<Emphasis Type="Italic">Shewanella upenei</Emphasis> sp. nov., a lipolytic bacterium isolated from bensasi goatfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Upeneus bensasi</Emphasis>

A Gram-staining-negative, motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, 20-23R^T, was isolated from intestine of bensasi goatfish, Upeneus bensasi, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic study. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 20-23R^T belonged to the genus Shewanella. Strain 20-23R^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 99.5, 99.2, and 97.5% to Shewanella algae ATCC 51192^T, Shewanella haliotis DW01^T, and Shewanella chilikensis JC5^T, respectively. Strain 20-23R^T exhibited 93.1–96.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the other Shewanella species. It also exhibited 98.3–98.4% gyrB sequence similarity to the type strains of S. algae and S. haliotis. Strain 20-23R^T contained simultaneously both menaquinones and ubiquinones; the predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the predominant ubiquinones were Q-8 and Q-7. The fatty acid profiles of strain 20–23R^T, S. algae KCTC 22552^T and S. haliotis KCTC 12896^T were similar; major components were iso-C_15:0, C_16:0, C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH and C_17:1 ω8c. The DNA G+C content of strain 20-23R^T was 53.9 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties and genetic distinctiveness of strain 20–23R^T, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that this strain is distinguishable from recognized Shewanella species. On the basis of the data presented, strain 20-23R^T represents a novel species of the genus Shewanella, for which the name Shewanella upenei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 20–23R^T (=KCTC 22806^T =CCUG 58400^T).     

Shewanella litorisediminis sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from a tidal flat sediment

A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SMK1-12^T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment on the western coast of Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences showed that strain SMK1-12^T belonged to the genus Shewanella, clustering with the type strain of Shewanella amazonensis. Strain SMK1-12^T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value (97.0 %) and the highest gyrB sequence similarity value (87.8 %) to S. amazonensis SB2B^T, respectively. Strain SMK1-12^T contained simultaneously both menaquinones and ubiquinones; the predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the predominant ubiquinones were Q-7 and Q-8. The major fatty acids (>10 % of the total fatty acids) detected in strain SMK1-12^T were the MIDI system summed feature 3 (iso-C_15:0 2-OH and/or C_16:1 ω7c), iso-C_15:0, C_17:1 ω8c and C_16:0. The DNA G+C content of strain SMK1-12^T was 58.0 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness value with S. amazonensis ATCC 700329^T was 15 ± 4.6 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain SMK1-12^T is distinguishable from recognized Shewanella species. On the basis of the data presented, strain SMK1-12^T is considered to represent a novel Shewanella species, for which the name Shewanella litorisediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SMK1-12^T (=KCTC 23961^T = CCUG 62411^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus berkeleyi</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from the sea urchin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Strongylocentrotus intermedius</Emphasis>

A bacterial strain, designated KMM 6244^T, was isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. The bacterium was found to be heterotrophic, aerobic, non-motile and spore-forming. Comparative phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing placed the marine isolate in the genus Bacillus. The nearest neighbor of strain KMM 6244^T was Bacillus decolorationis LMG 19507^T with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98.0%. Sequence similarities with the other recognized Bacillus species were less than 96.0%. The results of the DNA–DNA hybridization experiments revealed a low relatedness (37%) of the novel isolate with the type strain of B. decolorationis LMG 19507^T. Strain KMM 6244^T grew at 4–45°C and with 0–12% NaCl. It produced catalase and oxidase and hydrolyzed aesculin, casein, gelatin and DNA. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_17:0, C_15:0, iso-C_16:0 and iso-C_14:0. The DNA G + C content was 39.4 mol%. A combination of phylogenetic, genotypic and phenotypic data clearly indicated that strain KMM 6244^T represents a novel species in the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus berkeleyi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 6244^T (KCTC 12718^T = LMG 26357^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gaetbulibacter jejuensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from seawater

A novel marine bacterium, designated strain CNURIC014^T was isolated from coastal seawater of Jeju Island in Korea. Strain CNURIC014^T formed yellow colonies on marine agar 2216 and the cells were Gram-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped. The temperature, pH and NaCl ranges for growth were 15–37°C, pH 6.0–9.0 and 1.0–7.0% NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CNURIC014^T was most closely related to Gaetbulibacter marinus and Gaetbulibacter saemankumensis, with a sequence similarity of 95.1% and 94.6%, respectively. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 33.1 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C_15:1 (22.8%), iso-C_15:0 (18.8%), summed feature 3 (iso-C_15:0 2-OH/C_16:1 ω7c, 12.9%) and iso-C_17:0 3-OH (11.5%). On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic, and genotypic data, strain CNURIC014^T represents a novel species within the genus Geatbulibacter, for which the name Gaetbulibacter jejuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CNURIC014^T(=KCTC 22615^T =JCM 15976^T).     

Flavobacterium aquaticum sp. nov., a member of the Bacteroidetes isolated from a freshwater reservoir

A novel bacterial strain, designated ARSA-111^T, was isolated from a freshwater reservoir in Cheonan, Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that the isolate belonged to the genus Flavobacterium of phylum Bacteroidetes. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain ARSA-111^T showed a high degree of sequence similarity to those of Flavobacteium cheonanense KACC 14972^T (97.3%), F. aquatile JCM 20475^T (97.1%), and other type strains of the genus Flavobacterium (< 97.0%). The phylogenetic tree and network analysis (i.e. median-joining) based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ARSA-111^T is most closely related to F. aquatile JCM 20475^T. DNA-DNA hybridization experiment revealed 70% of genomic relatedness among strain ARSA-111^T, F. aquatile JCM 20475^T and F. cheonanense KACC 14972^T. The isolate had iso-C_15:1, iso-C_15:0, and iso-C_15:0 3-OH as predominant cellular fatty acids and MK-6 as a predominant menaquinone. The genomic DNA G+C content of the isolate was 35.6 mol%. On the basis of these data, strain ARSA-111^T is considered to be a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium aquaticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain ARSA-111^T (=KACC 14973^T =KCTC 23185^T = JCM 17070^T).     

Ferruginibacter profundus sp. nov., a novel member of the family Chitinophagaceae,isolated from freshwater sediment of a reservoir

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain DS48-5-3^T, was isolated from a 48 m sediment sample taken from Daechung Reservoir, Republic of Korea. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed a clear affiliation of this strain to the Bacteroidetes, notably most closely related to Ferruginibacter alkalilentus HU1-GD23^T, Ferruginibacter lapsinanis HU1-HG42^T and Ferruginibacter yonginensis HME8442^T, showing 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the type strains of these species of 95.2–96.4 % similarity. The predominant ubiquinone was identified as MK-7. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH, and iso-C_15:1 G. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain DS48-5-3^T was determined to be 37.2 %. On the basis of polyphasic evidence, it is proposed that strain DS48-5-3^T should belong to a novel species, for which the name Ferruginibacter profundus sp. nov. (type strain DS48-5-3^T = KCTC 32478^T = JCM 19431^T), is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacterium koreense</Emphasis> sp. nov., <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacterium chungnamense</Emphasis> sp. nov., and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacterium cheonanense</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater reservoir

Taxonomic studies were performed on three strains isolated from Cheonho reservoir in Cheonan, Korea. The isolates were Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile, catalase-positive, and oxidase-positive. Colonies on solid media were cream-yellow, smooth, shiny, and circular. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that these strains belong to the genus Flavobacterium. The strains shared 98.6–99.4% sequence similarity with each other and showed less than 97% similarity with members of the genus Flavobacterium with validly published names. The DNA-DNA hybridization results confirmed the separate genomic status of strains ARSA-42^T, ARSA-103^T, and ARSA-108^T. The isolates contained menaqui-none-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0 3-OH, iso-Ci_15:1 G, and iso-C_16:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The genomic DNA G+C content of the isolates were 31.4–33.2 mol%. According to the phenotypic and genotypic data, these organisms are classified as representative of three novel species in the genus Flavobacterium, and the name Flavobacterium koreense sp. nov. (strain ARSA-42^T =KCTC 23182^T =JCM 17066^T =KACC 14969^T), Flavobacterium chungnamense sp. nov. (strain ARSA-103^T =KCTC 23183^T =JCM 17068^T =KACC 14971^T), and Flavobacterium cheonanense sp. nov. (strain ARSA-108^T =KCTC 23184^T =JCM 17069^T =KACC 14972) are proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lysobacter daecheongensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from sediment of stream near the Daechung dam in South Korea

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod shaped, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated Dae08^T, was isolated from sediment of the stream near Daechung dam in South Korea, and was characterized in order to determine its taxonomic position, using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Dae08^T belongs to the family Xanthomonadaceae of the Gammaproteobacteria, and is related to Lysobacter brunescens ATCC 29482^T (97.3%). The phylogenetic distances from any other species with validly published names within the genus Lysobacter were greater than 3.7%. The G+C contents of the genomic DNA of strain Dae08^T was 69.3 mol%. The detection of a quinone system with Q-8 as the predominant compound and a fatty acid profile with iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:1, ω9c, iso-C_17:0, iso-C_16:0, and iso-C_11:0 3-OH as the major acids supported the affiliation of strain Dae08^T to the genus Lysobacter. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain Dae08^T and its phylogenetically closest neighbour was 28%. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Dae08^T (= KCTC 12600^T) should be classified in the genus Lysobacter as the novel species, for which the name Lysobacter daecheongensis sp. nov. is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aquimarina litoralis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a coastal seawater

A strictly aerobic, red-pigmented, non-motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive, Gram-staining-negative bacterium, designated strain CNURIC011^T, was isolated from seawater off the coast of Jeju Island in Korea. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CNURIC011^T belongs to the genus Aquimarina in the family Flavobacteriaceae. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the close relatives of the novel strain are Aquimarina latercula ATCC 23177^T, Aquimarina marcrocephali JAMB N27^T, Aquimarina intermedia KMM 6258^T, Aquimarina muelleri KMM 6020^T, and Aquimarina brevivitae SMK-19^T, with sequence similarities of 97.6, 96.6, 96.0, 95.6, and 94.2%, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization revealed that the level of relatedness between strain CNURIC011^T and Aquimarina latercula ATCC 23177^T (=KCTC 2912^T) was 4.9%. The DNA G+C content was 35.8 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was MK-6. The major fatty acids were iso-C_15:0 (14.9%), C_15:0 (13.9%), iso-C_17:0 3-OH (12.6%), iso-C_15:1 G (7.3%), and iso-C_17:1 ω9c (7.2%). On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic, and genotypic data, strain CNURIC011^T represents a novel species within the genus Aquimarina, for which the name Aquimarina litoralis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CNURIC011^T (=KCTC 22614^T =JCM 15974^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteimonas aestuarii</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment

A novel bacterium B9^T was isolated from tidal flat sediment. Its morphology, physiology, biochemical features, and 16S rRNA gene sequence were characterized. Colonies of this strain are yellow and the cells are Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and do not require NaCl for growth. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain B9^T is associated with the genus Lysobacter (≤ 97.2%), Xanthomonas (≤ 96.8%), Pseudomonas (≤ 96.7%), and Luteimonas (≤ 96.0%). However, within the phylogenetic tree, this novel strain shares a branching point with the species Luteimonas composti CC-YY255^T (96.0%). The DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed a DNA-DNA homology of 23.0% between strain B9^T and Luteimonas mephitis B1953/27.1^T. The G+C content of genomic DNA of the type strain is 64.7 mol% (SD, 1.1). The predominant fatty acids are iso-C_11:0, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, iso-C_17:0, iso-C_17:0 ω9c, and iso-C_11:0 3-OH. Combined analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, fatty acid profile, and results from physiological and biochemical tests indicated that there is genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of the isolate from other Luteimonas species. For these reasons, strain B9^T was proposed as a novel species, named Luteimonas aestuarii. The type strain of the new species is B9^T (= KCTC 22048^T, DSM 19680^T).     

Characterization of the lipids of psychrophilic bacteria <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shewanella frigidimarina</Emphasis> isolated from sea ice of the Sea of Japan

Lipids of ten Shewanella frigidimarina strains isolated from sea ice samples of coastal areas of the Sea of Japan and of the type strains of psychrophilic bacteria S. frigidimarina ACAM 591^T and S. hanedai JCM 20706^T were analyzed. Most of the new isolates contained isoprenoid quinones typical of the genus Shewanella (Q-7, Q-8, MK-7, and MMK-7), a high level of branched acids (i-13:0 and i-15:0), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (20:5 ω3). Phospholipid fractions of marine isolates and the type strain S. frigidimarina ACAM 591^T contained not only the main phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol), but also an unknown phosphoaminolipid, which is probably typical of this bacterial species. The isolates exhibited a high level of phylogenetic similarity but were phenotypically heterogeneous. Two strains distinguished by their phenotypic characteristics differed also in the composition of fatty acids, isoprenoid quinones, and phospholipids. The use of chemotaxonomic markers for primary species identification of psychrophilic bacteria of the genus Shewanella is discussed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Methylobacterium dankookense</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from drinking water

A pink-pigmented bacterium, designated SW08-7^T was isolated from the drinking water of a water purifier. Cells were Gram-negative, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic, and non-spore-forming. It grew optimally at 25°C, pH 6∼7. Phylogenese analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain SW08-7^T belongs to the genus Methylobacterium. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities were found to Methylobacterium mesophilicum JCM 2829^T (96.9%), Methylobacterium brachiatum B0021^T (96.9%), Methylobacterium phyllosphaerae CBMB27^T (96.6%), Methylobacterium radiotolerans JCM 2831^T (96.6%), and Methylobacterium hispanicum GP34^T (96.5%). DNA-DNA hybridization experiment revealed low-level (28.5%) of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain SW08-7^T and Methylobacterium hispanicum. The genomic DNA G+C content was 68.9 mol% and the major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The major cellular fatty acid of strain SW08-7^T was C_18:1 ω7c (79.8±2.1%). Results of phylogenetic, phenotypic, and biochemical analyses revealed that strain SW08-7^T could be classified as representing a novel species of genus Methylobacterium, for which the name Methylobacterium dankookense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SW08-7^T (=KCTC 22512^T =DSM 22415¹).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteibacter jiangsuensis</Emphasis> sp. nov.: A Methamidophos-Degrading Bacterium Isolated from a Methamidophos-Manufacturing Factory

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, JW-64-1^T, capable of degrading methamidophos was isolated from a methamidophos-manufacturing factory in China, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Strain JW-64-1^T produced circular, smooth, transparent, yellow-colored colonies (1.0–2.0 mm) on LB agar after 2 days incubation. It grew optimally at 25–30°C and pH 7.0 without the presence of NaCl. The G+C content of the total DNA was 63.6 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JW-64-1^T fell within the cluster comprising Luteibacter species. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JW-64-1^T was most closely related to Luteibacter rhizovicinus DSM 16549^T (98.6%), followed by Luteibacter yeojuensis DSM 17673^T (98.4%) and L. anthropi CCUG 25036^T (98.2%). The major cellular fatty acids of strain JW-64-1^T were iso-C_15:0 (24.1%), iso-C_17:0 (20.2%) and summed feature 9 comprising iso-C_17:1 ω9c and/or C_16:0 10-methyl (20.3%). The major isoprenoid quinine was Q-8 (98%), and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoaminolipid, aminolipids-1, aminolipids-2, and phospholipids. The values for DNA–DNA relatedness between strain JW-64-1^T and the closest phylogenetic relatives of L. rhizovicinus and Luteibacter yeojuensis were 34.8 ± 2.6 and 25.6 ± 3.1%, respectively. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, DNA–DNA relatedness and phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain JW-64-1^T represents a novel species of the genus Luteibacter, for which the name Luteibacter jiangsuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JW-64-1^T (=CGMCC 1.10133^T = DSM 22396^T).     

Bacillus gaemokensis sp. nov., isolated from foreshore tidal flat sediment from the Yellow Sea

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming organism, strain BL3-6^T, was isolated from tidal flat sediments of the Yellow Sea in the region of Tae-An. A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that this isolate belongs to the Bacillus cereus group, and is closely related to Bacillus mycoides (99.0% similarity), Bacillus thuringiensis (99.0%), Bacillus weihenstephanensis (99.0%), Bacillus cereus (98.9%), Bacillus anthracis (98.8%), and Bacillus pseudomycoides (98.1%). The phylogenetic distance from any validly described Bacillus species outside the Bacillus cereus group was less than 95.6%. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 39.4 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C_14:0 (17.8%), iso-C_16:0 (15.8%), and iso-C_12:0 (11.3%). The diagnostic amino acid of the cell wall was meso-diaminopimelic acid and the major cell wall sugar was galactose. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization (<55.6%) and physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain BL3-6^T from the published Bacillus species. BL3-6^T therefore represents a new species, for which the name Bacillus gaemokensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain BL3-6^T (=KCTC 13318^T =JCM 15801^T).     

Echinicola shivajiensis sp. nov., a novel bacterium of the family “Cyclobacteriaceae” isolated from brackish water pond

Strain AK12^T, an orange pigmented Gram-negative, rod shaped, non-motile bacterium, was isolated from a mud sample collected from a brackish water pond at Rampur of West Bengal, India. The strain was positive for oxidase, catalase and phosphatase. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C_15:0 (42.7%), iso-C_17:0 3OH (13.2%), C_16:1ω7c/C_16:1ω6c (summed feature 3) (8.0%), iso-C_17:1 I/anteiso-C_17:1 B (summed feature 4) (6.1%) and iso-C_17:1ω9c/C_16:0 10-methyl (summed feature 9) (9.4%). Strain AK12^T contained MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminophospholipid and six unidentified lipids as the polar lipids. The G + C content of DNA of the strain AK12^T was 46.2 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain AK12^T was member of the genus Echinicola and closely related to Echinicola vietnamensis, Echinicola pacifica and Echinicola jeungdonensis with pair-wise sequence similarity of 96.8, 96.3 and 96.0% respectively. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the strain AK12^T clustered with E. vietnamensis and together with E. pacifica and E. jeungdonensis with a phylogenetic distance of 5.1, 6.3 and 6.6% (94.9, 93.7 and 93.4% similarity) respectively. Based on data from the current polyphasic study, strain AK12^T is proposed as a novel species of the genus Echinicola, for which the name Echinicola shivajiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of E. shivajiensis is AK12^T (= MTCC 11083^T = JCM 17847^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces serianimatus</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a rhizophere soil

A novel actinomycete strain, designated YIM 45720^T, was isolated from a Cephalotaxus fortunei rhizophere soil sample collected from Yunnan Province, southwest China. The strain formed well-differentiated aerial and substrate mycelia. Chemotaxonomically, it contained LL-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall. The cell-wall sugars contained ribose, mannose, and galactose with traces of glucose and xylose. Phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. MK-9 (H₈) was the predominant menaquinone. The major fatty acids (>10%) were iso-C_16:0, iso-C_15:1 and anteiso-C_15:0. The G + C content of the DNA was 70 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis data based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain YIM 45720^T formed a distinct branch with the type strain of Streptomyces scabrisporus JCM 11712^T within the genus Streptomyces. On the basis of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain YIM 45720^T (=DSM 41883^T = CCTCC AA 206006^T) is proposed as the type strain of a novel species, Streptomyces serianimatus sp. nov.     

Pedobacter aquae sp. nov., a multi-drug resistant bacterium isolated from fresh water

A novel bacterial strain designated CJ43^T was isolated from fresh water located in Gangwon-do, South Korea, displaying multi-drug resistance. The isolate was Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, orange-pigmented, and rod-shaped. Strain CJ43^T grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 7 on R2A agar in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CJ43^T belonged to the genus Pedobacter in the family Sphingobacteriaceae and was most closely related to Pedobacter puniceum HX-22-1 ^T and P. glucosidilyticus 1-2 ^T (98.3 and 98.1% sequence similarity). The genome size of strain CJ43^T was 3.9 Mb in a single contig with DNA G?+?C content of 34.9%. The genome included 3144 predicted protein-coding genes, as well as 55 tRNA, 9 rRNA and 3 ncRNA genes. The genome also contained 128 putative antibiotic resistance genes, reflecting its phenotypes. The average nucleotide identity values between strain CJ43^T and two closely related strains P. puniceum HX-22-1 ^T and P. glucosidilyticus 1-2 ^T were 91.0 and 88.7%, respectively. In silico digital DNA-DNA hybridization results between strain CJ43^T and the related strains were 42.8 and 38.6%, respectively. The major fatty acids of strain CJ43^T were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c and/or C_16:1 ω7c). Strain CJ43^T contained phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid and menaquinone-7 as the sole respiratory quinone. Based on the polyphasic taxonomy data, strain CJ43^T represents a novel species of the genus Pedobacter, for which the name Pedobacter aquae sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain CJ43^T (=?KACC 21350 ^T?=?JCM 33709 ^T).

     

Bacillus manliponensis sp. nov., a new member of the Bacillus cereus group isolated from foreshore tidal flat sediment

A Gram-positive, endospore-forming, new Bacillus species, strain BL4-6^T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea. Strain BL4-6^T is a straight rod, with motility by peritrichate flagella. The cell wall contains meso-diaminopimelic acid, and the major respiratory quinone is menaquinone-7. The major fatty acids are iso-C_15:0 and summed feature 3 (containing C_16:1 ω7c/iso-C_15:0 2OH, and/or iso-C_15:0 2OH/C_16:1 ω7c). Cells are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 38.0 mol%. Based on a comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate belongs to the genus Bacillus, forms a clade with the Bacillus cereus group, and is closely related to Bacillus mycoides (98.5%), Bacillus cereus (98.5%), Bacillus anthracis (98.4%), Bacillus thuringiensis (98.4%), Bacillus weihenstephanensis (98.1%), and Bacillus pseudomycoides (97.5%). The isolate showed less than 85% similarity of the gyrA gene sequence and below 95% similarity of the rpoB gene sequence to the members of this group. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain BL4-6^T and B. cereus group was found to be in a range of 22.8–42.3%, and thus BL4-6^T represents a unique species. On the basis of these studies, strain BL4-6^T (=KCTC 13319^T =JCM 15802^T) is proposed to represent the type strain of a novel species, Bacillus manliponensis sp. nov.     

Phycicoccus ochangensis sp. nov., isolated from soil of a potato cultivation field

Two novel, Gram-positive, motile, coccal bacteria, strains L1b-b9^T and B5a-b5, were isolated from a potato cultivation field in Ochang, Korea. These isolates grew at 10–45°C, pH 5.0–10.0, and in the presence of 8% (w/v) NaCl. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major menaquinone was MK-8(H₄) and the main cellular fatty acids were iso-C_14:0, iso-C_15:0, and anteiso-C_15:0. Polar lipids in strain L1b-b9^T consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and an unknown glyco-amino lipid. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 73.6 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains L1b-b9^T and B5a-b5 shared 99.36% similarity and formed a robust clade with the type species of the genus Phycicoccus. Strain L1b-b9^T is related most closely to Phycicoccus cremeus V2M29^T (97.52% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). On the basis of phylogenetic characteristics, the name Phycicoccus ochangensis sp. nov. is proposed for strain LIb-b9^T (=KCTC 19694^T =JCM 17595^T).     

Description of Fimbriimonas ginsengisoli gen. nov., sp. nov. within the Fimbriimonadia class nov., of the phylum Armatimonadetes

Strain Gsoil 348^T was isolated from a ginseng field soil sample by selecting micro-colonies from one-fifth strength modified R2A agar medium after a long incubation period. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strain is related to members of the phylum Armatimonadetes (formerly called candidate phylum OP10). Strain Gsoil 348^T is mesophilic, strictly aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped. It only grows in low nutrient media. The major respiratory quinones are menaquinones MK-11 and MK-10, and the main fatty acids are iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0, C_16:0 and C_16:1 ω11c. The G+C content is 61.4 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequences in public databases belonging to the phylum Armatimonadetes were clustered here into 6 groups. Five of these groups constituted a coherent cluster distinct from the sequences of other phyla in phylogenetic trees that were constructed using multiple-outgroup sequences from 49 different phyla. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic analyses, it is proposed that strain Gsoil 348^T (= KACC 14959^T = JCM 17079^T) should be placed in Fimbriimonas ginsengisoli gen. nov., sp. nov., as the cultured representative of the Fimbriimonadia class. nov., corresponding with Group 4 of the phylum Armatimonadetes.