黄算珠树(叶下珠科)的名实订正

黄算珠树(Glochidion fortunei Hance)在《中国植物志》和《Flora of China》中被处理为算盘子[G.puber(L.)Hutch.]的异名,但在《广东植物志》中则作为独立物种所收录。基于形态特征比较和文献研究,黄算珠树与台闽算盘子(G.rubrum Blume)实为同种,故将黄算珠树处理为台闽算盘子的异名。另外,将算盘子的学名由Glochidion puberum纠正为G.puber。     

白毛算盘子(叶下珠科)在中国无分布

长期以来,白毛算盘子(Glochidion arborescens Blume)被认为广布于中国云南西部至南部地区。该研究基于多年野外考察及标本查阅工作发现,由于白毛算盘子在中国的分布实为标本错误鉴定所致,相关错误鉴定的标本绝大部分属于绒毛算盘子[G.heyneanum(Wight&Arn.) Wight],少部分属于里白算盘子(G.acuminatum var.acuminatum Müll. Arg.)、毛果算盘子(G.eriocarpum Champ. ex Benth.)、艾胶算盘子[G.lancolarium(Roxb.) Voigt]或厚叶算盘子[G.zeylanicum var.tomentosum(Dalzell) Trimen]等物种,故在此将白毛算盘子在中国的分布予以排除。另外,对白毛算盘子进行了后选模式指定,并提供了白毛算盘子与相关混淆种的物种检索表。     

云雾算盘子(叶下珠科)分类小记

云雾算盘子(Glochidion nubigenum Hook. f.)于1988年被描述为中国分布新记录种,但同时所引证的凭证标本(李渤生、程树志4533;采于西藏墨脱)实际属于米什米算盘子(G. mishmiense Hook. f.),而《中国植物志》及Flora of China等分类学著作中关于云雾算盘子的形态特征描述与上述凭证标本及云雾算盘子原始形态描述均不符,因此前人关于云雾算盘子在中国的分布记录属于标本鉴定错误所致。近期在西藏日喀则市亚东县的野外考察中发现了真正的云雾算盘子野生居群,证实中国确实有该种分布,故对该种在中国的地理分布区信息予以修正,并提供了该种详细的形态特征描述与野外活体图片。     

中国算盘子属植物省级分布新记录

报道了叶下珠科算盘子属4种植物在中国6个省区的分布新记录,其中贵州分布新记录有圆果算盘子［Glochidion sphaerogynum (Müll. Arg.) Kurz］,广东分布新记录有宽果算盘子(G. oblatum Hook. f.)和台闽算盘子(G. rubrum Blume),海南和广西分布新记录有宽果算盘子,湖南分布新记录有湖北算盘子(G. wilsonii Hutch.),浙江分布新记录有台闽算盘子。     

厚叶算盘子的化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

从厚叶算盘子(Glochidion hirsutum)的乙醇提取物中,用硅胶和凝胶柱层析分离得到8个化合物,通过波谱学方法鉴定为bergenin(1),isovitexin(2),isovitexin 7-O-xyloside(3),decoumaroylibotanolide(4),n-butyl-α-D-fructofuranoside(5),n-butyl-β-D-fructofuranoside(6),4-O-ethylgallic acid(7),3-O-methylgallic acid(8)。以上化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

中国算盘子属(叶下珠科)一些种的分类学处理

算盘子属(Glochidion J.R.G.Forst.)是叶下珠科(Phyllanthaceae)叶下珠族(Phyllantheae)中一个分类极为困难的类群。基于广泛野外考察与馆藏标本查阅,对中国该属部分物种进行分类学处理。其中,长柱算盘子[G.khasicum(Müll.Arg.)Hook.f.]与倒卵叶算盘子(G.obovatum SieboldZucc.)在中国的分布予以排除,菲岛算盘子[G.philippicum(Cav.)C.B.Rob.]在中国被发现仅分布于台湾地区;G.bodinieri H.Lév.,G.pseudo-obscurum var.glabrum Pamp.与G.pseudo-obscurum var.lanceolatum Pamp.这三个名称被处理为湖北算盘子(G.wilsonii Hutch.)的新异名;G.vaniotii H.Lév.被排除在算盘子属外,并接受为芸香科臭常春(Orixa japonica Thunb.)的异名。另外,对G.khasicum(Müll.Arg.)Hook.f.,G.obovatum SieboldZucc.,G.philippicum(Cav.)C.B.Rob.,G.pseudo-obscurum var.lanceolatum Pamp.及G.wilsonii Hutch.这五个名称进行了后选模式的指定。     

优头细蛾(鳞翅目:细蛾科)的生物学特性及生存对策研究

【目的】探探索优头细蛾Epicephala sp.适应圆果算盘子Glochidion sphaerogynum特点而采取的生存对策,对揭示圆果算盘子与优头细蛾协同进化关系有重要的意义。【方法】本文通过对圆果算盘子物候、优头细蛾生活史、成虫活动规律以及圆果算盘子种子被幼虫蛀食情况这几方面的研究对优头细蛾适应性生存对策进行了探讨。【结果】圆果算盘子在整个算盘子属中呈现了一些与众不同的特点,特别体现在物候和雌花形态这两方面。在海南鹦哥岭,圆果算盘子每年只有一个花期,优头细蛾每年相应只有一个世代。优头细蛾是圆果算盘子的专性寄生者,承担着为圆果算盘子传粉的任务。头细蛾幼虫出果率为56.33%,完整种子保存率为56.58%,每头幼虫平均消耗4.53粒种子。【结论】优头细蛾通过以卵越夏对策,能够实现成虫发生期与圆果算盘子花期精准匹配。成虫选择了在雌花顶端小孔插入产卵器的产卵方式,并形成了与之相应的雌花选择和先产卵后传粉的生存对策,这样的产卵对策是适应圆果算盘子雌花形态的表现,同时对提高传粉效率、限制种子过度开采等方面体现了积极作用。     

算盘子的化学成分研究

对算盘子(Glochidion puberum)的化学成分进行研究.从其乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇部位分离得到了9个化合物,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据鉴定其结构分别为:牡荆素(1)、β-D-吡喃半乳糖-(3→3)-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖(2)、丁香脂素(3)、(Z)-3-已烯-D-吡喃葡萄糖(4)、(E)-2-已烯-D-吡喃葡萄糖(5)、4-O-乙基没食子酸(6)、没食子酸(7)、胡萝卜苷(8)、β-谷甾醇(9).     

三室算盘子寄主上弯头细蛾的生物学特性及花气味成分分析

【目的】为了从生物学和化学生态学角度探讨弯头细蛾Epicephala ancylopa和寄主三室算盘子Glochidion sp.间专性传粉的互利共生关系稳定性。【方法】本研究在野外观察和室内实验的基础上,对专性传粉育幼互利共生体系中三室算盘子、弯头细蛾生物学特性进行详细研究,探究互利共生双方利益得失;用动态顶空吸附法分别收集三室算盘子雄花和雌花气味物质,运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析并鉴定其有效成分,用峰面积归一化与内标法定性定量;最后通过主成分分析法比较雄花和雌花之间气味化学成分的差异性。【结果】弯头细蛾在云南省普洱太阳河国家森林公园每年有1个世代,成虫和幼虫的活动时间分别在3-4月和8-10月。三室算盘子结实率为44.20%,被蛀食率为69.94%,平均每头幼虫消耗2.55枚种子来满足自身生长发育,寄主植物留有83.06%完好的种子,以维持互利共生关系的稳定。三室算盘子雌雄花气味中共鉴定出24种挥发物,主要以单萜类和倍半萜类物质为主,其中(Z)-罗勒烯和β-榄香烯两种萜类物质含量最高(分别为47.11%和22.72%),推测其是吸引弯头细蛾传粉的主要气味成分;雄花和雌花之间气味化学成分存在明显的差异,具有两性异型性。【结论】弯头细蛾通过以卵越夏和以蛹越冬对策,实现成虫发生期与三室算盘子花期的精准匹配。弯头细蛾成虫白天静伏,傍晚开始活动,三室算盘子花的气味物质也只在晚上才明显释放,且雌雄花气味化学成分的两性异型性有利于弯头细蛾辨别雌雄花,以完成采集花粉与传粉行为。该研究结果为头细蛾属昆虫与算盘子属植物专性传粉互利共生关系稳定性的维持机制提供了新的依据,也为深入开展通过触角电生理检测和生物行为实验来筛选吸引传粉头细蛾的活性物质提供了理论依据。     

中国算盘子属(叶下珠科)果实形态特征及其分类学意义

算盘子属是一个分类较为困难的大类群,全世界超过300种,其中众多物种间的界定至今颇存争议。本研究在野外考察及对馆藏标本查阅的基础上,对中国算盘子属21种1变种的果实形态进行了仔细观察和研究。结果显示,该属物种果实被毛情况、果实大小、宿存花柱、纵沟深浅和数目等形态特征在种间具有很高的多样性,可用于对不同物种的鉴别,具有一定的分类学价值。基于果实形态特征提供了这21种1变种的分类检索表。     

COSPECIATION ANALYSIS OF AN OBLIGATE POLLINATION MUTUALISM: HAVEGLOCHIDION TREES (EUPHORBIACEAE) AND POLLINATING EPICEPHALA MOTHS(GRACILLARIIDAE) DIVERSIFIED IN PARALLEL?

Species-specific obligate pollination mutualism between Glochidion trees (Euphorbiaceae) and Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) involves a large number of interacting species and resembles the classically known fig-fig wasp and yucca-yucca moth associations. To assess the extent of parallel cladogenesis in Glochidion-Epicephala association, we reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of 18 species of Glochidion using nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences (internal and external transcribed spacers) and those of the corresponding 18 Epicephala species using mitochondrial (the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene) and nuclear DNA sequences (the arginine kinase and elongation factor-1alpha genes). Based on the obtained phylogenies, we determine whether Glochidion and Epicephala have undergone parallel diversification using several different methods for investigating the level of cospeciation between phylogenies. These tests indicate that there is generally a greater degree of correlation between Glochidion and Epicephala phylogenies than expected in a random association, but the results are sensitive to selection of different phylogenetic hypotheses and analytical methods for evaluating cospeciation. Perfect congruence between phylogenies is not found in this association, which likely resulted from host shift by the moths. The observed significant discrepancy between Glochidion and Epicephala phylogenies implies that the one-to-one specificity between the plants and moths has been maintained through a complex speciation process or that there is an underestimated diversity of association between Glochidion trees and Epicephala moths.     

Assessment of the diversity and species specificity of the mutualistic association between Epicephala moths and Glochidion trees

The obligate mutualisms between flowering plants and their seed-parasitic pollinators constitute fascinating examples of interspecific mutualisms, which are often characterized by high levels of species diversity and reciprocal species specificity. The diversification in these mutualisms has been thought to occur through simultaneous speciation of the partners, mediated by tight reciprocal adaptation; however, recent studies cast doubt over this general view. In this study, we examine the diversity and species specificity of Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) that pollinate Glochidion trees (Phyllanthaceae), using analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of Epicephala moths associated with five Glochidion species in Japan and Taiwan reveal six genetically isolated species that are also distinguishable by male genital morphology: (i) two species specific to single host species (G. acuminatum and G. zeylanicum, respectively); (ii) two species that coexist on G. lanceolatum; and (iii) two species that share two, closely-related parapatric hosts (G. obovatum and G. rubrum). Statistical analysis shows that the two species associated with G. lanceolatum are not sister species, indicating the colonization of novel Glochidion host in at least one lineage. Behavioural observations suggest that all six species possess the actively-pollinating habit, thus none of the studied species has become a nonmutualistic 'cheater' that exploits the benefit resulting from pollination by other species. Our results parallel recent findings in ecologically similar associations, namely the fig-fig wasp and yucca-yucca moth mutualisms, and contribute to a more general understanding of the factors that determine ecological and evolutionary outcomes in these mutualisms.     

大戟科六种植物的新名称和一种新组合

本文根据国内植物标本和文献资料,整理和研究了亚洲和美洲部分大戟科植物,对于该科６属植物不符合国际植物命名法规的６个种给予新名称,１种放错属和１个同种异名的植物．给予重新组合和订正,现整理成文,给予报道。     

Stereochemistry of megastigmane glucosides from Glochidion zeylanicum and Alangium premnifolium

From Glochidion zeylanicum, two megastigmane glucosides, 3- and 9-O-beta-D-glucopyranosides of (3S,5R,6R,7E,9S)-megastigman-7-ene-3,5,6,9-tetrol (1 and 2, respectively), were isolated. Their structures were different from those of kiwiionoside (3) and actinidioionoside (4), isolated from Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia polygama, respectively, in the stereochemistry at the 9-positions. Alangionosides E (5) and O (6), isolated from the leaves of Alangium premnifolium, are also megastigmane glucosides, and the latter is closely related to 1 and actinidioionoside (4). However, the absolute configurations of the 9-position remained to be determined. They were analyzed to be R by means of a modified Mosher's method. Alangionoside E (5) is identical with corchoionoside A in all aspects. The name of corchoionoside A must be retained thereafter.     

Xanthones from a microfungus of the genus Xylaria

Chemical investigations of a microfungus Xylaria sp. isolated from the Australian rainforest tree Glochidion ferdinandi have afforded two new natural products, 2-hydroxy-6-methyl-8-methoxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylic acid (1) and 2-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-8-methoxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylic acid (2). Compound 1 has previously been synthesised but only partially characterised. Methylation of 1 using diazomethane afforded the crystalline compound 2,8-dimethoxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester (3), whose structure was determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. This paper reports the full spectroscopic characterisation of compounds 1-3 by NMR, UV, IR and MS data. All compounds were inactive in a brine shrimp lethality assay and several antimicrobial screens.     

Materials for Chinese Phyllanthoideae

The present paper is part of taxonomic study on Chinese Phyllanthoideae. Included in it are two new varieties, Leptopus esquirolii var. villosus and Drypetes hainanensis var. longistipitata, one new combination, Glochidion triandrum var. siamense, and seven new records in China: Drypetes salicifolia, D. hoaensis. Actephila subsessilis, Glochidion khasicum, G. nubigennum, Bridelia spiosa and B. poilanei. In addition, seventeen taxon names are newly reduced: Liodendron formosanum = Drypetes formosana, Liodendron matsumurae = Drypetes matsumurae, D. longipes = D. indica, Antidesma paxii = A. acidum, A. hiiranense, A. filipes and A. pentandrum var. hiiranense = A. japonicum, A. calvescens = A. montanum, A. microphyllum = A. venosum, Breynia stipitata var. formosana and B. jormosana = B. vitis-idaea, Glochidion zeylanicum var. tomentosum = G. hirsutum, G. rubidulum = G. thomsonii, G. acuminatum = G. triandrum, G. fagifolium and Phyllanthus fagifolius = Glochidion sphaerogynum, Bridelia penangiena = B. insulana, B. henryana = B. tomentosa. All the types are kept in SCBl and PE.