Réponses électroantennographiques de deux parasitoïdes Ichneumonidés,Diadromus pulchellus et D. collaris,aux odeurs de végétaux,du phytophage-hôte Acrolepiopsis assectella et du partenaire sexuel

Résumé Chez Diadromus pulchellus WSM et D. collaris Gr., Hyménoptères Ichneumonidés parasitoïdes spécialistes des nymphes d'A. assectella lépidoptère inféodé aux Allium, des EAG sont enregistrés en réponse à l'odeur du poireau sain ou attaqué par les larves du phytophage, odeurs actives par ailleurs sur leur comportement locomoteur (cinèses). Le thiosulfinate de dipropyle (Ti-P₂) très spécifique et abondant dans les Allium, et instable, est le mieux perçu par les deux parasitoïdes mais n'a aucun effet locomoteur chez D. pulchellus contrairement aux disulfures et thiosulfonates, plus stables et moins spécifiques. Les propriétés de l'acétate d'éthyle, actif sur l'antenne des deux parasitoïdes, et sur la locomotion de D. pulchellus expliqueraient en partie les activités biologiques du poireau attaqué sur ces parasitoïdes. Des EAG sont aussi obtenus chez les deux espèces avec l'odeur du chou et de composés soufrés plus ou moins spécifiques des Crucifères. Le thiocyanate de méthyle (TCN-M), le plus actif sur l'antenne et seul efficace sur le comportement locomoteur (de D. pulchellus), expliquerait en partie l'installation reconnue de D. collaris sur Plutella maculipennis spécialiste des Crucifères et rend celle de D. pulchelles vraisemblable.L'odeur des larves de dernier stade d'A. assectella est seule efficace sur l'antenne et la locomotion des femelles de D. pulchellus. Les mâles de ce dernier réagissent (EAG, locomotion) à des odeurs de cocons de l'hôte et particulièrement à ceux occupés par une femelle de leur espèce.     

Acétolyse d'une diazocétone derivée d'octose: synthése d'une N-acétyllincosamine protégée, de ses epiméres en c-6 et c-7, et d'une 3-oxétanone á chane latérale glucidique

The acetolysis with anhydrous acetic acid of the diazoketone 1, prepared from potassium 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galacturonate, gave ketoacetates having the D-glycero (3)and L-glycero (5)configuration at C-7, together with the 3-oxetanone 7, a product of pyranose-ring opening. Starting from the ketoacetates 3 and 5, the lincosamine derivative, 6-acetamido-6,8-dideoxy-1,2:,4-di-O-isopropylidene -α-D-erythro-D-galacto-octopyranose (8), and its three diastereoisomers at C-6 and C-7 (9, 10, and 11) were obtained by oximation, reduction, and N-acetylation.

Résumé

L'acétolyse par l'acide acétique anhydre de la diazocétone 1 dérivée du 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidéne-α-D-galacturonate de potassium, donne les céto-acétates deconfiguration D-glycéro (3) et L-glycéro (5) sur C-7, ainsi que la 3-oxétanone 7 qui résulte de l'ouverture du cycle pyranosique. A partir des céto-acétates 3 et 5, on a obtenu, par oximation, réduction et N-acétylation, le dérivé de la lincosamine, 6-acétamido-6,8-didésoxy-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidéne-α-D-érythro-D-galacto-octo-pyranose (8), et ses trois diastéréoisoméres en C-6 et C-7 (9, 10 et 11).     

Composés glucidiques et azotés et résistance à la sécheresse chez Ailanthus altissima

In Ailanthus altissima, carbohydrate and protein reserves are mainly localized in the tap-root. Under drought stress they are very quickly hydrolysed. Despite the water deficiency, an increase in starch synthesis is observed in the leaves and stem during the first stages of stress. Stimulation of the cambial activity of the stems and an increase in protein content have also been observed. Chemical analyses have shown a high proline content which increases markedly following drought stress, especially in the tap-root.     

Impact de la pollution sur un écosystème méditerranéen cǒtier. II. Relations entre la composition spécifique des populations phytoplanctoniques et les taux de pigments et de nucléotides adényliques (ATP,ADP, AMP)

Influences of unsalted waters penetration, in the Gulf of Fos, are marked as much on the primary step structuration level as on the component cellular physiology one. At their outlet, the weak structuration and the considerable biomasses resulting from an intense eutrophication go with a strong mortality clearly shown as well as by ATP/chlorophyll ratio than these of ATP, ADP and AMP inside the adenylic nucleotides pool. The primary step acquires a larger maturity in the salt share of the south eastern area. Spectrum variations of the population specific cellular volumes in terms of population importance can in a certain measure explain the intracellular rate variations into biochemical components.     

Solubilisation et caractérisation d'une glycoprotéine : fucosyl-transférase cérébrale

1. A glycoprotein: fucosyl-transferase activity was demonstrated in sheep cerebral cortex, using desialylated fetuin as exogenous acceptor and detergent Trition X 100 for solubilization.

2. Addition of Triton X 100 to the membrane suspension gave first an activation then a solubilization of the cerebral fucosyl-transferase.

3. Hydrophobic chromatography was investigated for purification of the enzyme. Binding was effective using alkyl-agarose chromatographic columns with two or more than two atoms of carbon, but elution was only possible with ethyl and butyl-agarose.

4. Combination of subcellular fractionation and hydrophobic chromatography on ethylagarose led to a 30 fold purification.

5. After ethyl-agarose chromatography, some properties of fucosyl-transferase were studied: the optimal temperature was 25°C. The optimum pH was about neutrality. Light activation was observed with Mn²⁺ concentration below 1 mM.

6. Homogeneity was tested using Ultrogel chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation.

7. It was concluded that ethyl-agarose hydrophobic chromatography easily bind a few solubilized proteins (about 20 per cent of the ST supernatant). When elution was performed, these proteins, including fucosyl-transferase, were released from ethyl-agarose columns as a stable aggregate, only dissociated with lower ionic strength.

Ethyl-agarose fraction (eluted with KCl 120 mM) showed homogeneity:

— with Ultrogel AcA 22 chromatography (Mw = 300.000).

— with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without S.D.S.

— with the analytical ultracentrifugo giving Mw = 280.000; S₂₀ = 10.

But after dialysis overnight against a buffer without KCl, ultracentrifugation technics showed no homogeneity. Futhermore, SDS gel electrophoresis gave more than four bands.     

Microenvironnement cellulaire, PAI-1 et migration cancéreuse

Cancer is a complex and dynamic process caused by a cellular dysfunction leading to a whole organ or even organism vital perturbation. To better understand this process, we need to study each one of the levels involved, which allows the scale change, and to integrate this knowledge. A matricellular protein, PAI-1, is able to induce in vitro cell behaviour modifications, morphological changes, and to promote cell migration. PAI-1 influences the mesenchymo-amaeboid transition. This matricellular protein should be considered as a potential ‘launcher’ of the metastatic process acting at the molecular, cellular, tissular levels and, as a consequence, at the organism's level. To cite this article: M. Malo et al., C. R. Biologies 329 (2006).