漆酶的性质、功能、催化机理和应用

漆酶是一种结合多个铜离子的蛋白,是铜蓝氧化酶蛋白家族的一员。本文叙述漆酶的分子结构、底物特异性及其物理化学特性,并讨论漆酶的酶促反应机理和生物学功能,包括植物漆酶参与细胞壁的形成以及漆酶与病原菌毒力的关系。本文还着重介绍了漆酶在环境生物修复方面的应用。     

漆酶、铜蓝蛋白的脉冲激光光声法测定

本文采用脉冲激光光声分析法,进行了漆酶和铜蓝蛋白的测定。探讨了入射激光能量。照射时间、温度等因素对漆酶、铜蓝蛋白光声信号强度的影响以及18种金属离子与铜蓝蛋白的作用情况。     

真菌漆酶的结构与功能

漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶,能催化氧化酚类和芳香类化合物,同时伴随4个电子的转移,并将分子氧还原成水。漆酶结构的解析是阐明其催化作用机理、了解蛋白质结构与功能关系的基础。综述近年来对真菌漆酶蛋白结构及其功能研究的进展。     

毛木耳漆酶基因的克隆、序列分析及其鉴定

本文利用PCR和RACE技术首次从毛木耳AP4菌株中获得编码漆酶基因的cDNA及其基因组全长序列,基因组大小为2514 bp.通过比较该漆酶基因的cDNA和基因组DNA的全长序列,发现该基因包含14个外显子和13个内含子.cDNA序列的全长为1972 bp,其包含一个完整的ORE长度为1860 bp,编码619氨基酸,推测的分子量大小为68 kD,等电点pI为5.15.在氨基酸序列的氨基末端存在一个信号肽序列,同时该基因还包括含铜氧化酶的三个功能结构域KOG1263、SufI和pfam00394.氨基酸序列与GenBank中登录的真菌漆酶蛋白序列比对表明:该氨基酸序列与其它真菌漆酶蛋白序列有较高的同源性,氨基酸序列相同性最高达41%,相似性为58%,并且含有真菌漆酶的四个保守的Cu-bind结构域.将获得的漆酶基因lacl与毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K连接,构建重组质粒pYH3660,将其转化到毕赤酵母中,经甲醇诱导该基因在第10天产酶高达123 IU/L,并通过Native SDS-PAGE电泳获得预期大小的漆酶蛋白条带.结构分析和功能验证均表明:本研究获得的基因lacl为漆酶基因.     

真菌漆酶性质、分子生物学及其应用研究进展

漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶。目前发现多种生物能够产生漆酶,包括植物、真菌、昆虫和细菌等,其中,以真菌中的白腐真菌研究最多。由于漆酶在生物漂白、农作物秸秆利用以及环境污染处理等方面具有广阔的应用前景,漆酶研究受到越来越多的关注。同时,随着分子生物学技术的发展,漆酶研究已经深入到基因水平,多种漆酶基因已经成功获得克隆,一些漆酶基因也实现了异源表达。现针对真菌漆酶的生物学性质、分子生物学及其应用的研究进展进行了概括总结,并对其前景进行了展望。     

草菇基因组中11个漆酶同源基因的生物信息学分析及铜离子对其表达的影响

通过分析草菇基因组中11个漆酶同源基因所编码的蛋白的性质、转录调控元件和测定铜离子存在条件下的草菇漆酶活性及11个漆酶基因的转录水平,揭示了草菇漆酶基因的各自特性、差异以及基因功能与进化机制。分析表明,这11个漆酶同源基因编码的蛋白具有508–562aa个氨基酸,分子量和理论等电点分别为56.25–60.75kDa和4.51–6.18（未经翻译后修饰）,且都具有真菌漆酶铜离子结合区域的特征序列、4个能够结合催化底物的环形结构以及信号肽序列,都属于分泌性的胞外蛋白,但其底物结合位点数目、loop序列的一致性、跨膜区域数目和位置以及信号肽位置等存在较大差异。草菇11个漆酶起始密码子上游2 000bp的序列中含有真核生物的基本转录调控元件（TATA-box,CAAT-box及GC-box）和多个潜在的调控元件（MRE、XRE、STRE、HSE、ARE、TRE、NIT元件等）,但每个基因所含调控元件数目及种类各有不同。在液体培养条件下,铜离子能够诱导除vv-lac2、vv-lac3和vv-lac7之外的其余8个草菇漆酶基因的表达,且适宜浓度的铜离子有助于草菇漆酶活性的增加。     

真菌漆酶基因研究进展

漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶,也是木质素生物合成的关键酶之一,目前已发现多种生物能产生漆酶,包括植物、真菌、昆虫、细菌等。其中,以真菌中的白腐菌研究最多。近年来,由于漆酶在生物漂白、农作物秸秆利用以及环境垃圾处理方面具有广阔的应用前景,漆酶研究越来越受到国际上的重视。同时,随着分子生物学相关技术的发展,漆酶研究已深入基因水平,已有多种漆酶基因获得克隆,一些漆酶基因也实现了异源表达。本文概述了真菌漆酶基因研究的最新进展。     

细菌漆酶的生物信息学分析

漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶。本研究利用生物信息学分析工具对细菌的漆酶蛋白序列的基本性质、保守结构域、系统发育树以及结构等进行了分析。所分析细菌主要分布在变形菌门、放线菌和厚壁菌门。细菌漆酶的物理化学性质相似,但不同细菌来源的漆酶之间序列相似性较低,但其仍然具有容易识别的保守结构域特征。二级结构及三级结构具有明显的相似性。细菌漆酶的生物信息分析为其功能研究及在其他微生物中研究该类酶提供了基础。     

真菌漆酶的性质、生产及应用研究进展

作为一种含铜的多酚氧化酶,真菌漆酶比细菌漆酶、植物漆酶等具有更好的热稳定性、金属离子耐受性及更高的底物催化氧化性,在工农业及环境领域的应用中得到了较高的关注。目前普遍认为,限制漆酶广泛应用的因素在于漆酶的生产规模、成本与性质。真菌漆酶的生产模式包括固态发酵和液体发酵,工业生产基本以液体发酵为主。除了在染料脱色、染织废水处理、纸浆漂白等过程中的应用,最新的研究不断拓展了漆酶新的用途,对近年来真菌漆酶的发酵生产、酶学性质及应用研究中的最新结果进行了概述。     

铜离子调控木质纤维素降解和糙皮侧耳形态发育的研究

漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶,在木质素的降解中起重要作用。铜离子对漆酶的产生和活性有重要影响。通过向秸秆固体培养基中添加铜离子,研究铜离子对糙皮侧耳木质纤维素降解酶、木质纤维素降解和形态发育的影响。结果表明,添加铜离子能在一定程度上提高漆酶的活性,添加3mmol/L铜离子在第7天漆酶活性比对照高出71.2%,28d后添加铜离子的样品木质素降解率稍高出对照,添加铜离子能促进糙皮侧耳原基的分化和子实体的发育。     

Laccase isoenzymes of Pleurotus eryngii: characterization, catalytic properties, and participation in activation of molecular oxygen and Mn2+ oxidation.

Two laccase isoenzymes produced by Pleurotus eryngii were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity (42- and 43-fold) with an overall yield of 56.3%. Laccases I and II from this fungus are monomeric glycoproteins with 7 and 1% carbohydrate content, molecular masses (by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of 65 and 61 kDa, and pIs of 4.1 and 4.2, respectively. The highest rate of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) oxidation for laccase I was reached at 65 degrees C and pH 4, and that for laccase II was reached at 55 degrees C and pH 3.5. Both isoenzymes are stable at high pH, retaining 60 to 70% activity after 24 h from pH 8 to 12. Their amino acid compositions and N-terminal sequences were determined, the latter strongly differing from those of laccases of other basidiomycetes. Antibodies against laccase I reacted with laccase II, as well as with laccases from Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, and Pleurotus floridanus. Different hydroxy- and methoxy-substituted phenols and aromatic amines were oxidized by the two laccase isoenzymes from P. eryngii, and the influence of the nature, number, and disposition of aromatic-ring substituents on kinetic constants is discussed. Although both isoenzymes presented similar substrate affinities, the maximum rates of reactions catalyzed by laccase I were higher than those of laccase II. In reactions with hydroquinones, semiquinones produced by laccase isoenzymes were in part converted into quinones via autoxidation. The superoxide anion radical produced in the latter reaction dismutated, producing hydrogen peroxide. In the presence of manganous ion, the superoxide union was reduced to hydrogen peroxide with the concomitant production of manganic ion. These results confirmed that laccase in the presence of hydroquinones can participate in the production of both reduced oxygen species and manganic ions.     

The accessibility of type I Cu(II) centers in laccase, azurin, and stellacyanin to exchangeable hydrogen and ambient water.

The characteristic deuterium modulation pattern was observed in the electron spin-echo envelopes for laccase, decupro laccase (from which Type 2 copper had been removed), stellacyanin, and azurin that had been exchanged against D2O. From the decay rate of the modulation pattern and from a quantitative analysis of the modulation depth, we conclude that the Cu(II) sites in these proteins are directly accessible to solvent. Similar results were obtained for laccase and decupro laccase.     

Molecular characterization of a blue-copper laccase, TILA, of Aspergillus nidulans

Laccases are blue-copper enzymes, which oxidize phenolic substrates and thereby reduce molecular oxygen. They are widespread within fungi and are involved in lignin degradation or secondary metabolism such as pigment biosynthesis. Many fungi contain several laccases, not all of whose functions are known. In Aspergillus nidulans one, yA, is expressed during asexual development and converts a yellow precursor to the green pigment. We identified a second laccase gene, which encodes a 66.3-kDa protein 37.6% identical to laccase I of A. nidulans. The protein harbors an N-terminal secretion signal, and three characteristic copper-binding centers. The enzyme localizes at the growing hyphal tip. The gene was therefore named tilA (=tip laccase). Deletion or overexpression of the gene had no discernible phenotype under laboratory conditions.     

A comparison of entrapped and covalently bonded laccase: Study of its leakage,reusability, and the catalytic efficiency in TEMPO-mediated glycerol oxidation

This article presents the comparison for reusability and leakage between entrapped and covalently bonded laccase and their performances towards the selective oxidation of glycerol. The reusability of immobilized laccase enzyme was studied by reacting a batch of immobilized laccase with ABTS for 15 cycles. The investigation of the leakage of immobilized laccase was carried out by storing the immobilized laccase in acetate buffer solution for 32 days. The data show that the retained enzyme activities of entrapped and covalently bonded enzyme after being reused for eight cycles were well above 60% and the leakages after storing for a month in the acetate buffer at 4?°C were well below 15%. The entrapped laccase coupled with TEMPO was found to perform better and gave a two-fold higher yield of glyceraldehyde and glyceric acid in the selective oxidation of glycerol compared to covalently bonded laccase. Hence, physical entrapment of laccase would be a suitable immobilization method in the laccase-mediated selective oxidation of glycerol.     

Extracellular laccase from Monilinia fructicola: isolation,primary characterization and application

Laccases are enzymes belonging to the family of blue copper oxidases. Due to their broad substrate specificity, they are widely used in many industrial processes and environmental bioremediations for removal of a large number of pollutants. During last decades, laccases attracted scientific interest also as highly promising enzymes to be used in bioanalytics. The aim of this study is to obtain a highly purified laccase from an efficient fungal producer and to demonstrate the applicability of this enzyme for analytics and bioremediation. To select the best microbial source of laccase, a screening of fungal strains was carried out and the fungus Monilinia fructicola was chosen as a producer of an extracellular enzyme. Optimal cultivation conditions for the highest yield of laccase were established; the enzyme was purified by a column chromatography and partially characterized. Molecular mass of the laccase subunit was determined to be near 35 kDa; the optimal pH ranges for the highest activity and stability are 4.5–5.0 and 3.0–5.0, respectively; the optimal temperature for laccase activity is 30°C. Laccase preparation was successfully used as a biocatalyst in the amperometric biosensor for bisphenol A assay and in the bioreactor for bioremediation of some xenobiotics.     

Cuticle laccase of the silkworm,Bombyx mori: Purification,gene identification and presence of its inactive precursor in the cuticle.

Laccase is a multi-copper enzyme found in variety of organisms including plants, fungi and bacteria. In insects, laccase is thought to play an important role in cuticle sclerotization with its ability to catalyze the oxidation of phenolic compounds to their corresponding quinones. From the newly ecdysed pupae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, we purified a dimer form of cuticular laccase with 70-kDa polypeptides. Mass spectrometric analysis of the tryptic fragments and cDNA sequence analysis revealed that the gene for the purified laccase (BmLaccase2) is an ortholog of laccase2, one of the multiple laccase genes found in insect genomes. BmLaccase2 is highly expressed in the epidermis prior to ecdysis, suggesting that the BmLaccase2 protein accumulates before ecdysis. However, the cuticle of newly ecdysed pupa does not have laccase activity, and the activity only becomes detectable several hours after ecdysis. These data suggest that cuticle laccase is synthesized as an inactive precursor, which is later activated after ecdysis. We also found that urea-solubilized cuticle protein extract contains an inactive form of laccase that can be activated by trypsin treatment.     

芳香族化合物对斑玉蕈菌丝生物量、漆酶活性及其转录水平的影响

芳香族化合物适当时间适当浓度添加到培养基中,可提高真菌漆酶活性,有助于增强其对木质纤维素的利用效率。为了增强斑玉蕈漆酶活性,本文研究了8种芳香族化合物对其酶活的影响及其与菌丝生物量的相关性。研究发现在无诱导物条件下,斑玉蕈漆酶活性和菌丝生物量相关系数r为0.9956,说明它们呈正相关,但是整个培养过程漆酶活性相对较低;供试的芳香族化合物对漆酶活性都有不同程度的诱导作用,其中添加0.1mmol/L的愈创木酚对斑玉蕈漆酶活性诱导作用最大,达到3倍以上,同时提高了斑玉蕈菌丝生长速度和菌丝生物量;而随着添加时间的延长,部分化合物对漆酶活性和菌丝生物量都产生不同程度的抑制作用,这可能因为化合物对菌丝毒性的延长导致菌丝生长变慢或死亡;进一步研究发现,斑玉蕈3个漆酶同工酶基因lcc2、lcc3和lcc4在诱导剂愈创木酚的影响下转录水平都不同程度地上调。研究结果表明诱导漆酶活性可以提高斑玉蕈菌丝生长速度和生物量,暗示可能通过提高漆酶活性的方法,提高斑玉蕈的培养基利用效率。     

Characterization, molecular cloning, and differential expression analysis of laccase genes from the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes.

The effect of different substrates and various developmental stages (mycelium growth, primordium appearance, and fruiting-body formation) on laccase production in the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes was studied. The cap of the mature mushroom showed the highest laccase activity, and laccase activity was not stimulated by some well-known laccase inducers or sawdust. For our molecular studies, two genomic DNA sequences, representing allelic variants of the L. edodes lac1 gene, were isolated, and DNA sequence analysis demonstrated that lac1 encodes a putative polypeptide of 526 amino acids which is interrupted by 13 introns. The two allelic genes differ at 95 nucleotides, which results in seven amino acid differences in the encoded protein. The copper-binding domains found in other laccase enzymes are conserved in the L. edodes Lac1 proteins. A fragment of a second laccase gene (lac2) was also isolated, and competitive PCR showed that expression of lac1 and lac2 genes was different under various conditions. Our results suggest that laccases may play a role in the morphogenesis of the mushroom. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the cloning of genes involved in lignocellulose degradation in this economically important edible fungus.     

Laccase-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofiber: highly stable, reusable, and efficacious for the transformation of diclofenac

Nanobiocatalysis has received growing attention for use in commercial applications. We investigated the efficiency, stability, and reusability of laccase-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofiber for diclofenac transformation. NH stretching vibrations (3400-3500 cm(-1) and 1560 cm(-1)) in FT-IR spectra confirmed immobilization of laccase on PLGA nanofibers. The relative activity of immobilized laccase was 82% that of free laccase. Immobilized laccase had better storage, pH, and thermal stability than free laccase. The immobilized laccase produced complete diclofenac transformation in three reuse cycles, which was extended to 6 cycles in the presence of syringaldehyde. Results suggest that laccase-PLGA nanofiber may be useful for removing diclofenac from aqueous sources and has potential for other commercial applications.