THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGMENT GRANULES IN THE EYES OF WILD TYPE AND MUTANT DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The eye pigment system in Drosophila melanogaster has been studied with the electron microscope. Details in the development of pigment granules in wild type flies and in three eye color mutants are described. Four different types of pigment granules have been found. Type I granules, which carry ommochrome pigment and occur in both primary and secondary pigment cells of ommatidia, are believed to develop as vesicular secretions by way of the Golgi apparatus. The formation of Type II granules, which are restricted to the secondary pigment cells and contain drosopterin pigments, involves accumulation of 60- to 80-A fibers producing an elliptical granule. Type III granules appear to be empty vesicles, except for small marginal areas of dense material; they are thought to be abnormal entities containing ommochrome pigment. Type IV granules are characteristic of colorless mutants regardless of genotype, and during the course of development they often contain glycogen, ribosomes, and show acid phosphatase activity; for these reasons and because of their bizarre and variable morphology, they are considered to be autophagic vacuoles. The 300-A particles commonly found in pigment cells are identified as glycogen on the basis of their morphology and their sensitivity to salivary digestion.     

SPERMIOGENESIS IN WILD TYPE AND IN A MALE STERILITY MUTANT OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Spermiogenesis in the translocation heterozygote T (1; 2H) 25(20) y l 25/FM6 has been studied with the electron microscope and compared with that in wild type males. It appears that the genetic lesion in the male sterility mutant is associated primarily with a failure in differentiation of the head. In wild type flies, the spermatid nucleus assumes a conchoidal shape; chromatin accumulates along the convex surface. Adjacent to the concave surface a large bundle of microtubules runs parallel to the long axis of the spermatid. A single row of microtubules is juxtaposed against the convex surface of the head. As differentiation proceeds, the nucleus elongates, chromatin condenses, and the nucleus is compacted to a final diameter of about 0.3 µ. In the sterile mutant the spermatid nucleus has an irregular or wedge-shaped profile and no concavity is formed, nor is the bundle of microtubules observed. The row of microtubules, however, is usually present around the periphery. The change from lysine-rich to arginine-rich histone in mature wild type sperm does not occur in the sterile male. The substructure of the axial filament and mitochondrial derivatives, however, are similar to those in wild type.     

A COMPARISON OF FLORAL DEVELOPMENT IN WILD TYPE AND A HOMEOTIC SEPALOID PETAL MUTANT OF CLARKIA TEMBLORIENSIS (ONAGRACEAE)

The mature wild type petals of Clarkia tembloriensis consist of a long slender claw and an expanded deltoid-shaped limb. They are pink, with a maroon spot at the base of the limb. Their surface texture is smooth. A variant of petal form, crinkled petal, occurs commonly in several natural populations of C. tembloriensis. The mature crinkled petals are elongated, greenish pink, and possess trichomes. They resemble the mature sepals of C. tembloriensis in general shape, color, and surface texture. Organ initiation and subsequent patterns of development of wild type petals, wild type sepals, and crinkled petals were examined and compared using scanning electron microscopy and allometric growth analysis. Crinkled petals are similar to wild type petals in time and position of primordia initiation, and in size and shape at inception. Crinkled petals are similar to wild type sepals in pattern of allometric growth. The crinkled petal mutant fits the broad definition of a homeotic mutant in that the petal has assumed characteristics of the sepal.     

野生和黄化大麦类囊体膜色素蛋白的分离和比较

用混和去垢剂（ＳＤＳ、ＯＧ）增溶和温和电泳方法,对野生和黄化大麦的叶绿体类囊体膜进行了色素蛋白复合体组成的分离和比较,并结合ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对类囊体膜蛋白进行了鉴定。结果表明,黄化大麦类囊体膜色素蛋白组分中,ＬＨＣ Ⅱ和ＬＨＣ Ⅰ的含量都较野生型大麦明显减少;并讨论了黄化大麦类囊体膜色素蛋白含量的减少与其光合速率降低的关系。     

ACID-SOLUBLE NUCLEOTIDES OF CHLAMYDOMONAS MOEWUSII, WILD TYPE AND A PARALYZED MUTANT

1. An attempt was made to correlate flagellar paralysis in theChlamydomonas mutant M. 1002 with some change in nucleotidemetabolism.
2. Cells of this mutant did not differ significantlyfrom wildtype in their ATP content.
3. Perchloric acid extractsof wild-type and mutant cells werecompared by gradient formateelution chromatography from Dowex-1columns.
4. Less nucleotidewas extracted from mutant cells than from wildtypecells.
5. The30-minute extracts of mutant cells contained a fraction(peak"B") absent from similar extracts of wild-type cells.This fractioncontained hypoxanthine, guanine, and an unidentifiedUV-absorbingcomponent.
6. It thus appears that flagellar paralysis in thiscase may becorrelated with an impairment in the metabolismof purine compounds.

(Received June 24, 1965; )     

荔枝胚珠中多胺含量变化与胚胎发育的关系

荔枝胚胎发育与胚珠中３种多胺（ＰＡｓ）含量及其比例变化关系密切。试验结果表明：正常发育的胚珠中腐胺（Ｐｕｔ）、亚精胺（Ｓｐｄ）和精胺（Ｓｐｍ）的含量在胚胎发育的各个阶段均高于败育胚珠,并在花后７ｄ即达到最高值,其中Ｐｕｔ的含量最高,随后都呈下降趋势。但正常胚珠中Ｓｐｍ含量在花后２２至３１ｄ（球形胚至心形胚发育阶段）均有所回升,而败育胚珠无此现象。败育胚珠中的Ｓｐｄ和Ｓｐｍ在胚胎败育期的下降速度显著     

INTRA- AND INTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS IN CALCIUM CONTENT OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA IN RELATION TO CALCIUM CONTENT OF THE WATER

Analyses of calcium content of molluscs collected from 53 freshwaterhabitats on a naturally occurring calcium gradient between theCanadian Shield and limestone formations in southern Ontarioshowed both intraspecific and interspecific variations in relationto pH, total alkalinity, total hardness and calcium hardnessof the water. The calcium content of individuals is relatedto the calcium concentration of the water for only about halfof the species analysed. Two species (Sphaerium rhomboideumand Sphaerium simile) showed negative correlations, while six(Cincinnatia cincinnatiensis, Pisidium casertanum, Pisidiumcompressum, Sphaerium striatinum, Anodonta grandis grandis,and Elliptio complanata showed positive correlations beteencalcium content of individuals and environmental calcium content.In general, species associated with the sediments (e.g. bivalves)showed better calcium concentrations than did species associatedwith macrophytes (e.g. gastropods). (Received 12 July 1982;     

蟾蜍心肌肾上腺素能受体的类型和含量

用放射配基结合分析法,研究了不同温度条件下蟾蜍心脏各部位肾上腺素能受体的类型和含量。结果表明,常温蟾蜍心肌膜在37℃同β-受体的特异性标记配基~3H-双氢心得舒(~3H-DHA)的最大结合(B_(max))及Kd值分别为:全心,55.11±6.22fmol/mg蛋白及2.15±0.42nmol/L;窦房,55.80±7.03fmol/mg蛋白及2.65±0.37 nmol/L;心室,54.27±3.06 fmol/mg蛋白及1.84±0.14 nmol/L,同样温度条件下,窦房及心室心肌膜同α-受体的特异性标记配基~3H-双氢麦角隐亭(~3H-DHE)没有特异性结合,经过5—8℃,10d以上低温服习的蟾蜍,在10℃测试,其α-,β-受体的结合量和亲和力无异于常温蟾蜍。上述结果提示,蟾蜍心肌只有β-受体,温度对受体的类型和含量无明显影响,这种受体类型和含量在相当大的温度范围内保持不变。