动物细胞生物工程 第1卷

包括的内容有:一,绪论:1.引言 二、细胞培养系统的基本组成部分:2.细胞生物学——基本概念;3.细胞生物——实验;4.细胞生长培养基;5.设备消毒;6.空气消毒;。三、大量细胞培养;7.动物细胞的大批培养和产物;8.动物细胞在连续活动培养基中培养;9.单层细胞生长系统——增殖过程;10.单层细胞生长系统——异型单一过程;     

贵州省藜芦科一新记录属——白丝草属

报道贵州省藜芦科一新记录属——白丝草属Chamaelirium Willd.,一新记录种——中国白丝草Chamaelirium chinense (K. Krause) N. Tanaka,并对该种的形态特征、生境、分类变动进行描述及讨论。     

2005—2014 年疏勒河流域土地生态安全评价

针对疏勒河流域生态环境脆弱、人地矛盾突出的特点, 采用“环境-经济-社会(EES)”模型, 建立疏勒河流域土地生态安全评价指标体系, 构建土地生态安全评价的熵权物元模型, 对疏勒河流域2005—2014 年土地生态安全状况进行评价研究, 并利用主成分分析法定量研究疏勒河流域土地生态安全的限制因子。结果表明: 2005—2014 年疏勒河流域土地生态安全还存在着恶化风险, 2005—2007 年风险降低, 2007—2008 年风险小幅增加, 2008—2009 年风险降低, 2009—2013 年风险大幅增加, 2013—2014 年风险有所降低; 发展方向表现为“不安全→安全”的阶梯式上升趋势, 其中, 2005—2007 年土地生态安全状态为“不安全”, 2008—2009 年安全状态为“临界安全”, 2010—2011 年安全状态为“较安全”, 2012—2014 年安全状态为“安全”; 制约2005—2014 年疏勒河流域土地生态安全水平提升的关键因子分别是人均耕地面积、森林覆盖率、人均水资源量、产水模数、第三产业产值与GDP 占比和耗水率, 其中, 森林覆盖率和产水模数影响最大, 主成分荷载达0.973和0.968。研究结果以期为疏勒河流域土地生态治理决策和人地关系和谐可持续发展提供科学依据。     

滇东南荨麻科楼梯草属一新系和一新种

描述了采自云南省东南部楼梯草属一新种——柳叶楼梯草（Elatostema neriifolia）和据其为模式建立的一新系——柳叶楼梯草系（ser. Neriifolia）,并讨论了这些新类群和相近类群在形态上的区别,并对柳叶楼梯草的保护等级进行了评估。     

基于DPSIR-GM(1,1)模型的甘肃省生态安全评价与预测

生态环境质量的综合评价是实现经济社会与自然环境协调发展的重要前提。以甘肃省为研究区域, 基于“驱动力—压力—状态—影响—响应”(DPSIR)概念模型, 构建生态安全评价指标体系, 运用灰色关联改进理想解(TOPSIS)的评价方法, 对甘肃省生态安全状况进行综合评价, 并采用灰色预测模型对2019—2023年甘肃省生态安全的发展前景进行分析。结果表明: 甘肃省2009—2018年生态安全状况总体呈现上升趋势, 安全等级从敏感上升至一般; 驱动力、压力及影响指标有波动下降的趋势, 状态及响应指标值逐年上升; 甘肃省2019—2023年的生态安全综合指数从0.7274增长至0.9463, 达到安全状态。     

r-干扰素的基因结构

自了解两种干扰素型即α—干扰素和β—干扰素的基因结构以后,现在又成功地了解到人γ—干扰素的基因结构。分子生物学家P.Gray和D.Goeddel在旧金山的分子生物学研究所,用基因技术才把这种直到现在还不知道的干扰素基因分离出来,并给予特征说明。现在可以说γ—干扰素在不久后用基因技术就可能大量制造出来,并给医学上供试验用。     

基因检测技术为许多工业打开了大门

DNA探针——小段能识别特定基因的DNA片段——使鉴定和分离任何有机体的遗传信息成为可能。它原是作为遗传工程研究的基本工具而发展起来的,现在开始作为传染病和微生物试验用的试剂进入市场。检测探针的新技术为更多的商业研究与开发提供了基础,现已有可能用酶、荧光分子或化学发光催化剂而不用传统的放射性同位素标记DNA。     

1980—2007年大亚湾鱼类物种多样性、区系特征和数量变化

根据2004—2005年大亚湾海域底拖网鱼类调查数据,并结合1980—2007年的历史资料,分析了该海域鱼类的种类组成、区系特征、多样性、优势种和数量变化趋势.结果表明： 2004—2005年,大亚湾海域共记录鱼类107种,分属13目50科,以中下层鱼类的种类最多,为48种,其次是中上层和底层种类,分别为37种和21种.大亚湾鱼类区系具热带和亚热带特性,以暖水性种类占绝对优势,为97种,暖温性种类为10种.多样性指数以夏季最高（3.82）,其次是冬季（3.37）和秋季（3.00）,春季最低（2.40）.Pielou均匀度指数的季节变化情况与多样性指数相似.1980—2007年大亚湾海域鱼类群落特征发生了明显的变化：鱼类种类数减少,优势种更替明显.鱼类种类数由1980年的157种减少至1990年的110种,2004—2005年继续减少至107种;鱼类优势种由1980年以带鱼和银鲳等优质鱼为主,更替为以小型和低值的小沙丁鱼、小公鱼和二长棘鲷幼鱼为主.用包含年际变化趋势和季节性周期变化的回归模型模拟1980—2007大亚湾鱼类资源密度的变化,鱼类资源密度在1980—1999年和1990—2007年两个时期均呈下降趋势,但1990—2007年间下降幅度比1980—1999年间大;1980—1999年鱼类资源密度的季节波动幅度较平缓（振幅为0.099）,而1990—2007年的季节波动较大（振幅为0.420）,说明1990—2007年阶段大亚湾鱼类数量的季节变化更为显著.     

输卵管素(Oviductins)的研究进展

一类具有广泛结构多态性的输卵管特异的糖蛋白———输卵管素,可与卵子的透明带和着床前胚胎相联系。本文综述了这种糖蛋白的合成、分泌、进化上的保守性及其在受精和早期胚胎发育过程中的重要作用。     

未来气候变化对中国天然橡胶种植气候适宜区的影响

全球气候变暖将严重影响中国天然橡胶种植的气候适宜区分布.根据影响中国橡胶种植的5个主导气候因子,即最冷月平均温度、极端最低温度平均值、月平均温度≥18 ℃月份、年平均气温和年平均降水量,基于最大熵MaxEnt模型,利用1981—2010年全国气候数据和RCP4.5情景的气候预估,分析了1981—2010、2041—2060、2061—2080年中国天然橡胶种植的气候适宜区变化.结果表明： 随着未来气候变化,2041—2060和2061—2080年中国天然橡胶的种植气候适宜区范围总体呈北扩趋势,对橡胶树北移有利. 2041—2060、2061—2080年中国天然橡胶气候适宜区总面积较1981—2010年呈增长趋势,高适宜区和中适宜区的面积均有增加趋势,而低适宜区面积呈减少趋势.局部区域气候适宜性发生明显变化：云南的橡胶主产区的适宜区总面积减少,其中,云南省的景洪、勐腊等地将由现在的高适宜区转变为中适宜区,海南岛及广东雷州半岛的橡胶种植高适宜区面积明显增加,在台湾岛出现了新的橡胶种植低适宜区等.     

Effects of Feeding and Drinking on Acetylcholine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens, Striatum, and Hippocampus of Freely Behaving Rats

Extracellular levels of acetylcholine (ACh) were measured in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), striatum (STR), and hippocampus (HIPP) using microdialysis in 30-min intervals before, during, and after free-feeding in 20-h food-deprived rats. The effects on ACh in the NAC and STR were also observed in response to water intake in 20-h water-deprived animals. Neostigmine was used in the perfusate to improve ACh recovery. Basal ACh was sensitive to tetrodotoxin and low calcium, and therefore largely neuronal in origin. Feeding caused a 38% increase in extracellular ACh in the NAC and no change in the STR or HIPP. Dopamine was also increased in the NAC (48%) and to a lesser extent in the STR (21%) following feeding. Drinking caused 18-20% increases in ACh release in both the NAC and STR. In a separate experiment, ACh release in the NAC was monitored in 10-min intervals during free-feeding; ACh increased in the interval immediately following maximal food intake. These results suggest a site-specific increase in ACh release following feeding that cannot be solely attributed to the activation associated with this behavior.     

Seasonal patterns in feeding ecology of three small fishes in the Biandantang Lake, China

Feeding ecology of three small fish species, Hypseleotris swinhonis, Ctenogobius giurinus and Pseudorasbora parva was studied seasonally in the Biandantang Lake, a small, shallow lake in central China. Gut length, adjusted for total body length, was significantly higher in spring than in other seasons for all the three species. Seasonal changes in gut length were not associated with changes in food quality. Weight of fore-gut contents, adjusted for body weight, was significantly higher in winter and spring than in summer and autumn in H. swinhonis and C. giurinus , and significantly higher in autumn than in spring and summer for P. parva. Percentage of empty fore-guts was highest in summer and lowest in spring for H. swinhonis and C. giurinus , and highest in winter and lowest in autumn for P. parva. Diet of the three small fishes showed apparent seasonal changes, and these changes reflected partly the seasonal fluctuations of food resources in environment. Diet breadth was high in winter and low in autumn for H. swinhonis , high in winter and low in spring and summer for C. giurinus , and high in autumn and low in spring for P. parva. Diet overlaps between pairs of species were biologically significant in most cases, except between H. swinhonis and P. parva in summer and autumn and between C. giurinus and P. parva in autumn.     

Effects of insecticide applications on macroinvertebrate density and biomass in rice-fields in the Rhône-delta,France

The density of 23 macroinvertebrate species and the total macroinvertebrate biomass were compared between rice-fields treated with lindane and diazinon in June and alphamethine in August and untreated controls. The macroinvertebrates could be divided into four groups: (1) Taxa, in which the densities were lower in the insecticide treatment in July and August than in the non-insecticide treatment. (2) The Culicidae which occurred in the insecticide treatment in significantly lower density in July, but in significantly higher density in August. (3) Ischnura elegans (Vander L.) which was found in July after the lindane application in significantly higher numbers in the insecticide treatments, but in significantly lower numbers in the insecticide treatment in August after the application of the pyrethroid. In these three groups, we assumed that direct effects due to the insecticides toxicity were the reason for the differences in density. (4) The fourth group included three taxa in which the densities were significantly higher in the insecticide treatment in July and August than in the control. For this, indirect effects due to reduced biotic interactions may be responsible. The biomass was higher in the insecticide treatments in July, mainly because of a high increase in gastropod density, during the rest of the season it was similar between treatments and controls.     

Effects of ammonium sulphate application on the rhizosphere,fine-root and needle chemistry in aPicea abies (L.) Karst. stand

Rhizosphere, fine-root and needle chemistry were investigated in a 28 year old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden. The uptake and allocation pattern of plant nutrients and aluminium in control plots (C) and plots repeatedly treated with ammonium sulphate (NS) were compared. Treatments started in 1988. Current year needles, one-year-old needles and cylindrical core samples of the LFH-layer and the mineral soil layers were sampled in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Compared to the control plots, pH decreased significantly in the rhizosphere soil in the NS plots in 1989 and 1990 while the SO₄-S concentration increased significantly. Aluminium concentration in the rhizosphere soil was generally higher in the NS plots in all soil layers, except at 0–10 cm depths, both in 1989 and 1990. Calcium, Mg and K concentrations also increased after treatment with ammonium sulphate. Ammonium ions may have replaced these elements in the soil organic matter. The NS treatment significantly reduced Mg concentrations in fine roots in all layers in 1990. A similar trend was found in the needles. Ca concentrations in fine roots were significantly lower in the NS plots in the LFH layer in 1990 and the same pattern was found in the current needles. The N and S concentrations of both fine roots and needles were significantly higher in the NS plots. It was suggested that NS treatment resulted in displacement of Mg, Ca and K from exchange sites in the LFH layer leading to leaching of these cations to the mineral soil. Further application of ammonium sulphate may damage the fine roots and consequently adversely affect the water and nutrient uptake of root systems.     

Sexual dimorphism of body size and shell shape in European tortoises

Adult body size and shape were examined in almost 1400 individuals of the tortoises Testudo graeca , T. hermanni and T. marginata from Greece. The size at maturity was greater in females than in males in all three species. Maximum and mean adult sizes were also greater in females than in males in T. graeca and T. hermanni . Males grew to a larger size than females in T. marginata , and mean adult size was similar in the sexes in this species. Sexual dimorphism of shape (adjusted for size covariate) was shown in most of the characters examined, and the degree of this dimorphism differed significantly among the three species. Differences were related to their contrasting courtship behaviours: horizontal head movements and severe biting in T. marginata , vertical head bobs and carapace butting in T. graeca , and mounting and tail thrusting in T. hermanni . There was no difference in the frequency of observations of courtship or fighting among the three species, but courtship was about 10 times more common than combat in males. All species showed greatest courtship activity in autumn; copulation was rarely observed in T. hermanni (only 0.36% of courting males) and not seen in the other species in the field. Observations made throughout the activity season indicated that feeding was equally common in males and females in all three species. Differences in shape were more likely to be the result of sexual selection than of natural selection for fecundity. Detailed predictions are made for sexual dimorphism of other characters in these species.     

Genetic variance in temperature dependent adult size deriving from physiological genetic variation at temperature boundaries

An increase in genetic variation in body size has often been observed under stress; an increase in dominance variance and interaction variance as well as in additive genetic variance has been reported. The increase in genetic variation must be caused by physiological mechanisms that are specific to adverse environments. A model is proposed to explain the occurrence of an increase in genetic variation in body size in Drosophila at extreme temperatures. The model has parameters specific to the low- and high-temperature regions of the viable range. Additive genetic variation in the boundary temperatures leads to a marked increase in additive genetic variation in development rate and body size at extreme temperatures. Additive genetic variation in the temperature sensitivity in the low- and high-temperature regions adds non-additive genetic variation. Development rate shows patterns in additive genetic variation that differ from the patterns of genetic variation in body size; therefore, the genetic correlation between development rate and body size changes sign repeatedly as a function of temperature. The existence of dominance in the genetic variation in the boundary temperatures or in the low- and high-temperature sensitivities leads to a higher total genetic variance due to higher dominance and interaction variance, for both development rate and body size. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Light Induced Enhancement in Proline Levels Under Stress is Regulated by Non-Photosynthetic Events

Vigna radiata (L.) seedlings (5-d-old) were exposed to different concentrations of NaCl in light and in dark. The content of proline in the shoots increased with an increase in NaCl concentration, in light as well as in dark. But, irrespective of the concentration of NaCl, proline accumulation in the shoots was higher in light than in dark. Pretreatment of seedlings with dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea (DCMU) did not make any significant difference in light promoted stress induced proline accumulation. As DCMU is a potent inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport, the light reaction of photosynthesis was not responsible for the observed light promotion of stress induced proline accumulation. In another set of experiments, 5-d-old green as well as etiolated seedlings were exposed to NaCl stress in the presence of different concentrations of sucrose. Irrespective of the concentration of sucrose used, proline content in shoots of stressed seedlings was higher in light than in dark. Although, sucrose enhanced NaCl stress induced increase in proline content in dark by about 32 %, this enhancement was not comparable to the 286 % increase in proline content brought about by light. These results showed that certain factors other than photosynthesis play a role in light promotion of stress induced proline accumulation.     

Ion balance in tomato cultivars differing in salt tolerance. I. Sodium and potassium accumulation and fluxes under moderate salinity

The magnitude of sodium and potassium fluxes in Lycopersicon escutentum cuhivars Ace and Edkawi (Edkawi is considered more sait-tolerant I was evaluated in planls grown for 10 days in aerated Hoagland solution with the addition of 25 or 100 mM NaCl. Ion accumulatiun in different plant pans, ion concentration in xylem exudate. transpiration and membrane leakiness were measured. Both cultivars responded very similarly to these levels of salinity in terms of growth. No conspicuous differences in membrane leakiness were observed. Net uprake rates were calculated from ion contents data. Potassium uptake rates were lower in salinized planls than in controls, especially in cv. Aee. Potassium/sodium selectivity ratios were much higher in Edkawi than in Ace. and higher in shoot uptake rates than in xy lem exudate. This indicates that Edakw i has a higher capacity to retain potassium under salinity, a character which could contribute to its salt-tolerance.     

短日照对浮萍植物中过氧化物酶和硝酸还原酶活性的影响

短日照处理引起Lemna minor的两个日长反应不同的品系,以及Lemna paucicostata6746中硝酸还原酶的体外活性下降.在L. minorGl和L. paucicostala6746两个短日品系中,短日照导致过氧化物酶活性和抗坏血酸含量水平增高.其抗坏血酸含量水平与过氧化物酶的活性水平具有平行增长关系.对日长不敏感的品系L. minorG2中过氧化物酶活性在短日下呈现强烈起伏和随后的衰减.其抗坏血酸含量水平在同期表现连续下降.对两个L. minor品系中过氧化物酶同工酶的比较表明,在不敏感品系中缺乏迁移最快的阴离子酶带,而同一酶带存在于短日照品系中,并呈现明显的被诱导变化.       

Total nitrogen and free amino acids in Morus alba stems from autumn through spring

During leaf senescence and abscission, total nitrogen in leaves of mulberry ( Morus alba L. ev. Shin-ichinose) declined substantially whereas total nitrogen in buds, bark and stem wood increased markedly, suggesting translocation of nitrogen from senescent leaves in the autumn. After leaf abscission the winter buds and stems remained almost unchanged with respect to fresh and dry weight and total nitrogen until bud break in spring. In burst buds these parameters then increased drastically during the new growth while they decreased markedly in stems. Free arginine in the stem bark accumulated in parallel with the accumulation of total nitrogen in buds and stems in the autumn. Accumulation of proline in the wood, bark and buds also started in October but continued even after leaf-fall, increasing until mid-January (wood), mid-February (bark) and the new growth (buds). Prior to and in the early stage of bud break, proline in bark and wood decreased significantly and arginine in stem bark decreased slightly. Simultaneously, proline and arginine in the dormancy-releasing buds and asparagine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid in the buds and stems increased appreciably, suggesting that this increase in free amino acids was mainly derived from free amino acids (proline and arginine) stored in stems. The resulting marked decrease in total nitrogen and the drastic increase in asparagine in the stems and sprouting buds/new shoots were primarily due to a breakdown of protein stored in stems.