转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻对大螟幼虫体内三种保护酶活性的影响

为阐明转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻对大螟Sesamia inferens (Walker)作用的生理生化机制, 本研究用转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻茎秆饲喂大螟3龄和5龄幼虫, 采用酶活性测定方法研究了取食转Bt水稻对大螟幼虫体内3种保护酶SOD(superoxide dismutase)、 CAT(catalase)和POD(peroxidase)活性的影响。结果表明, 大螟3龄幼虫在取食转基因水稻24 h后SOD活性与对照相比提高了43.44%, 48 h后降至最低值; 在取食24 h后POD值达到最高值, 其酶活性比对照升高了29.22%, 最终在取食48 h后降至最低值, 并显著低于对照; 在取食转基因水稻4 h后, CAT活性升高了30.33%, 在取食48 h后, 与对照相比, CAT活性降低了27.01%; 5龄幼虫取食4 h后SOD活性显著高于对照水平, 36 h后降至最低值, 与对照相比, 活性下降了31.62%; 在取食8 h后POD活性达到最高值, 与对照相比, 升高了73.20%, 36 h后酶活性降至最低值; 在取食之初4 h CAT活性达到最高值, 与对照相比, 其值升高了75.73%, 在取食48 h后, 其活性与对照相比减少了7.55%。3龄幼虫与5龄幼虫相比, 对Bt的抗性水平较低, 自身防卫能力较差。结果说明, 在取食初期, 试虫体内保护酶活性升高, 以抵御Bt毒蛋白对虫体的伤害作用, 随着取食时间的延长, 保护酶活性迅速降低, 从而干扰虫体正常的代谢过程, 导致虫体出现中毒症状, 致使昆虫死亡。     

Cry1Ab蛋白对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫体内三种保护酶活性的影响

室内采用酶活力测定方法研究转B t基因水稻表达的Cry1Ab蛋白对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫体内3种保护酶(AChE、SOD和CAT)活性的影响。结果表明,用转B t基因水稻处理稻纵卷叶螟幼虫,饲喂4 h、36 h后,其体内AChE活力分别比对照增加了52.09%、128.51%,并且都极显著(P<0.01)高于对照组;取食转基因水稻叶片4 h后,幼虫体内SOD酶活性比对照提高了91.5%,与对照有显著差异;36 h后活性达到最大值,但与对照差异不显著。取食转基因水稻叶片24 h后,幼虫体内CAT酶活性达到最大值且高于对照,但与对照差异不显著;48 h后酶活性受到显著抑制,与对照差异显著。同时,测定了幼虫体内及其粪便中Cry1Ab蛋白含量的变化,结果表明,取食转基因水稻叶片12 h后,进入体内的Cry1Ab蛋白随粪便排出,幼虫体内的Cry1Ab蛋白含量一直低于粪便中的含量,且在24 h时两者差异达到最大。由于Cry1Ab蛋白在幼虫体内的积累,扰乱了稻纵卷叶螟幼虫体内AChE、SOD和C AT保护酶的动态平衡,使虫体内自由基的清除遇到障碍,从而对其产生毒害作用。     

水稻施用硅肥对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响

【目的】研究施硅水稻对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée)幼虫保护酶(过氧化氢酶CAT、过氧化物酶POD、超氧化物歧化酶SOD)和解毒酶(谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶GST、乙酰胆碱酯酶ACh E)活性的影响,为探明硅增强水稻抗稻纵卷叶螟的机理和稻纵卷叶螟的综合治理提供依据。【方法】采用感虫水稻品种TN1,设置2种施硅水平,即0.32 g Si/kg土壤(Si+)和不施硅(Si-),测定取食水稻24、48、72、96 h后3龄幼虫体内CAT、POD、SOD、GST、ACh E活性的动态变化。【结果】幼虫取食Si+水稻前期(24~48 h),CAT、POD、SOD活性呈上升趋势,并在48 h时达到最高值;取食后期(48~96 h),CAT、POD、SOD活性下降并在96 h时显著低于Si-处理。在Si-处理中,幼虫CAT和POD活性"先降低、再升高",SOD活性呈一直增大的趋势。取食Si+水稻幼虫GST活性始终显著高于Si-处理,而ACh E活性均低于Si-水稻,并在72 h和96 h时显著低于Si-水稻。处理间幼虫存活率存在显著差异,Si+水稻上1龄和3龄幼虫的存活率显著低于Si-水稻。这些结果说明,硅处理可能使稻纵卷叶螟幼虫产生应激反应引起保护酶活性在短时间内增大,但取食一段时间后保护酶活性下降。ACh E活性受到抑制,会引起昆虫神经传导的异常反应,造成昆虫死亡。【结论】硅可能通过参与植物的生理代谢过程,诱导植物增加次生代谢物的合成和积累,引起稻纵卷叶螟保护酶和解毒酶的活性变化,可能会影响稻纵卷叶螟的存活。     

取食转Bt基因水稻对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫中肠的组织病理学效应

利用透射电镜观察了稻纵卷叶螟 Cnaphalocrocis medinalis（Guenée）幼虫取食转Bt基因水稻后中肠的组织病理变化。结果表明：稻纵卷叶螟幼虫取食转cry1Ab基因水稻后,中肠上皮细胞的线粒体先发生形态变化,随连续取食时间的延长线粒体出现凝聚、内嵴稀疏、空泡化等,在后期还呈凝聚态随突起脱落或沿杯腔边沿单一排列。内质网的变化也很明显,病变过程中伴随着粗糙内质网的肿胀、核糖体脱落,粗糙内质网增多等现象。细胞核的变化较小,在处理后期出现细胞核拉长、核仁聚集等变化。组织病变程度不一,有的细胞在病变早期就出现了空泡化。     

稻纵卷叶螟对杂交水稻及常规水稻的生态反应

稻纵卷叶螟对杂交水稻及常规水稻的生态反应钱希（国营黄海农场,江苏省响水县２２４６２４）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｅａｌＲｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｓｏｆＲｉｃｅＣａｓｅｗｏｒｍｔｏＨｙｂｒｉｄＲｉｃｅｓａｎｄＴｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌＲｉｃｅｓ￥ＱｉａｎＸｉ（ＴｈｅＳｔａｔｅＦａｒｍｏｆＹｅｌｌｏｗＳｅａ,ＸｉａｎｇｓｈｕｉＣｏｕｎｔｙ,Ｊｉａｎｇｓｕ,Ｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ２２４６２４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：２１－２４．Ｔｏｓｔｕｄｙｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｒｉｃｅｃｕｌｔｉｖａｒｓｏｎｔｈｅｏｖｉｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ,ｅｍｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ,ｗｏｒｍｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｎａｔｕｒａｌｅｎｅｍｖｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｃａｓｅｗｏｒｍａｎｄｌｏｓｓｅｓｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｐｅｓｔ,ｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｍａｄｅｏｎ１６ｒｉｃｅｃｕｌｔｉｖａｒｓｉｎＨｕａｎｇｈａｉＳｔａｔｅＦａｒｍｉｎＮｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＪｉａｎｇｓｕｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,ｗｈｅｒｅｃａｓｅｗｏｒｍｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙｂｅｃｏｍｅｍｏｒｅａｎｄｍｏｒｅｖｉ－ｏｌｅｎｔｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｃｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎｃｕｌｔｉｖａ     

水稻种质对稻纵卷叶螟抗性机制研究概述

<正> 过去十几年来,稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocro-cis medinalis(Guenee)在我国及亚洲其他稻区经常普遍地发生,已经成为目前亚洲热带和亚热带稻谷生产的一种严重威胁。从70年代开始,国内外对稻种资源进行稻纵卷叶螟抗性研究,迄今取得了较大的进展。据不完全统     

纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的功能反应

在室内测定了纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles cypris对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis幼虫的功能反应和寻找效应.结果表明,纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的功能反应可用Michaelis-Menten-Ⅱ型功能反应模型Na=AN0/（F+N0）拟合,一头纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂雌蜂在24h内对稻纵卷...     

二化螟与稻纵卷叶螟幼虫取食诱导的水稻挥发物比较

前期研究结果表明,二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟幼虫为害所诱导的水稻挥发物能对二化螟绒茧蜂Apanteles chilonis Munakata、二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)和稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guene)雌成虫的行为产生影响,并且两者的影响效应存在明显差异,但至今仍不清楚2种害虫危害后水稻挥发物的变化情况。利用动态吸附法对健康水稻苗、二化螟或稻纵卷叶螟幼虫为害苗的挥发物进行捕集与鉴定。在3种处理水稻苗中,共捕集到28种挥发物组分,包括萜类化合物、烷烃类化合物、酮类、醇类、水杨酸甲酯和一些未知化合物。二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟为害均能导致水稻挥发物总量和大多挥发物组分释放量的上升;同时,二化螟幼虫危害能诱导水稻新释放2-heptanonol,(E)-linalooloxide和2种未知挥发物组分,稻纵卷叶螟为害则可诱导水稻产生2-heptanonol,(E)-linalooloxide,MeSA和β-caryophyllene4种新化合物。2种虫害稻株间的比较表明,β-caryophyllene和MeSA是稻纵卷叶螟危害水稻后诱导产生的特有挥发物组分,并且linalool,α-copaene,(+)-cedrol,n-heptadecane和n-nonadecane在二化螟为害苗与稻纵卷叶螟为害苗之间差异显著。这一结果也许可以解释2种害虫诱导水稻挥发物对天敌和害虫行为影响不同的原因。     

稻纵卷叶螟天敌的保护与利用

本文综述了稻纵卷叶螟寄生性天敌和捕食性天敌的种类以及两大类天敌对其控制的效果,进一步论述了对稻纵卷叶螟天敌的保护和利用,从而减少化学农药的使用,达到既更好地防治稻纵卷叶螟,又能使生态环境得到改善.     

转基因杨树对杨小舟蛾体内三种保护酶活力的影响

用转Bt单基因（FB56）和转Bt＋CpTI双价基因（D18）杨树叶片饲喂杨小舟蛾Micromelalopha troglodyta (Graeser),采用酶活力测定方法研究了转基因杨树对幼虫中肠和血淋巴三种保护酶（SOD、CAT 和POD）活力的影响。结果表明,幼虫中肠SOD活力显著升高,而CAT和POD活力受到了显著抑制。用FB56处理24 h,杨小舟蛾幼虫中肠SOD活力增加了41.7%,与对照有显著差异;而用D18处理,SOD活力增加了25.3%,与对照差异不显著。用FB56处理24 h,中肠CAT活力受到显著抑制,36 h后抑制能力不强;而用D18处理,CAT活力全程受到显著抑制。用FB56和D18处理36 h,中肠POD活力均受到显著抑制,分别比对照下降70.1%和898%。转基因杨树通过扰乱幼虫中肠SOD、CAT和POD三种保护酶的动态平衡,使虫体内自由基清除遇到了障碍,从而对其产生了毒害作用。转双价基因杨树对幼虫中肠保护酶的毒害作用大于转单基因杨树。用2种转基因杨树叶片饲喂杨小舟蛾幼虫后其血淋巴SOD和POD活力均没有受到显著影响,但CAT活力均显著高于对照,转基因杨树对血淋巴保护酶系统的影响小于对中肠保护酶系统的影响。     

水稻品种对稻纵卷叶螟抗性的物理及生化机制

稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis连年大发生,为在其治理中培育和推广抗虫品种,本文应用扫描电镜和生化测定研究了5个常用水稻栽培品种扬辐粳8号、扬稻6号、扬粳9538、淮稻9号和宁梗1号叶片中的硅含量、硅颗粒大小、蜡质含量等物理指标和一些生化指标与抗虫性的关系,并比较了稻纵卷叶螟幼虫危害不同水稻品种后其体内生化反应的差异。结果表明抗虫品种宁梗1号、淮稻9号叶片表面的硅含量显著高于感虫品种,硅颗粒大小在品种间无显著差异。宁粳1号叶片蜡质含量显著高于其他品种。由此表明叶片表面硅和蜡质含量与抗性有关。稻纵卷叶螟幼虫取食后,抗虫品种体内的过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）活性显著高于感虫品种,但丙二醛(MDA)含量低于感虫品种。稻纵卷叶螟幼虫取食不同品种后,其体内一些酶的活性明显不同,取食抗虫品种的幼虫体内POD和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性显著高于取食其他品种的幼虫,SOD活性显著低于取食感虫品种的幼虫, 表明抗虫品种对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫有毒害作用。     

Comparison of attractiveness in Japan and China of three synthetic pheromone blends based on geographic variations in the rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Field bioassays using three different synthetic sex pheromone blends (Indian, Philippine and Japanese) based on geographic variations of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée were carried out at 11 sites in Japan and in Hangzhou, China. In all of the tests, only the Japanese pheromone blend attracted a significant number of male moths, while the Indian and Philippine pheromone blends showed no marked activity. The findings in Japan showed no evidence that moths of Philippine or Indian origin were able to migrate to Japan. The results from China also showed that most populations of C. medinalisin the Hangzhou region responded to the Japanese blend. This is consistent with the current hypothesis that most populations of C. medinalisin Japan are migrants from areas to the south of the Yangzhe Valley, including the region surrounding Hangzhou, China. Furthermore, populations in the Hangzhou region can not hibernate, but are considered migrants from the southernmost parts of China and southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam where they breed continuously. Consequently, at least some populations in these areas may respond to the Japanese pheromone blend.     

The effect of leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] injury on the plant physiology and yield loss in rice

Influence of leaffolder feeding on chlorophyll, PS II activity and plant–water relations, effect of larval density on leaf damage and time course studies on larval feeding behaviour on altered physiological changes in TN1 rice culture were studied. Quantification of yield losses in the field caused by leaffolder was also assessed. Leaffolder damage resulted in 57% reduction in chlorophyll content, 23% reduction in PS II activity and 23% reduction in relative water content in comparison with control. Rice leaffolder larva folds the leaf and scrapes the green tissue from within the fold resulting in scorching and drying of the leaves. Larval density had differentially influenced effective leaf area of rice crop. Larval densities of more than 3 larvae per hill at maximum tillering stage resulted up to 20% unfilled grains, 28–57% reduction in PS II activity and 23% reduction in relative water content in comparison with the control. At flowering stage, flag leaf area damage of above 25% resulted in more than 50% unfilled grains over control, indicating direct effect of yield reduction in rice. Thus, a cumulative effect of loss in chlorophyll, reduced photosynthate availability and altered water relations caused by the leaffolder injury to flag leaf lead to greater yield loss in rice.     

Sex pheromone components of the rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), in Indonesia

Field tests of three synthetic sex pheromone blends (Japanese blend: Z11–18:Ald (55 μg), Z13–18:Ald (500 μg), Z11–18:OH (120 μg) and Z13–18:OH (180 μg), Indian blend: Z11–16:Ac (50 μg) and Z13–18:Ac (500 μg) and Philippine blend: Z11–16:Ac (500 μg) and Z13–18:Ac (10 μg) based on geographic variations in sex pheromones) of the rice leaffolder moth, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), were conducted at Yogyakarta (Java), and at Sempidi and Penatih (Bali), Indonesia. Only the Japanese blend attracted significant numbers of male C. medinalis, while neither the Indian nor the Philippine blend showed any attractiveness to the males. In the GC–MS analysis of a crude extract from pheromone glands of female C. medinalis collected at Sanur, Bali. Indonesia, Z11–18:Ald, Z13–18:Ald, Z11–18:OH and Z13–18:OH were detected at a ratio of 10:100:26:37, and the total amount was approximately 0.8 ng/female. Neither Z11–16:Ac nor Z13–18:Ac were detected. These results suggest that C. medinalis that respond to the Japanese blend are widely distributed from Eastern Asia through Southeast Asia.     

转基因水稻表达的Bt蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛（Pardosa pseudoannulata）体内保护酶活性的影响

把取食24h的转Cry1Ab／Cry1Ac基因水稻叶片的稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis（Guenée）幼虫,分别喂养拟环纹豹蛛3天、6天、9天、12天后,采用酶活力测定方法探究了转基因水稻表达的Bt蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛体内3种保护酶（SOD、POD和CAT）活性的影响。结果表明：就整体来看,实验期间处理组蜘蛛体内3种保护酶（SOD、POD和CAT）的活性均受到Bt蛋白的影响,且前期3种保护酶活性均表现不同程度的被抑制,明显低于对照组。在实验过程中,SOD活性随着处理时间的增加而逐渐增强,至处理第9天时达到最大值;同时处理组POD、CAT活性也随着处理时间的增加而增强,实验初期（前6天）均显著低于对照组,而至第9天则均高于对照组。由此可见,Bt基因在水稻体内所表达的Bt蛋白能够沿食物链传递至次级消费者,并且在一定程度上对次级消费者产生影响。     

Insecticide susceptibility of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in China

Insecticide control is the major measure for suppression of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) damage, and a few insecticides used for long time have proved to fail to control this pest in China. Several new chemicals have been introduced for control of C. medinalis. However, there was no baseline susceptibility data of C. medinalis to insecticides used or will be in use. In this study, a seedling dipping method was developed for bioassay of insecticide susceptibility of C. medinalis. Dose responses of C. medinalis to 11 insecticides were tested. Interpopulation sensitivity to insecticides was compared. Based on LC50 values, C. medinalis was most susceptible to antibiotic insecticides (abamectin, emamectin benzoate, and spinosad) and least sensitive to monosultap and a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) product. Chlorantraniliprole and insect growth regulator (IGR) insecticides (tebufenozide and hexaflumuron) exhibited great efficacy against C. medinalis. No susceptibility difference was observed for antibiotic insecticide and IGR insecticides among three populations. Narrow variation in tolerant level was detected for organophosphates insecticides, chlorantraniliprole, monosultap, and Bt. The results in this study provided baseline susceptibility data of C. medinalis to 11 insecticides and also offered useful information for choice of alternative insecticide and for integrated resistance management of C. medinalis.