Increasing secretion of a bivalent anti-T-cell immunotoxin by Pichia pastoris

The bivalent anti-T-cell immunotoxin A-dmDT390-bisFv(G(4)S) was developed for treatment of T-cell leukemia and autoimmune diseases and for tolerance induction for transplantation. This immunotoxin was produced extracellularly in toxin-sensitive Pichia pastoris JW102 (Mut(+)) under control of the AOX1 promoter. There were two major barriers to efficient immunotoxin production, the toxicity of the immunotoxin for P. pastoris and the limited capacity of P. pastoris to secrete the immunotoxin. The immunotoxin toxicity resulted in a decrease in the methanol consumption rate, cessation of cell growth, and low immunotoxin productivity after the first 22 h of methanol induction. Continuous cell growth and continuous immunotoxin secretion after the first 22 h of methanol induction were obtained by adding glycerol to the methanol feed by using a 4:1 methanol-glycerol mixed feed as an energy source and by continuously adding a yeast extract solution during methanol induction. The secretory capacity was increased from 22.5 to 37 mg/liter by lowering the induction temperature. A low temperature reduced the methanol consumption rate and protease activity in the supernatant but not cell growth. The effects of adding glycerol and yeast extract to the methanol feed were synergistic. Adding yeast extract primarily enhanced methanol utilization and cell growth, while adding glycerol primarily enhanced immunotoxin production. The synergy was further enhanced by decreasing the induction temperature from 23 to 15 degrees C, which resulted in a robust process with a yield of 37 mg/liter, which was sevenfold greater than the yield previously reported for a toxin-resistant CHO cell expression system. This methodology should be applicable to other toxin-related recombinant proteins in toxin-sensitive P. pastoris.     

Overexpression of an Anti-CD3 Immunotoxin Increases Expression and Secretion of Molecular Chaperone BiP/Kar2p by Pichia pastoris

We previously reported that the secretory capacity of Pichia pastoris is limited with respect to the secretion of a 96.5-kDa bivalent anti-CD3 immunotoxin; double-copy expression generated more translation products than single-copy expression but did not increase the secretion of the immunotoxin. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae heterologous protein secretion has been reported to increase the expression of molecular chaperones, most prominently BiP/Kar2p. We therefore investigated the relationships between immunotoxin secretion and Kar2p expression in P. pastoris. We found that expression of the immunotoxin in P. pastoris increased the expression of Kar2p to levels that surpassed the retrieval capacity of the cell, leading to secretion of Kar2p into the medium. The level of Kar2p secretion was correlated with the copy number of the immunotoxin gene. Intracellular Kar2p was found to bind exclusively to the unprocessed immunotoxin containing the prosequence of α-factor in the endoplasmic reticulum. These results show that Kar2p is intimately involved in immunotoxin secretion in P. pastoris. The limited capacity of P. pastoris to retain a sufficiently high level of intracellular Kar2p may be a factor restricting the production of the immunotoxin.     

影响外源蛋白在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达和分泌的研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达系统是基因工程研究中广泛使用的外源蛋白表达系统.但外源基因在该系统中表达时,由于受自身特性及环境等诸多因素的影响,在表达过程中出现表达量不够稳定或较低,甚至不表达的情况.本文对影响巴斯德毕赤酵母表达的各种可能因素进行了分析,并就如何提高外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达量的问题进行了简要的综述.     

Secretion of glycosylated alpha-lactalbumin in yeast Pichia pastoris

The secretion of N-linked glycosylated alpha-lactalbumin was much higher in the expression system of yeast Pichia pastoris carrying goat alpha-lactalbumin cDNA than in mammalian milk. This is possibly because of the presence of N-linked glycosylation signal sequences, Asn(45)-Asp(46)-Ser(47) and Asn(74)-Ile(75)-Ser(76), in wild-type alpha-lactalbumin. Attempts to elucidate the mechanism of the higher secretion of glycosylated alpha-lactalbumin in P. pastoris were made. Mutant N45D that deleted the N-linked glycosylation signal sequence at position 45 predominantly secreted nonglycosylated protein. On the other hand, mutant D46N with another N-glycosylation signal site at position 46 only secreted N-linked glycosylated alpha-lactalbumin, i.e. not the nonglycosylated protein. The total secreted amount of mutant N45D was greatly enhanced, while the secreted amounts of the wild-type and mutant D46N were very low, suggesting that the increase in the number of glycosylation sites greatly reduced the secretion of alpha-lactalbumin. It seems likely that the glycosylated alpha-lactalbumin may be degraded by the quality control system.     

Secretion of elastin-like polypeptides with different transition temperatures by Pichia pastoris

Like natural tropoelastin, polypeptides based on an elastin-like VPGXG repeat have a characteristic inverse temperature response, which leads to coacervate formation above a certain transition temperature and which could be useful for a variety of applications. The key advantage of elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) over (tropo)elastin is a full control over this temperature response by adjustment of either the amino acid composition or the chain length, according to insights provided by extensive research. Future application of ELPs will require efficient ELP production systems, and in a previous article, we described the successful use of Pichia pastoris for secreted production of an ELP, with an overall yield of ≈ 200 mg L(-1). In this study, we investigated the influence of changed amino acid composition and chain length on the yield of secreted ELP. We have found that both parameters have a distinct impact on the overall yield, with higher yield for shorter and more hydrophilic ELPs. Because yield and transition temperature (Tt) thus appear to be positively correlated, we hypothesize that good solubility of ELP below the Tt promotes the secreted production and coacervate formation above Tt decreases it.     

不同分泌信号对豹蛙酶在巴斯德毕赤酵母中分泌效率的影响

目的：研究不同分泌信号对豹蛙酶（ONC）在巴斯德毕赤酵母中分泌效率的影响。方法：根据已知天然ONC的氨基酸序列,结合酵母偏爱密码子,设计并合成了ONC基因序列,通过融合PCR获得了不同分泌信号与ONC的融合基因,将其克隆至表达载体pPIC9k中,然后将线性化的重组表达载体电击转化GS115毕赤酵母感受态细胞,通过SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白表达量。结果：糖基化ONC表观相对分子质量为（14～16）×103,且其糖基化不均匀,非糖基化蛋白肽链的相对分子质量约为12×103;采用不含EAEA结构的α交配因子作为分泌信号时ONC没有表达,利用含EAEA结构的α交配因子和α交配因子的pre肽作为分泌信号时均能够显著提高其表达量。结论：采用含EAEA结构的α交配因子和α交配因子的pre肽作为分泌信号均能够显著提高ONC在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达量。     

Improving the Secretion of a Methyl Parathion Hydrolase in Pichia pastoris by Modifying Its N-Terminal Sequence

Pichia pastoris is commonly used to express and secrete target proteins, although not all recombinant proteins can be successfully produced. In this study, we used methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) from Ochrobactrum sp. M231 as a model to study the importance of the N-terminus of the protein for its secretion. While MPH can be efficiently expressed intracellularly in P. pastoris, it is not secreted into the extracellular environment. Three MPH mutants (N₆₆-MPH, D₁₀-MPH, and N₉-MPH) were constructed through modification of its N-terminus, and the secretion of each by P. pastoris was improved when compared to wild-type MPH. The level of secreted D₁₀-MPH was increased to 0.21 U/mL, while that of N₉-MPH was enhanced to 0.16 U/mL. Although N₆₆-MPH was not enzymatically active, it was secreted efficiently, and was identified by SDS-PAGE. These results demonstrate that the secretion of heterologous proteins in P. pastoris may be improved by modifying their N-terminal structures.     

增加植酸酶基因appA-m的拷贝提高其在巴斯德毕赤酵母的表达量

为了进一步提高植酸酶的发酵效价,降低植酸酶生产成本,对毕赤酵母表达载体pGAPZα-A进行了改造。将表达载体pPIC9的AOX1启动子序列引入pGAPZα-A,使之成为甲醇可诱导型表达载体pAOXZα,插入植酸酶基因appA-m后得到重组载体pAOXZα-appA-m。以染色体上带有一个拷贝的appA-m基因、发酵效价可达到7.5×106IU/mL发酵液的重组酵母菌株74#为受体菌进行转化,在该重组菌株的染色体上的另一位点整合含有植酸酶基因的表达盒,经筛选到高表达植酸酶的重组子。通过PCR进行验证,植酸酶基因被整合到重组酵母的染色体上,且受体菌中原有的植酸酶基因结构未改变。重组菌在5L发酵罐经甲醇诱导120h植酸酶蛋白表达量达到4mg/mL发酵液,酶活性(发酵效价)达到1.2×107IU/mL发酵液以上,较含单拷贝植酸酶基因的受体菌株表达量有较大程度提高。PCR检测及表达量分析证明改良的菌株具有很好的遗传稳定性和表达稳定性。     

人骨形态发生蛋白7（hBMP7）在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

依据酵母密码子使用偏好性,利用重叠延伸PCR(OE-PCR)介导的定点突变方法,对人骨形态发生蛋白-7(human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7,hBMP7)成熟肽编码序列进行改造,将毕赤酵母低频使用的精氨酸密码子CGG或CGA突变为高频使用的同义密码子AGA,明显提高了hBMP7成熟肽在毕赤酵母中的表达量摇瓶培养表达量为25.45mg/L,是改造前序列的4.6倍;TricineSDS-PAGE及Western-blotting结果表明,rhBMP7成熟肽分子量为18kD,以单体形式存在,具有良好的免疫原性;利用梯度浓度G418筛选到一株高拷贝整合的转化子,该转化子摇瓶表达量为45.45mg/L,约为单拷贝转化子的2倍。表达上清经阳离子交换介质SPSepharoseR○FastFlow纯化后,目的蛋白纯度达到90%。纯化后的样品与I型胶原混合冻干后埋植于小鼠股部肌袋内,能异位诱导间充质细胞分化形成软骨细胞。     

酸性木聚糖酶基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

运用“鸟枪法”克隆构建了环境微生物的基因组文库,并从中筛选得到一个酸性木聚糖酶基因,命名为xyl3,其在GenBank中的登录号为gb：AY300805。BLAST分析表明,该基因的序列同源性很低,其中仅存在很短的木聚糖酶基因的同源片段,其编码的木聚糖酶属于Glycosyl hydrolases family 10,与来源于Geobacillus stearothermophilus的intra—cellular xylanase在氨基酸水平具77％同源性。该基因经T4 DNA polymerase处理后,克隆至经限制性内切酶CpoⅠ和NotⅠ双酶切后的毕赤酵母表达载体pHBM905,获得重组质粒pHBM706。此重组质粒转化毕赤酵母GS115,经含有交联木聚糖的选择性培养平板和PCR扩增鉴定筛选得到重组毕赤酵母GS115（pHBM706）。以0．5％甲醇于28℃诱导产酶,测得重组毕赤酵母GS115（pHBM706）在诱导的第36h产酶达最高值,所产粗酶液酶活为0．177IU／mL。该酶的最适反应pH为5．5,最适反应温度为50℃。     

改造的蜂毒素基因在毕赤酵母中分泌表达及培养条件研究

对蜂毒素基因进行改造后,通过PCR方法获得新蜂毒素基因(MEA),将其克隆到表达载体pPICZa—A,而后将重组表达载体pPICZa-A-MEA转化GS115,筛选获得重组酵母菌．对GS115-ME经甲醇诱导表达并对培养条件进行优化探讨．对改造的蜂毒素进行了溶血活性、热稳定性及酸碱稳定性测定．结果表明,蜂毒素基因成功地在毕赤酵母中表达,经改造的蜂毒素在保留了抗菌活性的同时溶血活性降低20倍左右,同时还具有良好的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性．     

毕赤酵母高效分泌长效人生长激素的研究

目的:为了延长人生长激素(HGH)在血浆中的半衰期,构建了高效分泌表达人血清白蛋白(HSA)与HGH融合蛋白(HSA-HGH)的工程毕赤酵母菌株。方法:从人胎肝cDNA文库中扩增HSA基因,从HGH工程菌载体中扩增HGH基因,将其克隆至真核表达载体pHIL-D2,载体线性化后采用电击法转化毕赤酵母GS115。通过原位双层膜法筛选高效分泌表达菌株。分别采用SDS-PAGE和Western印迹鉴定融合蛋白。对工程酵母培养条件进行研究,发酵液经离子交换层析、亲和层析和分子筛层析纯化。纯化的蛋白经N端序列测定,分子量测定和等电聚焦电泳进行鉴定。冻干的蛋白制剂经食蟹猴试验进行药代动力学和药效动力学测试。结果:确立了工程酵母的最佳培养工艺,融合蛋白表达量达100mg/L。纯化后蛋白纯度达95%以上,得率达42%。融合蛋白与预期结果一致,经食蟹猴试验,显示有良好的生物活性,与等摩尔剂量的重组人生长激素相比,半衰期延长6.8倍,清除率慢44倍。结论:融合蛋白呈现明显的长效动力学特征,为开发重组长效人生长激素HSA-HGH融合蛋白药物(rHSA-HGH)奠定了基础。     

Secretion, purification, and characterization of a recombinant Aspergillus oryzae tannase in Pichia pastoris

Tannase (tannin acyl hydrolase) is an industrially important enzyme produced by a large number of fungi, which hydrolyzes the ester and depside bonds of gallotannins and gallic acid esters. In the present work, a tannase from Aspergillus oryzae has been cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The catalytic activity of the recombinant enzyme was assayed. A secretory form of enzyme was made with the aid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor, and a simple procedure purification protocol yielded tannase in pure form. The productivity of secreted tannase achieved 7000 IU/L by fed-batch culture. Recombinant tannase had a molecular mass of 90 kDa, which consisted of two kinds of subunits linked by a disulfide bond(s). Our study is the first report on the heterologous expression of tannase suggesting that the P. pastoris system represents an attractive means of generating large quantities of tannase for both research and industrial purpose.     

Secretion of pro- and mature Rhizopus arrhizus lipases by Pichia pastoris and properties of the proteins

The lipases of Rhizopus spp. share a high 1,3-regiospecificity toward triacylglycerols, which makes them important enzymes in lipid modification. In the present study, the extracellularly active production of recombinant Rhizopus arrhizus lipase was carried out with genes encoding the mature region (mRAL) and the mRAL having the prosequence (ProRAL) in Pichia pastoris. Two transformed P. pastoris clones containing the multicopy of mRAL and ProRAL genes were separately selected for the production of recombinant enzymes. In a fed-batch cultivation, where methanol feeding was controlled by an on-line methanol analyzer, the supernatant contained 91 mg/L recombinant pro-form lipase (rProRAL) and 80 mg/L recombinant mature lipase (rRAL) after 92 h of cultivation. rProRAL and rRAL were purified by ultrafiltration, SP-Sepharose Rast Flow chromatography, and Butyl-Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography. Molecular weights of rProRAL and rRAL are 32 kDa and 29 kDa, respectively. The amino-terminal analysis showed that the 32-kDa protein was mRAL attached with 28 amino acids of the carboxy-terminal part of the prosequence (rPro28RAL). The specific lipase activities of mRAL attached with 28 amino acids of the carboxy-terminal part of the prosequence (rPro28RAL) and rRAL were 1543 U/mg and 2437 U/mg. The rPro28RAL was more stable than rRAL at pH 4.0–7.0, whereas rRAL was more stable at pH 7.0–10.0. The rPro28RAL had the highest lipase activity toward tributyrin (C₄), whereas rRAL had the highest lipase activity toward tricaprylin (C₈).     

抗肉毒毒素A人源单链抗体在酵母细胞中的分泌表达

将特异肉毒抗毒素基因克隆入载体pPIC9k,G418抗性加压筛选阳性整合克隆,在毕赤酵母细胞GS115中进行分泌表达。获得了稳定分泌表达ScFv的工程菌,SDS—PAGE分析可见,目的蛋白分子量约为26kD,通过放大体积来探索重组抗毒素的诱导表达条件及纯化工艺,结果发现,1％甲醇诱导后72～84h,目的蛋白的表达达到高峰,占酵母培养上清中总蛋白的15％以上,经两步层析纯化,目的蛋白纯度可达95％。竞争活性测定结果表明,重组抗毒素在体外具有良好的活性,可竞争肉毒抗毒素马血清与毒素的特异结合。     

重组人血清白蛋白在Pichia pastoris中分泌表达影响因素的研究

为获得高产稳产重组人血清白蛋白的Ｐｉｃｈｉａ ｐａｓｔｏｒｉｓ细胞株用于高密度发酵,构建了多种分泌表达载体,在Ｐｉｃｈｉａ ｐａｓｔｏｒｉｓ中作表达,研究表达载体构建等因素对表达量的影响。发现采用酿酒酵母α性成熟因子前导肽比人血清白蛋白天然前导肽作为分泌信号肽的表达量要高１０％左右。而载体整合方式、整合拷贝数、５’非翻译区的改造和甲醇利用表型等对表达量无规律性影响。筛选到的高表达株经高密度发酵,细     

植酸酶基因中稀有密码子的改造提高其在毕赤酵母中的表达量

对来源于黑曲霉N2 5(AspergillusnigerChinaStrain)的植酸酶基因phyA进行PCR介导的定点突变 ,不改变其所编码氨基酸 ,选用毕赤酵母偏爱的密码子对该基因保守序列中第 81位和第 85位的Arg密码子进行同义突变 .构建了含正确突变的克隆载体pUC18 phyAm 和酵母表达载体pPIC9k phyAm,电击转化毕赤酵母 ,经MM、MD平板筛选和产物的酶活性测定 ,筛选出突变与未突变高酶活酵母转化子各 2株 .这 4株转化子的Southern印迹结果表明 ,phyA基因以单交换方式单拷贝整合到酵母染色体DNA中 .表达产物的SDS PAGE分析表明 ,重组酵母中的植酸酶能有效分泌和表达 ,蛋白质分子大小为 70 15kD .转化子酶活测定结果表明 ,经密码子优化的突变重组酵母酶活力明显高于未进行优化的重组酵母转化子 .经密码子优化的突变重组酵母株PP NPm 8于麦芽汁培养基中诱导 36h后酶活力可达 4 76 0 0U/ml,其活力比未优化重组酵母株PP NP 2 (2 36 6 7U/ml)提高了约 1倍 ,且重组转化子遗传稳定性良好 .