其与乳房炎相关性的研究

利用PCR-SSCP技术检测了344头中国荷斯坦牛Nramp1基因exon 11的基因多态性, 并分析了其不同基因型与乳房炎及产奶量性状的关系。结果表明: 实验群体发现3种基因型AA、AB、BB, 其中A等位基因为优势等位基因, 等位基因频率为0.767, 而B等位基因频率则为0.233。经χ2适合性检验, 群体处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P>0.05)。测序结果显示: 扩增片段分别在200 bp(C/G)和254 bp(T/G)存在碱基突变, 并导致了氨基酸改变, 分别为丙氨酸替换为脯氨酸(Ala356Pro)、亮氨基酸替换为蛋氨酸(Leu374Met)。通过构建最小二乘线性模型, 进行Nramp1基因多态性与产奶量、体细胞评分(SCS)的相关性分析表明, AA型个体的SCS最小二乘均值显著低于BB﹑AB型(P<0.05), 而AA型﹑AB个体的产奶量最小二乘均值显著高于BB型(P<0.01, P<0.05), AA基因型可作为乳房炎抗性的优良基因型。因此, 可将Nramp1作为奶牛乳房炎候选基因应用于分子标记辅助选择育种。     

Differential microbial clearance and immunoresponse of Balb/c (Nramp1 susceptible) and DBA2 (Nramp1 resistant) mice intracerebrally infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG)

In mice, the gene encoding Nramp1 (natural resistance-associated protein 1) exists in two allelic forms, differing for a point mutation. According to Nramp1 genotype, extensive literature documents a clear-cut distinction of inbred strains in two non-overlapping groups that phenotypically express resistance (Nramp1r) and susceptibility (Nramp1s) to systemic infections. Here, we provide evidence that Nramp1r (DBA/2) and Nramp1s (Balb/c) mice differently handle intracerebral infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Distinct trends of microbial clearance from the brain and also different patterns of local immune responses occur, thus arguing on the involvement of Nramp1 gene product on the accomplishment of cerebral anti-mycobacterial defenses.     

水分在植物体内的传输与调控

对近年来国内外有关植物水分传输的研究综合分析表明,从分子、细胞、组织和器官水平上,植物存在优化调控水分平衡的潜在能力,通过转换植物体内的水分传输途径,增加细胞到细胞途径的贡献,能够降低蒸腾、提高水分利用效率。这些新的结论和观点为我国正在兴起的生物节水技术提供了重要的理论依据。在节水农业实践中将生物节水和工程节水有效的结合起来是大幅度提高水资源利用效率的一条重要途径。     

Cadmium absorption and transportation pathways in plants

Controlling the uptake, transport, translocation, and accumulation of excessive amounts of cadmium from polluted environments is critical for plants and, consequently, humans with regard to food safety. Plants adopt various cellular and molecular mechanisms to minimize Cd toxicity. Upon exposure to Cd, plants initially implement avoidance strategies, such as production of organic acids, chelation, and sequestration, to prevent metal access to root cells. Nevertheless, Cd can be transported through the roots, stems, and leaves via apoplastic and symplastic pathways. These processes have been controlled by specific sites at the root surface and root cortex, in cells responsible for loading the root xylem, at the transition between the vascular systems of the root and the shoot, and in connecting tissues and cells at the stem. Although resistance to heavy metal cadmium can be achieved by either avoidance or tolerance, genetic basis to tolerance is therefore implied, in that these mechanisms are heritable attributes of tolerant mutants or genotypes.     

Association of polymorphisms of Nramp1 gene with immune function and production performance of large white pig

The present research was designed to study the association of polymorphism of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein1 (Nramp1) with some immune function and the production performance in Large White pig. The PCR-RFLP technique was applied to analyze the correlation between the polymorphisms of Nramp1 gene and immune function [value of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN) obtained by Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) Reduction and effect of Cytotoxin in Monocyte] and production performance in 165 Large White pigs. The results showed that there was one Nde I restriction locus in Large White pig, and both values of PMN by NBT Reduction and effect of Cytotoxin in Monocyte in genotype BB were higher than those in genotype AB (P<0.05). Simultaneously, the weight of 180-day-old pigs with genotype BB was higher than that with genotype AB (P<0.05). The results indicated that there was a significant correlation between different genotypes of Nramp1 gene and Immune function and production performance, and it can be regarded as a candidate gene of disease resistance. All these results provide valuable reference to further studies of pig disease resistance.     

采后果蔬对乙烯受体抑制剂的响应及贮运保鲜技术的研究

近几年来 ,随着重氮环戊二烯和环丙烯类等乙烯受体抑制剂的发现 ,为控制乙烯敏感型的果蔬采后成熟、衰老提供新的技术手段。从乙烯受体抑制剂的特性、作用特点以及可能作用机理等方面概述了采后果蔬对乙烯受体抑制剂的响应和应用乙烯受体抑制剂延长采后果蔬贮运保鲜的技术。     

Importance of Conserved Acidic Residues in MntH,the Nramp homolog of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

A bioinformatic approach was used for the identification of residues that are conserved within the Nramp family of metal transporters. Site-directed mutagenesis was then carried out to change six conserved acidic residues (i.e., Asp-34, Glu-102, Asp-109, Glu-112, Glu-154, and Asp-238) in the E. coli Nramp homolog mntH. Of these six, five of them, Asp-34, Glu-102, Asp-109, Glu-112, and Asp-238 appear to be important for function since conservative substitutions at these sites result in a substantial loss of transport function. In addition, all of the residues within the signature sequence of the Nramp family, DPGN, were also mutated in this study. Each residue was changed to several different side chains, and of ten site-directed mutations made in this motif, only P35G showed any measurable level of ⁵⁴Mn²⁺ uptake with a V_max value of approximately 10% of wild-type and a slightly elevated K_m value. Overall, the data are consistent with a model where helix breakers in the conserved DPGN motif in TMS-1 provide a binding pocket in which Asp-34, Asn-37, Asp-109, Glu-112 (and possibly other residues) are involved in the coordination of Mn²⁺. Other residues such as Glu-102 and Asp238 may play a role in the release of Mn²⁺ to the cytoplasm or may be involved in maintaining secondary structure.This revised version was published online in June 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Function and mechanism of action of Dictyostelium Nramp1 (Slc11a1) in bacterial infection

Dictyostelium amoebae are professional phagocytes, which ingest bacteria as the principal source of food. We have cloned the Dictyostelium homologue of human natural resistance-associated membrane protein 1 (Nramp1) [solute carrier family 11 member 1 (Slc11a1)], an endo-lysosomal membrane protein that confers on macrophages resistance to infection by a variety of intracellular bacteria and protozoa. The Dictyostelium Nramp1 gene encodes a protein of 53 kDa with 11 putative transmembrane domains. The Nramp1 gene is transcribed during the growth-phase and downregulated to barely detectable levels upon starvation. To gain insights into their intracellular localization, we fused Nramp1 or the vatB subunit of the V-H(+)ATPase with green fluorescent protein and expressed in cells. Green fluorescent protein-vatB was inserted in membranes of all acidic compartments and the contractile vacuole network and decorated macropinosomes and phagosomes. Green fluorescent protein-Nramp1 decorated macropinosomes and phagosomes, in addition to intracellular vesicular compartments positive for endosomal SNARE protein Vti1 or vacuolin, a marker of the exocytic pathway. Nramp1 disruption generated mutants that were more permissive hosts than wild-type cells for intracellular growth of Legionella pneumophila and Micobacterium avium. Nramp1 overexpression protected cells from L. pneumophila infection. Evidence is provided that Nramp1 transports metal cations out of the phagolysosome in an ATP-dependent process and that L. pneumophila and M. avium use different mechanisms to neutralize Nramp1 activity.     

Molecular biology of fruit ripening and its manipulation with antisense genes

Considerable progress in tomato molecular biology has been made over the past five years. At least 19 different mRNAs which increase in amount during tomato fruit ripening have been cloned and genes for enzymes involved in cell wall degradation (polygalacturonase and pectinesterase) and ethylene synthesis (ACC synthase) have been identified by conventional procedures. Transgenic plants have been used to identify regions of DNA flanking fruit-specific, ripening-related and ethylene-regulated genes and trans-acting factors which bind to these promoters have also been identified.Antisense genes expressed in transgenic plants have proved to be highly effective for inhibiting the specific expression of ripening-related genes. These experiments have changed our understanding of how softening occurs in tomato fruit. Antisense techniques have also been used to identify genes encoding enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis (phytoene synthase) and ethylene biosynthesis (the ethylene-forming enzyme). The altered characteristics of fruit transformed with specific antisense genes, such as retarded ripening and resistance to splitting, may prove to be of value to fruit growers, processors and ultimately the consumer.